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Listeria monocytogenes in beef receives less attention compared to other pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. To address this gap, we conducted a literature review focusing on the presence of L. monocytogenes in beef. This review encompasses the pathogenic mechanisms, routes of contamination, prevalence rates, and the laws and regulations employed in various countries. Our findings reveal a prevalence of L. monocytogenes in beef and beef products ranging from 2.5% to 59.4%. Notably, serotype 4b was most frequently isolated in cases of beef contamination during food processing, with the skinning and evisceration stages identified as critical points of contamination.

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BACKGROUND: Compelling evidence supports the association between red and processed meat consumption and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Herein, we estimated the current (2018) and future (2030) federal direct healthcare costs of colorectal cancer in the Brazilian Unified Health System attributable to red and processed meat consumption. Considering reduced red and processed meat consumption, we also projected attributable costs of colorectal cancer in 2040. METHODS: We retrieved information on red and processed meat consumption from two nationally representative dietary surveys, the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009 and 2017-2018; relative risks for colorectal cancer from a meta-analysis; direct healthcare costs of inpatient and outpatient procedures in adults ≥ 30 years with colorectal cancer (C18-C20) from 2008-2019 by sex. RESULTS: Attributable costs of colorectal cancer were calculated via comparative risk assessment, assuming a 10-year lag. In 2018, US$ 20.6 million (8.4%) of direct healthcare costs of colorectal cancer were attributable to red and processed meat consumption. In 2030, attributable costs will increase to US$ 86.6 million (19.3%). Counterfactual scenarios of reducing red and processed meat consumption in 2030 suggested that US$ 2.2 to 11.9 million and US$ 13 to 74 million could be saved in 2040, respectively. CONCLUSION: Red and processed meat consumption has an escalating economic impact on the Brazilian Unified Health System. Our findings support interventions and policies focused on primary prevention and cancer.

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar la composición de ácidos grasos (FA) en la carne Wagyu y sus cruzas con Angus, Beefmaster, Brangus y Hereford, y analizar su relación con marcadores genéticos del metabolismo lipídico. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron 111 muestras de Longissimus dorsi, las cuales se agruparon por grupo genético, se cuantificaron los FA (cromatografía de gases líquidos) y se tipificaron marcadores de ADN asociados teóricamente a FA. Se examinó el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg y desequilibrio de ligamiento de los marcadores y se estimó el efecto de las cruzas y el efecto de los genotipos. Resultados. Las cruzas no mostraron diferencias substanciales en la composición de FA con respecto a Wagyu. Nueve SNPs mostraron asociación con la composición de FA, y se encontró un efecto importante en el marcador SLC2A4 ss62538460, el cual influyó sobre SFA, MUFA y MUFA/SFA. Los marcadores, PLTP ss77832104 y IGF2R ss77831885 influyeron sobre C16:0, MYOZ1 ss77832104 sobre C17:1 y PPARGC1A c.1892+19 sobre C18:2. Además, se comprobaron efectos previamente descritos de MEF2C ss38329156 y SCD c.878. Conclusiones. Los presentes resultados representan una de las primeras evidencias sobre la deposición de FA en ganado Wagyu y sus cruzas y propone algunos loci en genes candidatos con posibilidad de implementación en estrategias de mejoramiento asistido.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the fatty acids composition (FA) in Wagyu beef and its crosses with Angus, Beefmaster, Brangus and Hereford, and to analyze its relationship with genetic markers related to lipid metabolism. Materials and methods. 111 Longissimus dorsi samples were collected and grouped by genetic group. FA were extracted and quantified in a gas-liquid chromatography and DNA markers theoretically associated to FA were typed. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were examined, the effect of crosses and the effect of genotypes were estimated. Results. The crosses did not show substantial differences in FA composition. Nine SNPs showed association with FA composition, and a significant effect was found in the SLC2A4 marker ss62538460 which influenced SFA, MUFA and MUFA/SFA; PLTP ss77832104 and IGF2R ss77831885 markers, influenced C16:0, MYOZ1 ss77832104 on C17:1 and PPARGC1A c.1892+19 on C18:2. In addition, previously described effects of MEF2C ss38329156 and SCD c.878 were supported. Conclusions. These results are first evidence on FA deposition in Wagyu cattle and their crosses, and proposes some loci in candidate genes with the possibility of implementation in assisted selection strategies.

