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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a rare genetic disease characterized by progressive cerebellar syndrome and macular degeneration. In a previous study, we clinically and genetically characterized a group of Mexican patients, which represented one of the largest cohorts of SCA7 patients worldwide and demonstrated that all patients had a unique genetic origin. Our laboratory developed a program for the diagnosis, medical care, and long-term follow-up of these patients living in Veracruz State, and in this report, we present an update to this research, covering 2013 to 2024. So far, we identified 172 SCA7 carriers, with a few cases outside Veracruz, and our data support that the length of the CAG repeat tract mainly determines disease severity and life expectancy, and accordingly, we define three different phenotypes, early-onset (EO), classical-onset (CO), and late-onset (LO), with EO patients showing the lowest life expectancy. Furthermore, we found that parental transmission of mutant alleles leads to increased CAG repeat instability, compared to maternal ones. Interestingly, a haplotype analysis revealed that patients outside Veracruz may have different genetic origins. In conclusion, longitudinal observations of SCA7 patients provide insight into the natural history of SCA7 and help to design strategies for diagnosis, genetic counseling, physical rehabilitation, and therapeutic alternatives.
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Doenças Raras , Ataxias Espinocerebelares , Humanos , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/genética , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/epidemiologia , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/terapia , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/diagnóstico , México/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Doenças Raras/genética , Doenças Raras/terapia , Doenças Raras/diagnóstico , Doenças Raras/epidemiologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Expansão das Repetições de Trinucleotídeos , Haplótipos , Idade de InícioRESUMO
Previous studies have found direct associations between glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with chronic diseases. However, this evidence has not been consistent in relation to mortality, and most data regarding this association come from high-income and low-carbohydrate-intake populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the overall GI and dietary GL and all-cause mortality, CVD and breast cancer mortality in Mexico. Participants from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC) study in 2006-2008 were followed for a median of 10 years. Overall GI and dietary GL were calculated from a validated FFQ. Deaths were identified by the cross-linkage of MTC participants with two national mortality registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the impact of GI and GL on mortality. We identified 1198 deaths. Comparing the lowest and highest quintile, dietary GI and GL appeared to be marginally associated with all-cause mortality; GI, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·93, 1·35); GL, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·87, 1·44). Higher GI and GL were associated with increased risk of CVD mortality, GI, 1·30 (95 % CI: 0·82, 2·08); GL, 1·64 (95 % CI: 0·87, 3·07) and with greater risk of breast cancer mortality; GI, 2·13 (95 % CI: 1·12, 4·06); GL, 2·43 (95 % CI: 0·90, 6·59). It is necessary to continue the improvement of carbohydrate quality indicators to better guide consumer choices and to lead the Mexican population to limit excessive intake of low-quality carbohydrate foods.
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Latinos form the largest ethnic population in the United States (18.5%), and the majority are Mexican Americans (61.4%). Many Mexican Americans have unique dietary behaviors, yet few food frequency questionnaires explicitly define Mexican American diets. The objective of this work was to engage with a population of rural Mexican Americans to develop a Mexican American food frequency questionnaire. Because acculturation is linked to dietary intake, we also examined acculturation by diet. We used mixed methods with three phases: (1) a qualitative phase in which a sample of rural Mexican-Americans (N = 15) identified and provided rich data about foods they ate; (2) a developmental phase in which 4 day food records were completed sequentially by two new and different samples of Mexican Americans (N = 19); and 3) a preliminary assessment phase where a new sample of Mexican Americans (N = 49) completed the final food frequency questionnaire. The final questionnaire included many traditional Mexican foods and beverages identified by study participants as part of their typical diet. Traditional Mexican foods and beverages were consumed regularly; little variation in diet was seen by level of acculturation. Respondents perceived diets containing commercial sugar-sweetened beverages as unhealthful, but not those with traditional Mexican drinks, which may represent an unappreciated source of added sugar in the diet. Future work includes studies examining dietary patterns in other urban and rural communities with traditional Mexican diets.
