RESUMO
This work aimed to evaluate the effects of prenatal nutritional stimulation at different pregnancy stages on carcass traits and meat quality in bovine progeny. For this purpose, 63 Nellore bulls, born from cows submitted to three nutritional plans, were used: not programmed (NP), which did not receive protein supplementation; partially programmed (PP), which had protein-energy supplementation (0.3% of mean body weight of each batch) only in the final third of pregnancy; and full programming (FP), which received supplementation (0.3% of mean body weight of each batch) throughout pregnancy. The averages of parameters were submitted to the ANOVA, and the supplementation periods, which were different when p value < 0.05, were compared. Carcass weights and rib eye area (REA) did not differ between treatments (p > 0.05), but subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) showed a tendency (p = 0.08) between groups. For lipids and marbling, no differences were found (p > 0.05). In the analyses of maturation time and shelf life, no difference was observed between treatments. However, there was a tendency between treatments at 14 days of maturation time for cooking loss (CL) (p = 0.08). Treatments did not affect shear force in the progenies (p > 0.05). Fetal programming had no effect on the meat quality of Nellore bulls.
RESUMO
The present study estimated genetic parameters and evaluated the genetic and phenotypic correlations between meat quality characteristics of Nellore cattle evaluated at different anatomical points of the longissimus. Data from 1329 Nellore young bulls were used to evaluate, in the 5th and 12th ribs, marbling score (MAR), shear force (SF), cooking weight losses (CWL) and intramuscular fat (IMF). In addition, the subcutaneous fat thickness was measured at the 12th rib (SFT12) and between the last lumbar and the first sacral vertebrae (SFTLR), in the separation of loin and round. Results yielded moderate heritability coefficients for evaluated characteristics, except CWL. High genetic correlations (0.61) were found between measurements of SFT12 and SFTLR. MAR, IMF and SF were evaluated at the 5th and 12th rib. Meat quality and subcutaneous fat thickness measured at different anatomical points of the longissimus are genetically correlated and can be used in genetic selection programs to improve meat quality characteristics in Nellore cattle.
Assuntos
Bovinos/genética , Carne Vermelha/análise , Carne Vermelha/normas , Tecido Adiposo , Animais , Composição Corporal/genética , Brasil , Culinária , Masculino , Músculos Paraespinais/anatomia & histologia , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Gordura Subcutânea/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Industry requires non-destructive real-time methods for quality control of meat in order to improve production efficiency and meet consumer expectations. Near Infrared Hyperspectral Images were used for tenderness evaluation of Nellore beef and the construction of tenderness distribution maps. To investigate whether the selection of the region of interest (ROI) in the image at the exact location where the shear force core was collected improves tenderness prediction and classification models, 50 samples from Longissimus muscle were imaged (1000-2500â¯nm) and shear force were measured (Warner-Bratzler). The data were analyzed by chemometric techniques (Partial Least Squares together with discriminant analysis - PLS-DA). Classification models using local ROI presented better performance than the ROI models of the whole sample (external validation sensitivity for the tough classâ¯=â¯33% and 70%, respectively), but none could be considered as successful model. However, the more general model had better performance in the tenderness distribution maps, with 72% of predicted images correctly classified.