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Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass (RYGB) promotes improvement in type 2 diabetes (T2D) shortly after surgery, with metabolic mechanisms yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between food intake, tryptophan metabolism, and gut microbiota on the glycemic control of obese T2D women after RYGB surgery. Twenty T2D women who underwent RYGB were evaluated before and three months after surgery. Food intake data were obtained by a seven-day food record and a food frequency questionnaire. Tryptophan metabolites were determined by untargeted metabolomic analysis, and the gut microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. The glycemic outcomes were fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-beta. Linear regression models were applied to assess the associations between the changes in food intake, tryptophan metabolism, and gut microbiota on glycemic control after RYGB. All variables changed after RYGB (p < 0.05), except for tryptophan intake. Jointly, the variation in red meat intake, plasma indole-3-acetate, and Dorea longicatena was associated with postoperative HOMA-IR {R2 0.80, R2 adj 0.74; p < 0.01}. Red meat intake decreased three months after bariatric surgery while indole-3-acetate and Dorea longicatena increased in the same period. These combined variables were associated with better insulin resistance in T2D women after RYGB.

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This cross-cultural study aimed to determine the main factors behind potential changes in eating habits by analyzing changes in the patterns of beef consumption currently observed in Brazil, Spain, and Turkey. To achieve this aim, 412 regular beef consumers from Brazil, 407 from Spain, and 424 from Turkey answered a self-administered questionnaire. The study surveyed the effects of economic factors, switching from beef to other sources of protein, aspects of credence, health-related concerns, the influence of lifestyle on beef consumption patterns, and purchasing decision factors. The most important factors that changed consumer behavior and resulted in a decrease in consumption, mostly among Brazilian and Turkish consumers, were the economics and accessibility of the products. Beef was replaced by other alternative sources of protein that were likewise derived from animals. The consumers whose purchasing intentions were most significantly influenced by credence factors (e.g., indiscriminate use of agricultural products, substandard animal welfare requirements, among others) were Brazilian and Turkish and, to a lesser degree, Spanish consumers. Lifestyle factors (e.g., consumption of out-of-home meals, available time to cook, among others) were demonstrated to alter consumption patterns and therefore must be carefully considered by the industry, taking into account cultural differences and consumer needs. The population under investigation considered that eating beef had no impact on their health.

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ABSTRACT Background: Recent studies show an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in populations with higher consumption of red meat, processed and cooked at high temperatures. On the other hand, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs738409 in the Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene has been implicated in susceptibility to NAFLD and liver fibrosis. However, the synergistic effect between red meat consumption and the PNPLA3 gene polymorphism in NAFLD has not yet been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the association between the presence of the polymorphism in the PNPLA3 gene and the consumption of macronutrients, including meat consumption and its cooking method among NAFLD patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 91 patients diagnosed with NAFLD by liver biopsy with genotyping for the polymorphism in the PNPLA3 gene were included. The consumption of calories and macronutrients was verified using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the specific questionnaire on meat consumption. PNPLA3 gene polymorphism was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and anthropometric evaluation was realized. Results: The mean BMI was 32.38±4.58 kg/m² and the waist circumference was 107±10 cm. On liver biopsy, 42% of patients had significant fibrosis (F≥2). The odds ratio of F≥2 was 2.12 for the GG group and 1.54 for the CG group, compared to the CC group. The mean caloric intake was 1170±463.20 kcal/d. The odds ratio in the CC group concerning high red meat consumption in comparison to low consumption was 1.33. For white meat, the odds ratio was 0.8 when comparing high and low intake, also in the CC group. Conclusion: High red meat intake and PNPLA3 gene polymorphism seem to synergistically affect NAFLD and liver fibrosis, requiring confirmation in a larger number of patients and in different populations.