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Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death from tumors in women worldwide, influenced by various factors, including genetics. The T allele of the single nucleotide variant (SNV) rs3025039 at position +936 of the VEGFA gene has been reported to affect the mRNA regulatory mechanisms, potentially altering VEGFA expression and increasing BC risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between rs3025039 and BC in Mexican women residing in Jalisco, Mexico. The study included 231 women with a confirmed diagnosis of BC and 201 healthy subjects as a reference group (RG). PCR-RFLP was employed for the genotyping of rs3025039, with the visualization of amplified products using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Significant differences were observed in rs3025039 alleles and genotypes between BC cases and the RG (p = 0.0038). The frequency of the T allele and the CT genotype was higher in the BC group compared to the RG, with a significant difference (p = 0.0006). In conclusion, this research suggests that the SNV rs3025039 is associated with a higher risk of BC in Mexican women. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of BC in this population, offering potential insights for future studies and interventions.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Adulto , Fatores de Risco , Alelos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Frequência do Gene , IdosoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries regarding the effect of smoking in people with diabetes is lacking. Here, we report the association of smoking with mortality in a large cohort of Mexican adults with diabetes. METHODS: Participants with diabetes mellitus (self-reported diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medications or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) aged 35-74 years when recruited into the Mexico City Prospective Study were included. Cox regression confounder-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RRs) associated with baseline smoking status were estimated. RESULTS: Among 15,975 women and 8225 men aged 35-74 years with diabetes but no other comorbidities at recruitment, 2498 (16%) women and 2875 (35%) men reported former smoking and 2753 (17%) women, and 3796 (46%) men reported current smoking. During a median of 17 years of follow-up there were 5087 deaths at ages 35-74 years. Compared with never smoking, all-cause mortality RR was 1.08 (95%CI 1.01-1.17) for former smoking, 1.11 (95%CI 1.03-1.20) for current smoking, 1.09 (95%CI 0.99-1.20) for non-daily smoking, 1.06 (95%CI 0.96-1.16) for smoking < 10 cigarettes/day (median during follow-up 4 cigarettes/day), and 1.28 (95% CI 1.14-1.43) for smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes/day (median during follow-up 15 cigarettes/day). Mortality risk among daily smokers was greatest for COPD, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and acute diabetic complications. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of Mexican adults with diabetes, low-intensity daily smoking was associated with increased mortality, despite observing smoking patterns which are different from other populations, and over 5% of total deaths were associated with smoking.
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Causas de Morte , Diabetes Mellitus , Fumar , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Feminino , México/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos Prospectivos , Idoso , Fumar/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This review aims to provide an overview of artisanal Mexican cheeses microbiota focused on microbiological quality and safety, as well as native Lactic acid Bacteria (LAB) diversity. For the search, key words of artisanal Mexican cheeses varieties was carried out through several online databases and original articles were screened and data about populations of indicator microorganisms, presence of pathogens, and native LAB identified were extracted. Several artisanal Mexican cheeses exceeded the permissible limit established in Mexican regulation (NOM-243-SSA1-2010) for indicator microorganisms, as well as in some types of cheese, the presence of pathogens was confirmed. However, other varieties of artisanal Mexican cheeses possess unique physicochemical characteristics, and during their manufacturing particular steps are used that contribute to ensuring their quality and safety. Additionally, strains able to control the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria are part of the microbiota of some artisanal Mexican cheeses. About native LAB diversity, it is composed by species of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Weisella, Lactococcus, Pediococus, Aerococus, Carnobacterium, Tetragenococus, among others genera. Otherwise, artisanal Mexican cheeses represent an important source of specific LAB with several approaches within human health because they showed potential for the development of functional foods, nutraceutical, and bioprotective cultures.
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Queijo , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Lactobacillales , Queijo/microbiologia , Lactobacillales/isolamento & purificação , México , Biodiversidade , MicrobiotaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and blood pressure has been evaluated in European and American populations. This association remains unexplored in Mexico, where outcomes may differ due to the populace's ancestral heritage and its diverse dietary habits. METHODS: We used the Health Workers Cohort Study (2004 to 2018). DII intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured following standardized procedures and techniques. Fixed-effects linear regression and Cox regression models were utilized as the statistical approaches. RESULTS: In the first approach, we observed a positive association between changes in DII intake and changes in both systolic (SBP ß: 3.23, 95% CI 1.11, 5.34) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP ß: 1.01, 95% CI -0.43, 2.44). When stratified by hypertension, these associations were magnified in participants with hypertension (SBP ß: 6.26, 95% CI 2.63, 9.89; DBP ß: 1.64, 95% CI -0.73, 4.02). In the second approach, interactions between sex and age categories were explored. Participants in the highest DII category were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, particularly among young women (HR: 3.16, 95% CI 1.19, 8.43). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increase in blood pressure over time among Mexican population.