Assuntos
Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Carne/análise , Modelos Biológicos , Músculos Paraespinais/química , Matadouros , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Brasil , Calibragem , Bovinos , Análise Discriminante , Estudos de Viabilidade , Inspeção de Alimentos/instrumentação , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Análise de Componente Principal , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao InfravermelhoRESUMO
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of chopped hay levels in high-concentrate diets with whole corn grain (WCG) on performance and carcass traits of finishing Nellore cattle. One hundred and eight 24-month-old Nellore intact males (453 ± 75 kg) were fed one of three WCG-based diets that differed in roughage level: without roughage (WCG), with 5% chopped hay included (WCG5), or with 12% chopped hay included (WCG12) in a block design (based on initial body weight) for 86 days. Animals fed WCG5 or WCG12 had significantly improved on final body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage when compared to those fed WCG. The Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.1108), backfat thickness (BFT; P = 0.6089), and rump fat thickness (P = 0.1798) were not affected by roughage levels. Therefore, using WCG diets without roughage negatively affects the performance of feedlot Nellore cattle but does not affect carcass traits and does lead to the minimum BFT required by the industry.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Bovinos/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Brasil , Masculino , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Ninety-six feedlot-finished Nellore steers were used to verify the relationship between temperament indicators and meat tenderization. Temperament index (TI), chute score (CS), and average of exit velocity (EV) with CS (AT) presented low positive correlations (P≤0.05) with shear force, either at 2 or 16days postmortem (WBSF-16). The rectal temperature was consistently correlated with temperament indicators (TI, CS, and AT) and WBSF-16. Two groups (n=12) representing the most tender (39.2±4.9N) and most tough meat (94.1±11.8N), based on WBSF-16, were compared for temperament, and calpastatin activity (CASTa) was determined 48h postmortem. The tender group presented lower EV, TI, and AT (P≤0.05). The tender group exhibited lower (P≤0.05) CASTa in the triceps brachii muscle, but there was no difference in CASTa in the longissimus lumborum muscle between WBSF groups. Meat tenderness and inhibitory activity of calpastatin may be associated with divergent temperament indices in zebu cattle.
Assuntos
Temperatura Corporal , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Carne Vermelha/análise , Temperamento , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Bovinos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/químicaRESUMO
The aims of this study were to evaluate the use of infrared thermography (IRT) images as a tool for monitoring body surface temperature and to study its relationship with residual feed intake (RFI) in Nellore cattle. We also evaluated IRT as an indicator of feed efficiency in Bos indicus cattle. In this study, 144 Nellore steers were fed high-concentrate diets for 70 days to evaluate feedlot performance. We examined nine animals classified as high RFI and nine animals classified as low RFI by measuring rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), and IRT in the front, eye, ocular area, cheek, flank, ribs, rump, and front feet. The measurements were taken at 0700, 1200, and 1600 hours. The IRT temperatures measured at the eye, cheek, flank, ribs, rump, and front feet were positively associated with RF and RT. These results indicate that increases in the temperatures are associated with increased RF and RT. There was an effect in the RFI group in the front region where IRT correlates with RT. The front IRT for high-RFI cattle was lower (P < 0.01) than that for low-RFI cattle. The higher skin temperature measured by IRT for animals in the RFI group may be related to improved efficiency of thermoregulatory mechanisms because the RT remained lower in the low-RFI group. IRT can be used in the head for studies related to RFI in beef cattle.
Assuntos
Bovinos/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos , Temperatura Cutânea , Termografia , Ração Animal , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Raios Infravermelhos , Masculino , Clima TropicalRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility, and carcass and meat traits of lambs fed high-concentrate diets (92.65%) containing different cereal grains (ground corn, whole grain corn, whole grain sorghum, or replacement of 40% whole grain corn with whole grain millet). Twenty-four feedlot intact lambs of undefined breed, with a body weight of 22.35 ± 3,.71 kg, kept in individual pens for 56 days were allocated in a completely randomized design. Dry matter intake expressed as a percentage of body weight was higher (P=0.0046) for the diets containing sorghum and ground corn (3.73% and 3.39%, respectively) compared to the diets containing millet and whole grain corn (3.23% and 3.13%, respectively). Feed efficiency was higher (P=0.014) for whole grain corn and millet (0.293 and 0.269, respectively) and lower for ground corn and sorghum (0.247 and 0.226, respectively). The apparent digestibility of organic matter, dry matter and crude protein was lower for the sorghum diet (P=0.0003). The carcass traits, meat cuts traits or objective longissimus muscle tenderness were not influenced by the diets offered to the animals. Meat color (P 0.0001) and luminosity (P=0.0063) were improved with inclusion of whole grains. The use of whole corn and millet grains is recommended for the feeding of feedlot lambs considering their nutritional benefits, fe