RESUMO Contexto: Estudos recentes mostram um aumento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em populações com maior consumo de carne vermelha, processada e cozida em altas temperaturas. Por outro lado, o polimorfismo rs738409 no gene Patatin-like fosfolipase contendo 3 (PNPLA3) tem sido implicado na suscetibilidade à DHGNA e fibrose hepática. No entanto, o efeito sinérgico entre o consumo de carne vermelha e o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 na DHGNA ainda não foi avaliado. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a presença do polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 e o consumo de macronutrientes, incluindo o consumo de carne e seu modo de cozimento em pacientes com DHGNA. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal com 91 pacientes diagnosticados com DHGNA por biópsia hepática e genotipados para o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3. O consumo de calorias e macronutrientes foi verificado por meio do questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFA) e do questionário específico sobre consumo de carnes. O polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 foi analisado por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) e a avaliação antropométrica foi realizada. Resultados: O índice de massa corporal médio foi de 32,38±4,58 kg/m² e a circunferência da cintura foi de 107±10 cm. Na biópsia hepática, 42% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrose significativa (F≥2). O odds ratio de F≥2 foi de 2,12 para o grupo GG e 1,54 para o grupo GC, comparado ao grupo CC. A ingestão calórica média foi de 1.170±463,20 kcal/d. O odds ratio para alto consumo de carne vermelha no grupo CC em comparação ao baixo consumo foi de 1,33. Para a carne branca, este valor foi de 0,8 ao comparar o alto e o baixo consumo, também no grupo CC. Conclusão: A alta ingestão de carne vermelha e o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 parecem afetar sinergicamente a DHGNA e a fibrose hepática, necessitando de confirmação em maior número de pacientes e em diferentes populações.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the associations of unprocessed red meat and processed meat consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality, and the dose-response relationship. METHODS: Published literature was retrieved through a structured search of 10 electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Cochrane (CENTRAL), WHOLIS, PAHO and Embase, without language or year of publication restrictions. In addition, we searched the references of published studies. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes: The PRISMA Statement. RESULTS: Twenty-one prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review. The CVDs evaluated in the inserted studies were stroke, heart failure (HF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Considering the heterogeneity found in the studies, for the meta-analysis, 9 articles were included. The results presented in the meta-analysis of the association of consumption of unprocessed red meat and CVD indicated that there was a significant association with total stroke incidence (RR 1.10; 95%; CI 1.01 to 1.19; p = 0.02). There was no association with Ischemic stroke incidence, nor CHD Mortality with consumption of unprocessed red meat. However, for Hemorrhagic Stroke Mortality the assessment in the consumption of unprocessed red meat showed an association of protection for women (RR 0.64; 95%; CI 0.45 to 0.91; p = 0.01). As for the results of the meta-analysis of the association between consumption of processed meat and CVD, they indicated that there was a significant association with total stroke incidence (RR 1.17; 95%; CI 1.08 to 1.26; p < 0.0001). There was no association with Ischemic stroke, nor with CHD Mortality with consumption of processed meat. Some studies that showed no association of risk, presented a significant linear trend dose response for the association of the consumption of unprocessed red meat (Bernstein et al. 2010; Nagao et al. 2012) or processed meat (Bernstein et al. 2012) and CVD. CONCLUSION: According to the results found in the meta-analysis, the consumption of unprocessed red meat and processed meat are associated with the incidence of stroke, however, no positive association was observed in relation to mortality from CVD. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (number: CRD42019100914).