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Pressão Sanguínea , Dieta , Hipertensão , Inflamação , Humanos , Feminino , México/epidemiologia , Masculino , Adulto , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Coortes , Comportamento AlimentarRESUMO
PURPOSE: The relationship between dietary zinc (Zn) intake, metabolic diseases, and telomere length has been little explored in the children population. This observational cross-sectional study assesses the association between obesity (OB), cardiometabolic traits, telomere length, and dietary Zn intake in children with normal weight (NW) and OB from Mexico City. METHODS: Anthropometric data, blood pressure, biochemical measurements, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and leucocyte telomere length (determined by quantitative-PCR) were analyzed in 171 children with NW and 172 with OB. Furthermore, dietary Zn intake was evaluated in 117 children NW and 120 with OB. RESULTS: Telomere shortening was associated with fasting plasma insulin (FPI) and HOMA-IR in NW (beta coefficient [ß]FPI = -0.022 ± 0.008, p = 0.009; ßHOMA-IR = -0.096 ± 0.040, p = 0.020) and OB (ßFPI = -0.007 ± 0.002, p = 0.003; ßHOMA-IR = -0.034 ± 0.012, p = 0.005) children. Dietary Zn intake resulted negatively associated with FPI (ß = -2.418 ± 0.764, p = 0.002) and HOMA-IR (ß = -0.399 ± 0.014, p = 0.009) in children with OB. Then, in children with OB, the association between FPI, HOMA-IR, and telomere shortening was evaluated separately in groups of low, medium, and high dietary Zn intake (according to tertiles). The association between FPI, HOMA-IR, and telomere shortening was not significant in the high Zn intake group (PFPI = 0.633; PHOMA-IR = 0.567). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a high Zn intake may ameliorate the telomere shortening related to high FPI and HOMA-IR.
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INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the effect of years of schooling (YoS) and age on the Mexican adaptation of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-MX) scores in preclinical carriers group (PCG) and non-carriers group (NCG) of the APP V717I mutation. METHODS: We included 39 first-degree Mexican relatives of APP V717I carriers (PCG = 15; NCG = 24). We report eight CERAD-MX tasks: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Word List Learning (WLL), Delayed Recall (WLD) and Recognition (WLR), Constructional Praxis Copy (CPC) and Recall (CPR), Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF), and Verbal Boston Naming (VBN), comparing both groups' performance and simulating new samples' random vectors by inverse transform sampling. RESULTS: PCG and NCG performed similarly on CERAD-MX. In both groups, YoS and age influence all z scores. A positive age effect resulted for PCG on CPC and SVF; for the NCG on MMSE, SVF, and VBN. DISCUSSION: All tasks are influenced by YoS. Higher YoS/younger age or YoS/older age interactions affected different tasks, suggesting that YoS confounds outcomes. Highlights: Years of schooling (YoS) and age affect the Mexican adaptation of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease scores of APP V717I preclinical carriers.Preclinical carriers underperformed non-carriers on Constructional Praxis Recall.Fewer YoS emerges as a confounding variable when detecting cognitive failures.Younger participants in both groups overperformed the older ones in the Memory tasks.Randomized data simulation increases statistical power when analyzing rare diseases.
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In Mexico, it is not known which institutions use animals for scientific purposes. This work reports, based on data requested from the National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data (INAI), the types of institutions that use animals for research and how many of these have an ethics committee. Research centres, colleges, hospitals, national institutes, technical colleges, and public universities are the types of institutions that report using animals for experimentation. Only 54% of institutions have ethics committees. Mexican institutions from 2015 to 2021 used a total of 2,112,786 animals. Mammals are the most widely used animal group. The scientific purposes for using animals depend on the type of institution that uses them. In Mexico, it is necessary to update the regulations in order to regulate the use, protection and the care of laboratory animals.