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Adopting sustainable dietary patterns is essential for planetary and human health. As data to address this issue are lacking in Latino populations, this study examined the association between diet-attributable greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) and myocardial infarction (MI) in a Costa Rica Heart Study. This analysis included 1817 cases of a first non-fatal acute MI during hospitalization and their matched population-based controls, by age, sex, and area of residence. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to quantify habitual dietary intake and diet-attributable GHGEs (kg CO2 equivalent (eq.)/year). Due to the matching design, conditional logistic regression was used. Red meat consumption contributed approximately 50% to the total diet-attributable GHGEs among both cases and controls. Higher diet-attributable GHGEs were associated with increased odds of acute MI. The odds of MI were 63% higher (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.20-2.21) among participants in the highest quintile (median diet-attributable GHGEs = 6247 kg CO2 eq./year) compared to the lowest quintile (median diet-attributable GHGEs = 2065 kg CO2 eq./year). An increasing linear trend in the odds of acute MI and diet-attributable GHGEs was detected (p-trend 0.0012). These findings highlight the importance of reducing red meat consumption to sustainably mitigate the incidence of MI and improve planetary health.

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Beef consumption and production in Spain and Brazil are different with the consumption of beef in Brazil being three times higher than in Spain. In addition, there are variations in the economic value of production and in the traceability system. Therefore, the aim of this research was to understand the purchasing and consumption patterns using the customer behavior analysis technique of focus groups, which analyzed motivations for the consumption of beef, classifying their preferences by the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes at the time of purchase. The key aspect of the consumption of beef, both for Spanish and Brazilian consumers, was personal satisfaction/flavor. Spanish consumers were more conscious than Brazilians of the beneficial and harmful qualities that meat provides. The presence of fat was the factor that most restricted intake in both countries. The most important intrinsic attributes for Spanish and Brazilian consumers were the visual aspects of the meat: color, freshness, and the quantity and disposition of fat. The most important extrinsic characteristics were the price and expiration date. Spanish consumers see packaged meat as convenient and safe, although it is considered by Brazilians to be over-manipulated. The traceability certification on the label provides credibility to the product for the Spanish but only partially for Brazilians.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Diverticulitis is an acute inflammatory process that affects individuals with diverticular disease. Given the sharp increase in the diagnostic rate of such a pathological process, there was also an increased interest in elucidating the possible causes related to the development of this clinical condition. Among the main factors investigated, diet excels, the object of study of this integrative literature review. METHODS: After searching the virtual health library and PubMed databases, five prospective cohort studies were selected that best answered the guiding question: "Is there a relationship between diet and the incidence of diverticulitis?". RESULTS: It was observed that the high intake of red meat and the low intake of dietary fiber were the most strongly associated dietary factors with the incidence of this inflammatory process. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is evident that choosing healthy eating habits can considerably reduce the incidence of diverticulitis and, consequently, potentially more serious complications directly related to it.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A diverticulite é um processo inflamatório agudo que afeta indivíduos com doença diverticular. Diante do acentuado aumento da taxa diagnóstica desse processo patológico, também houve o aumento do interesse em elucidar as possíveis causas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento dessa condição clínica. Entre os principais fatores investigados, destaca-se a dieta; objeto de estudo desta revisão integrativa da literatura. MÉTODOS: Após pesquisa nas bases de dados da biblioteca virtual em saúde e PubMed, foram selecionados cinco estudos de coorte prospectivos que melhor responderam à questão norteadora "Há relação entre dieta e incidência de diverticulite?". RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que o alto consumo de carnes vermelhas e o baixo consumo de fibra alimentar são os fatores dietéticos mais fortemente associados à incidência desse processo inflamatório. Fica evidente, portanto, que a escolha de hábitos alimentares saudáveis pode reduzir consideravelmente a incidência de diverticulite e, consequentemente, de possíveis complicações mais graves diretamente relacionadas a ela.