En México se desconoce cuáles son las instituciones que utilizan animales con fines científicos. Se reporta, a partir de datos solicitados al Instituto Nacional de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos Personales (INAI), los tipos de instituciones que usan animales y cuántas poseen un comité interno para el cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Los centros de investigación, colegios, hospitales, institutos nacionales, tecnológicos y universidades públicas son los tipos de instituciones que reportaron usar animales. El 54% de las instituciones poseen comités de ética. Un total de 2,112,786 animales fueron usados por instituciones del 2015 al 2021. Los mamíferos es el grupo animal más utilizado. El uso de los animales se encuentra en función del tipo de institución que los utiliza. En México, es necesario actualizar la normatividad, con el fin de regular el uso, la protección y el cuidado de los animales de laboratorio.
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Experimentação Animal , México , Animais , Experimentação Animal/ética , Animais de Laboratório , Universidades , HumanosRESUMO
Searching for positive selection signals across genomes has identified functional genetic variants responding to environmental change. In Native Americans of Mexico, we used the fixation index (Fst) and population branch statistic (PBS) to identify SNPs suggesting positive selection. The 103 most differentiated SNPs were tested for associations with metabolic traits, the most significant association was FADS2/rs174616 with body mass index (BMI). This variant lies within a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block independent of previously reported FADS selection signals and has not been clearly associated with metabolic phenotypes. We tested this variant in two independent cohorts with cardiometabolic data. In the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) cohort, the derived allele (T) was associated with increased BMI, lower LDL-C levels and a decreased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in women. Significant gene-diet interactions affected lipid, apolipoprotein and adiponectin levels with differences according to sex, involving mainly total and complex dietary carbohydrate%. In the Genotype-related Effects of PUFA trial, the derived allele was associated with lower Δ-6 desaturase activity and erythrocyte membrane dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) levels, and with increased Δ-5 desaturase activity and eicosapentaenoic acid levels. This variant interacted with dietary carbohydrate% affecting Δ-6 desaturase activity. Notably, the relationship of DGLA and other erythrocyte membrane LC-PUFA indices with HOMA-IR differed according to rs174616 genotype, which has implications regarding how these indices should be interpreted. In conclusion, this observational study identified rs174616 as a signal suggesting selection in an independent linkage disequilibrium block, was associated with cardiometabolic and erythrocyte measurements of LC-PUFA in two independent Mexican cohorts and showed significant gene-diet interactions.
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Water contamination with pesticides is one of the major pollution problems in northwestern Mexico, and this is due to the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture. In this research, water samples of ten sampling sites (fishing grounds, beaches, and both) were analyzed in the search for 28 pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, among other chemical classes), supplemented with a calculation of the resulting potential environmental risk. Pesticides were separated from the matrix by liquid-liquid extraction and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to electron micro-capture (organohalogenated) and pulsed flame photometric detectors (organophosphates). In addition, the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides in algae, invertebrates, and fish was assessed, based on seawater pesticide concentrations using the Risk Quotient (RQ) and Toxic Units (TU) approach. The results showed 18 pesticides identified in the analyzed samples, where cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were identified with the maximum concentrations of 1.223 and 0.994 µg L-1, respectively. In addition, these two pesticides have been associated with acute toxic effects on algae, invertebrates, and fish. It is important to pay particular attention to the search for long-term alternatives to the use of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin due to their high detection rates and the risks associated with their toxic properties. However, the adoption of alternative measures to synthetic pesticide control should be a priority, moving towards sustainable practices such as the use of biopesticides, crop rotation and polycultures.
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Few studies have considered bilingualism's impact on cognitive development within the sociolinguistic and cultural context of the immigrant communities where bilingualism is commonly practiced. In the United States, many Mexican-origin bilingual youth practice their bilingual skills by brokering (i.e., translating/interpreting between languages) for their immigrant parents who have low English proficiency. Meanwhile, these youth may also experience discrimination in their daily life. The present study focuses on Mexican-origin bilingual youth brokers (N=334) in order to examine how discriminatory experiences (i.e., daily and ethnic discrimination) and bilingual brokering experiences captured by profiles are related to cognitive control performance (i.e., attentional control and inhibition). We found no significant direct influence of either bilingual broker profiles or discriminatory experiences on cognitive control. However, the associations between discriminatory experiences and cognitive control performance depended upon brokering experiences. Specifically, greater discrimination was associated with lower cognitive control performance among moderate brokers (with moderate bilingual experiences), but the association was attenuated among efficacious brokers (with positive bilingual experiences). Findings highlight the need to consider the sociolinguistic heterogeneity of both discriminatory experiences and language use when investigating cognitive control performance in bilinguals.