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O presente relato apresenta um caso de anafilaxia tardia ao carboidrato alfa-gal em um adolescente da cidade de Belém, na Paraíba, Brasil. O paciente desenvolveu reação tardia à ingesta de carne e vísceras de animais. Ele mora em fazenda e tem contato próximo com animais potencialmente contaminados por carrapatos. Essa causa de reação alérgica é nova, e estudos começaram a atribuí-la a casos antes ditos idiopáticos. A anafilaxia é uma reação potencialmente fatal, que deve ser prontamente diagnosticada e tratada. Sendo assim, a descoberta de seu fator desencadeante é um dos principais itens que direcionam o tratamento. No Brasil, nenhum caso de anafilaxia por alfa-gal foi antes descrito na literatura local.

This report presents a case of late anaphylaxis to alpha-gal carbohydrate in a teenager living in the city of Belém, Paraíba, Brazil. The patient developed a late reaction to eating meat and offal of animals; he lives on a farm and has close contact with animals potentially contaminated by ticks. This cause of allergic reaction is new, and studies have started to attribute it to cases previously said to be idiopathic. Anaphylaxis is a potentially fatal reaction that must be promptly diagnosed and treated. Thus, the discovery of its triggering factor is one of the main items that guide treatment. In Brazil, no case of alpha-gal anaphylaxis had been described in the local literature.

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Meat consumption has been postulated to increase the risk of breast cancer, but this association has not been consistently seen. We examined the association between consumption of different types of meat, meat mutagens and incident invasive breast cancer. Information on consumption of different meat categories and meat cooking practice behaviors was obtained from 42,012 Sister Study participants who completed a Block 1998 Food Frequency Questionnaire at enrollment (2003-2009) and satisfied eligibility criteria. Exposure to meat type and meat mutagens was calculated, and associations with invasive breast cancer risk were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. During follow-up (mean, 7.6 years), 1,536 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed at least 1 year after enrollment. Increasing consumption of red meat was associated with increased risk of invasive breast cancer (HRhighest vs. lowest quartile :1.23, 95% CI: 1.02-1.48, ptrend = 0.01). Conversely, increasing consumption of poultry was associated with decreased invasive breast cancer risk (HR highest vs. lowest quartile : 0.85; 95% CI: 0.72-1.00; ptrend = 0.03). In a substitution model with combined red meat and poultry consumption held constant, substituting poultry for red meat was associated with decreased invasive breast cancer risk (HR highest vs. lowest quartile of poultry consumption: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.58-0.89). No associations were observed for cooking practices, estimated heterocyclic amines or heme iron from red meat consumption with breast cancer risk. Red meat consumption may increase the risk of invasive breast cancer, whereas poultry consumption may be associated with reduced risk. Substituting poultry for red meat could reduce breast cancer risk.

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PURPOSE: Several epidemiologic investigations have found associations between the consumption of red meat and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Very few studies have looked at populations undergoing the nutrition transition with smaller levels of red meat consumption than those in Westernized countries. In this population-based cross-sectional study, we examined the association between red meat consumption and MetS in Costa Rican adults, a population with comparably lower consumption of red meat. METHODS: Prevalence ratios (PRs) of MetS across quintiles of total, unprocessed, and processed red meat consumption were estimated with log-binomial regression models among 2058 adults from the Costa Rican Heart Study. Least-squares mean values of individual components of MetS across quintiles of red meat consumption were estimated with linear regression models. RESULTS: We observed a significant positive association between total red meat consumption and MetS (PR for highest compared to lowest quintile: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.42; P for trend = 0.0113) but not for unprocessed or processed red meat consumption when analyzed separately after mutual adjustments. We additionally observed a significant positive association between total, unprocessed, and processed red meat consumption and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: In this Hispanic population undergoing the nutrition transition, total red meat intake may have an impact on MetS. Based on the relatively low consumption of red meat in Costa Rica compared to other Westernized countries, we hypothesize that a "threshold effect" may exist for unprocessed and processed red meat.

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Background: People need to choose from a wide range of foods, and in addition to availability and accessibility, people's values and preferences largely determine their daily food choices. Given the potential adverse health consequences of red and processed meat and the limited knowledge on individuals' health-related values and preferences on the topic, such data would be useful in the development of recommendations regarding meat consumption. Methods and analysis: We will perform an international cross-sectional mixed methods study in four countries across two continents. The study population will consist of adult omnivores currently consuming a minimum of three weekly servings of either unprocessed red meat or processed meat. We will explore participants' willingness to stop or reduce their unprocessed red meat, or their processed meat consumption through a direct-choice exercise. This exercise will consist of presenting a scenario tailored to each individual's average weekly consumption. That is, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of the best estimate of the risk reduction in overall cancer mortality and cancer incidence, we will ask participants if they would stop their consumption, and/or reduce their average consumption. We will also present the corresponding certainty of the evidence for the potential risk reductions. Finally, for all included participants, we will measure their meat consumption three months after the interview and determine if they have made any changes to their average consumption. Ethics and dissemination: The research protocol was approved by the ethics committees in Canada (Research Ethics Board, Dalhousie University), Spain (Comitè Ètic d'Investigació Clínica de l'IDIAP Jordi Gol), Poland (The Bioethics Committee of the Jagiellonian University), and Brazil (National Research Ethics Commission). The study is based on voluntary participation and informed written consent. Results from this project will be disseminated through publications and presentations.

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Antecedentes: el conocimiento de la producción y disponibilidad de carne vacuna y porcina en los territorios nacionales es de vital interés en el campo de la nutrición humana, porque la disponibilidad se constituye en un factor primordial en la elección y consumo de este alimento entre la población. Objetivo: efectuar un análisis comparativo relacionado con el suministro de carne vacuna y porcina en países de Suramérica desde 1961 hasta 2019. Materiales y métodos: para el análisis de la información se utilizó el modelo lineal general empleando la técnica multivariada de la varianza con contraste canónico de tipo ortogonal, análisis de clúster y estadística descriptiva exploratoria de tipo unidimensional. Resultados: Argentina presentó diferencia altamente significativa en la disponibilidad de carne vacuna para su población, respecto a los demás países de Suramérica (p<0,0001). Paraguay es el país con mayor disponibilidad de carne de cerdo. El país de menor participación de fuentes cárnicas vacunas y porcinas es Perú. Conclusiones: existe una gran divergencia entre algunos países de Suramérica en la cantidad de suministro cárnico proveniente del vacuno y del cerdo.

Background: The production and availability of beef and pork meat in the countries of South America is of vital interest in the field of human nutrition because availability is a primary factor in the choice and consumption of this food among the population. Objective: To carry out a comparative analysis related to the supply of beef and pork in South American countries in the last six decades, from 1961 through 2019. Materials and Methods: For the analysis of the information, the general linear model was used using the multivariate variance technique (MANOVA) with canonical contrast of orthogonal type, cluster analysis and exploratory descriptive statistics of a one-dimensional type. Results: Argentina presented a highly significant difference in the availability of beef for its population, compared to other countries in South America (p <0.0001). Paraguay is the country with the highest availability of pork. The country with the least sources of beef and pork is Peru. Conclusions: There is a great divergence among countries of South America in the amount of available meat supply from beef and pork.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between red and processed meat consumption and the occurrence of new cases of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHOD: This cohort study included 15 105 civil servants (age: 35-74 years). Biochemical, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data, as well as lifestyle characteristics, were collected at baseline (2008-2010) and wave 2 (2012-2014). Meat consumption (g/day) was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. To categorize low, medium, and high consumption, independent variables were divided into tertiles. DM was diagnosed as fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, postload glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5. IR was determined by HOMA-IR with cutoff points based on the sample's 75th percentile. RESULTS: Men and participants with lower income and schooling reported higher consumption of red and processed meat. High consumption of processed meat (highest tertile, > 27.1 g/day) was associated with new cases of IR in men (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.31-2.16) and women (OR = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.00-1>52). High consumption of red meat increased by 40% (95%CI: 1.04-1.96) the likelihood of new cases of DM in men. CONCLUSIONS: High consumption of red/processed meat negatively impacted the health of participants. Moderate consumption of meats may be recommended for the general population and for prevention of DM.