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BACKGROUND: Cleft lip and palate is an anomaly that affects both women and men. It is considered to be among the most frequent congenital abnormalities and is related to modifications in chromosomal DNA and multiple genetic alterations. This anomaly can also be associated with various environmental factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, medication use, and exposure to different environmental and industrial toxic substances. The objective of this study was to document the frequency of risk factors related to cleft lip and palate through a systematic review of Mexican studies. METHODS: In this systematic review, a bibliographic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines in the databases Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EBSCO. Keywords related to cleft lip and palate, epidemiology, and risk factors were used. In all, 3 independent reviewers (J.A.S.L., S.L.V., and N.M.F.) selected and evaluated a total of 17 articles included in this analysis, achieving a coefficient of κ = 0.84. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the highest frequency of conducted studies was in the State of Mexico. The most common risk factors identified were environmental, pharmacological, consumption habits, and gynecological factors. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the main risk factors for cleft lip and palate in the Mexican population will enable the implementation of preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure to these factors. Additionally, early intervention can improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of two intravitreal antiangiogenic drugs, ranibizumab and aflibercept, in a Mexican population over a period of 5 years, evaluating the improvement in visual acuity (VA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) in a real-world scenario. This is a retrospective study with subjects diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy (DR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and diabetic macular edema (DME) receiving intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and/or aflibercept. In this study, we analyzed 588 eyes of 294 patients who received intravitreal antiangiogenic injections. The results showed an improvement regardless of antiangiogenic treatment or diagnosis in both VA and CRT. We found that both aflibercept and ranibizumab improved VA, while subjects with DME responded less to antiangiogenic treatment (p < 0.05), and that this difference did not correspond to the CRT measured by OCT. These results support evidence that intravitreal antiangiogenic medications are effective for ophthalmic complications of diabetes in our population; however, damage to visual structures is not reversed in most patients. And that the perception by the patient (VA) and that of the ophthalmologist (CRT) do not completely correlate in our study.
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Castilleja tenuiflora is a native perennial plant used in traditional Mexican medicine. In June 2022, leaf blight symptoms were observed in a wild population of C. tenuiflora plants. Disease incidence was 80% and disease intensity reached up to 5% of the leaf area. Currently, there are no reports of pathogens causing leaf blight in this plant; therefore, this work aimed to identify the fungi responsible for the disease. The fungi recovered from the diseased tissue were characterized by means of pathogenicity tests and cultural, morphological, and molecular characterization. The information obtained revealed that Alternaria alternata and Alternaria gossypina are the pathogens responsible for the disease. This is the first report implicating species of Alternaria in causing leaf blight of C. tenuiflora in Mexico, as well as the first report of Alternaria gossypina also in Mexico. These pathogens may threaten the in situ conservation of native C. tenuiflora populations and limit their in vitro propagation. Future research lines should focus on determining the effect of these pathogens on metabolite production.
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Viral hepatitis is the main cause of infectious liver disease. During pregnancy, a risk of vertical transmission exists both during gestation and at birth. HAV, HBV, and HCV might progress similarly in pregnant and non-pregnant women. In this study, we found a prevalence of 0.22% of viral hepatitis in pregnant women, with a light preponderance of HCV over HAV and HBV. Here, it was observed that acute HAV infection is more symptomatic and has higher risks for the mother and fetus, in a similar manner to what has been reported for HEV. Histopathological alterations were observed in all except one placenta, indicating that it is an important tissue barrier. Regarding the Mexican strategies for viral hepatitis eradication, success may be related to vaccination at birth, whereas for HCV, the national program for eradication is aimed at treating the infection via direct-acting antiviral agents. The HBV strategy has positively impacted pregnant women and their children, diminishing the risk of vertical transmission. The HCV strategy is still in its early years, and it is expected to be just as successful. For acute hepatitis, HAV and HEV, programs promoting hand washing and those aimed at providing clean food and water are applicable as preventive strategies, alongside other programs such as vaccination.