OBJETIVO: Investigar la relación entre el consumo de carnes rojas y de carne procesada y la incidencia de nuevos casos de resistencia a la insulina y de diabetes mellitus en los participantes en el estudio longitudinal de salud del adulto (ELSA-Brasil). MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte con 15 105 funcionarios públicos (de 35 a 74 años de edad). Se recopilaron datos bioquímicos, antropométricos, socioeconómicos y sobre el estilo de vida en la línea de base (2008­2010) y en la segunda fase (2012­2014). Se calculó el consumo de carne (g/día) por medio de un cuestionario sobre la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos. Para las clasificaciones de consumo bajo, mediano y alto, las variables independientes se dividieron en terciles. La diabetes mellitus se diagnosticó como glucemia en ayunas ≥ 126 mg/dl, glucosa después de una sobrecarga ≥ 200 mg/dl o glucohemoglobina ≥ 6,5. La resistencia a la insulina se determinó con el modelo homeostático HOMA-IR con puntos de corte a partir del percentil 75 de la muestra. RESULTADOS: Los hombres y los participantes de menores ingresos y menor grado de escolaridad declararon un mayor consumo de carnes rojas y de carnes procesadas. El mayor consumo de carne procesada (último tercil, > 27,1 g/día) guardó relación con nuevos casos de resistencia a la insulina en los hombres (razón de probabilidades [OR] = 1,68; IC95%: 1,31-2,16) y las mujeres (OR = 1,23; IC95%: 1,00-1,52). El consumo alto de carnes rojas aumentó un 40% (IC95%: 1,04-1,96) la posibilidad de manifestación de nuevos casos de diabetes mellitus en los hombres. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo alto de carnes rojas y de carne procesada afectó desfavorablemente la salud de los participantes. El consumo moderado de carne puede recomendarse a la población en general y para la prevención de la diabetes mellitus.

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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência temporal do consumo de carnes gordurosas (CG) e fatores associados ao seu consumo habitual entre 2007 e 2014. Série temporal do consumo de CG (vermelha e frango/galinha) realizada a partir do inquérito telefônico "Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas" (Vigitel). A tendência do consumo foi analisada por regressão "joinpoint" e expressa em variação percentual anual (VPA[IC95%]), enquanto os fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados em 2007 e 2014 por modelo linear generalizado (log-binomial). Entre 2007-2014, o consumo ≥ 5x/semana de carnes brancas aumentou (VPA 6,9% [5,7; 8,1]), enquanto as vermelhas permaneceu estável. O consumo CG apresentou redução significativa a partir de 2011 (VPA -4,0%[-7,5; -0,2]), provavelmente em função da redução no consumo das vermelhas gordurosas. Identificamos que o sexo masculino, as faixas etárias mais jovens, residir nas regiões CO/SE/S, escolaridade ≤ 8 anos e o uso abusivo de álcool e tabaco se associaram com o consumo de CG; assistir televisão > 3h/dia foi associada apenas em 2014. No período analisado houve redução no consumo de CG pela população brasileira, sendo seu consumo associado a fatores sociodemográficas e outros comportamentos promotores de DCNT.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the temporal trend of the consumption of fatty meats and factors associated with the consumption thereof between 2007 and 2014. A time series of fatty meat consumption (red meat and chicken) was conducted by the "Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases (Vigitel) telephone survey." The consumption trend was analyzed by joinpoint regression and expressed in annual percentage variation (VPA [95% CI]), while sociodemographic and behavioral factors were associated in 2007 and 2014 by the generalized linear (log-binomial) model. Between 2007 and 2014, white meat consumption ≥ 5x/ week increased (VPA 6.9% [5.7, 8.1]), while red meat consumption remained stable. Fatty meat consumption showed a significant reduction as of 2011 (VPA -4% [-7.5; -0.2]), probably due to the reduction in the consumption of fatty red meats. It was found that males, of younger age groups living in the center-west/south-east/south regions, with low education level and alcohol and tobacco abuse were associated with fatty meat consumption; while watching television>3hours/day was only associated in 2014. The consumption of fatty meats showed a reduction trend in the Brazilian population, and its consumption was associated with sociodemographic and behavioral variables.

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AIM: to estimate the population attributable risk of consumption of red and processed meat for colorectal cancer in Colombia. METHODS: to model the expected incidence of colorectal cancer in the hypothetical situation of no red and processed meat consumption in Colombia, for the year 2010. A dynamic macrosimulation model, PREVENT 3.01, was used to integrate available cancer incidence, meat consumption prevalence and associated risk data and to evaluate the impact of eliminating red and processed meat from the Colombian diet on national colorectal cancer incidence. RESULTS: Eliminating consumption of red meat altogether from the Colombian diet resulted in reductions in age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence, translating in reductions of 331 males (PAF 13%) and 297 female cases (PAF 10%). Eliminating processed meats had slightly stronger effects, with decreases of 362 males (PAF 14%) and 388 female cases (PAF 13%). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of the burden of colorectal cancer in Colombia can be attributed to the consumption of red and processed meat.

OBJETIVO: estimar la fracción atribuible poblacional de consumo de carne roja y procesada para el cáncer colorrectal en Colombia. MÉTODOS: modelación de la incidencia esperada de cáncer colorrectal en la situación hipotética de no consumo de carne roja y procesada en Colombia para el año 2010. Se utilizó un modelo dinámico de macrosimulación, PREVENT 3.01, para integrar los datos disponibles sobre incidencia de cáncer y evaluar el impacto de la eliminación de la dieta colombiana de la carne roja y procesada sobre la incidencia nacional de cáncer colorrectal. RESULTADOS: La eliminación del consumo total de carne roja de la dieta colombiana dio lugar a reducciones en la incidencia estandarizada por edad de cáncer colorrectal, traduciéndose en la disminución de 331 casos en hombres (FAP 13%) y 297 en mujeres (FAP 10%). La eliminación de carnes procesadas tuvo efectos ligeramente más fuertes, con disminución de 362 casos en hombres (FAP 14%) y 388 en mujeres (FAP 13%). CONCLUSIONES: Una proporción sustancial de la carga de cáncer colorrectal en Colombia puede atribuirse al consumo de carne roja y procesada.

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The adverse effect of red meat consumption on the risk for CVD is a major population health concern, especially in developing Hispanic/Latino countries in which there are clear trends towards increased consumption. This population-based case-control study examined the associations between total, processed and unprocessed red meat intakes and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction (MI) in Costa Rica. The study included 2131 survivors of a first non-fatal acute MI and 2131 controls individually matched by age, sex and area of residence. Dietary intake was assessed with a FFQ. OR were estimated by using conditional logistic regression. Higher intakes of total and processed red meat were associated with increased odds of acute MI. The OR were 1·31 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·65) and 1·29 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·65) for the highest quintiles of total red meat (median: 110·8 g or 1 serving/d) and processed red meat intake (median: 36·1 g or 5 servings/week), respectively. There were increasing trends in the odds of acute MI with higher total (P trend=0·01) and processed (P trend=0·02) red meat intakes. Unprocessed red meat intake was not associated with increased odds of acute MI. Substitutions of 50 g of alternative foods (fish, milk, chicken without skin and chicken without fat) for 50 g of total, processed and unprocessed red meat were associated with lower odds of acute MI. The positive association between red meat intake and acute MI in Costa Rica highlights the importance of reducing red meat consumption in middle-income Hispanic/Latino populations.

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