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BACKGROUND: Health disparities have been highlighted among patient with prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) due to ethnicity. Mexican men present a more aggressive disease than other patients resulting in less favorable treatment outcome. We aimed to identify the mutational landscape which could help to reduce the health disparities among minority groups and generate the first genomics exploratory study of PRAD in Mexican patients. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tumoral tissue from 20 Mexican patients with early-stage PRAD treated at The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City from 2017 to 2019 were analyzed. Tumoral DNA was prepared for whole exome sequencing, the resulting files were mapped against h19 using BWA-MEM. Strelka2 and Lancet packages were used to identify single nucleotide variants (SNV) and insertions or deletions. FACETS was used to determine somatic copy number alterations (SCNA). Cancer Genome Interpreter web interface was used to determine the clinical relevance of variants. RESULTS: Patients were in an early clinical stage and had a mean age of 59.55 years (standard deviation [SD]: 7.1 years) with 90% of them having a Gleason Score of 7. Follow-up time was 48.50 months (SD: 32.77) with recurrences and progression in 30% and 15% of the patients, respectively. NUP98 (20%), CSMD3 (15%) and FAT1 (15%) were the genes most frequently affected by SNV; ARAF (75%) and ZNF419 (70%) were the most frequently affected by losses and gains SNCA's. One quarter of the patients had mutations useful as biomarkers for the use of PARP inhibitors, they comprise mutations in BRCA, RAD54L and ATM. SBS05, DBS03 and ID08 were the most common mutational signatures present in this cohort. No associations with recurrence or progression were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study reveals the mutational landscape of early-stage prostate adenocarcinoma in Mexican men, providing a first approach to understand the mutational patterns and actionable mutations in early prostate cancer can inform personalized treatment approaches and reduce the underrepresentation in genomic cancer studies.
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Mexicans who migrate to the United States endure significant stressors related to the migration process and social and environmental conditions of life in the United States. Given that chronic stress exposure has been linked to the onset of health conditions, these ecological factors may expose them to increased risk for poor health. However, Mexicans have many positive health outcomes compared to those monitored nationally, making it crucial to understand possible sources of resilience in this population. Here, we investigate Mexicans' lay health knowledge in response to stress as a possible source of health-related resilience. Health knowledge is considered a central facet of practical and traditional knowledge as well as adaptive modes of intelligence and has a tangible impact on health. Using an ethnographically grounded community-based participatory research design informed by the theory of embodiment, our hybrid team of bilingual university and community-based researchers interviewed Mexican-origin residents (N = 30) living in rural southwestern Arizona about how they experienced and responded to stress and incorporated it into their etiological frameworks. Thematic analysis revealed that participants paid close attention to how stress presented itself in their bodies, which informed their understanding of its potentially harmful health impacts and motivated them to employ multiple stress reduction strategies. Our results highlight the breadth of Mexicans' lay health knowledge, thereby challenging dominant narratives about low rates of health literacy in this population. Findings can be harnessed to optimize potential health protective effects in home and community settings as well as to inform preventive and clinical interventions.
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Background: The mechanisms through which acculturation influences the onset of cognitive impairment and dementia are not well understood, especially among older Hispanics. Objective: To investigate whether inflammation and psycho-behavioral factors mediate the relationship between acculturation and incident dementia among older Mexican Americans. Methods: We analyzed the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998-2007, SALSA), a longitudinal study (Nâ=â1,194) with 10 years of follow-up, and used g-computation for mediation analysis with pooled logistic regression to evaluate whether acculturation (assessed by the Revised Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans [ARSMA-II]) affected dementia or cognitive impairment but not dementia (CIND) through inflammation (i.e., interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]), smoking, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptoms. The potential mediators were assessed at baseline. Results: The 10-year average adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for the effect of high U.S. acculturation and dementia/CIND was 0.66, 95% CI (0.36, 1.30). The indirect effects were: IL-6 (aRRâ=â0.98, 95% CI (0.88, 1.05)); TNF-α (aRR:0.99, 95% CI (0.93, 1.05)); hs-CRP: (aRRâ=â1.21, 95% CI (0.84, 1.95)); current smoking: aRRâ=â0.97, 95% CI (0.84, 1.16); daily/weekly alcohol consumption (aRRâ=â1.00, 95% CI (0.96, 1.05)); and depressive symptom score (aRRâ=â1.03, 95% CI (0.95, 1.26)). Hs-CRP yielded a proportion mediated of -26%, suggesting that hs-CRP could suppress the potential effect of high U.S. acculturation. The other factors explored resulted in little to no mediation. Conclusions: The effect of acculturation on time to incident dementia/CIND varied over time. Our study suggests that inflammation could suppress the effect between high U.S. acculturation and dementia risk.