Objetivou-se avaliar desempenho, digestibilidade aparente, características de carcaça e da carne de cordeiros alimentados com dietas de alta proporção de concentrado (92,65%) contendo grãos de diferentes cereais (grão moído de milho; grão inteiro de milho; grão inteiro de sorgo; ou substituição de 40% do grão inteiro do milho por grão inteiro de milheto). Foram utilizados vinte e quatro machos inteiros, sem raça definida, com peso corporal de 22,35 ± 3,71 kg, confinados em baias individuais por 56 dias, alocados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O consumo de matéria seca em porcentagem do peso corporal foi maior (P=0,0046) para as dietas com sorgo e grão moído de milho, 3,73% e 3,39%, que para milheto e grão inteiro de milho, 3,23% e 3,13%. A eficiência alimentar foi maior (P=0,0140) para grão inteiro de milho e milheto, 0,293 e 0,269, e menor para grão moído de milho e sorgo, 0,247 e 0,226. Adigestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica, matéria seca e proteína bruta foram menores (P=0,0003) para a dieta com sorgo. As características de carcaça e dos cortes cárneos não foram influenciadas pelas dietas fornecidas aos animais, bem como a maciez objetiva do músculo Longissimus. Os parâmetros de cor e luminosidade da carne foram melhores (P 0,0001; P=0,0063) com a inclusão dos grãos inteiros. Recomenda-se a utilização de grãos inteiros de milho e de milheto na alimentaçã
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility, and carcass and meat traits of lambs fed high-concentrate diets (92.65%) containing different cereal grains (ground corn, whole grain corn, whole grain sorghum, or replacement of 40% whole grain corn with whole grain millet). Twenty-four feedlot intact lambs of undefined breed, with a body weight of 22.35 ± 3,.71 kg, kept in individual pens for 56 days were allocated in a completely randomized design. Dry matter intake expressed as a percentage of body weight was higher (P=0.0046) for the diets containing sorghum and ground corn (3.73% and 3.39%, respectively) compared to the diets containing millet and whole grain corn (3.23% and 3.13%, respectively). Feed efficiency was higher (P=0.014) for whole grain corn and millet (0.293 and 0.269, respectively) and lower for ground corn and sorghum (0.247 and 0.226, respectively). The apparent digestibility of organic matter, dry matter and crude protein was lower for the sorghum diet (P=0.0003). The carcass traits, meat cuts traits or objective longissimus muscle tenderness were not influenced by the diets offered to the animals. Meat color (P 0.0001) and luminosity (P=0.0063) were improved with inclusion of whole grains. The use of whole corn and millet grains is recommended for the feeding of feedlot lambs considering their nutritional benefits, fe
Objetivou-se avaliar desempenho, digestibilidade aparente, características de carcaça e da carne de cordeiros alimentados com dietas de alta proporção de concentrado (92,65%) contendo grãos de diferentes cereais (grão moído de milho; grão inteiro de milho; grão inteiro de sorgo; ou substituição de 40% do grão inteiro do milho por grão inteiro de milheto). Foram utilizados vinte e quatro machos inteiros, sem raça definida, com peso corporal de 22,35 ± 3,71 kg, confinados em baias individuais por 56 dias, alocados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O consumo de matéria seca em porcentagem do peso corporal foi maior (P=0,0046) para as dietas com sorgo e grão moído de milho, 3,73% e 3,39%, que para milheto e grão inteiro de milho, 3,23% e 3,13%. A eficiência alimentar foi maior (P=0,0140) para grão inteiro de milho e milheto, 0,293 e 0,269, e menor para grão moído de milho e sorgo, 0,247 e 0,226. Adigestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica, matéria seca e proteína bruta foram menores (P=0,0003) para a dieta com sorgo. As características de carcaça e dos cortes cárneos não foram influenciadas pelas dietas fornecidas aos animais, bem como a maciez objetiva do músculo Longissimus. Os parâmetros de cor e luminosidade da carne foram melhores (P 0,0001; P=0,0063) com a inclusão dos grãos inteiros. Recomenda-se a utilização de grãos inteiros de milho e de milheto na alimentaçã
RESUMO
The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the effect of the corn grain processing (whole grain, dry beans ground, and wet grain) on carcass characteristics and meat quality in lambs. Twenty-two Dorper vs. Santa Inês uncastrated lambs (27 ± 4 kg BW; ±3 months old) were distributed in a randomized complete block (initial BW). The diets were composed of 20 % protein-mineral pellet, 5 % hay, and 75 % corn in the form of whole grain, ground grain, or wet grain. The harvest weight of animals fed whole corn (50.2 kg) and ground (49.03 kg) were equal and higher than the moisture corn fed lambs (44.89 kg); therefore, the same differences were expected to be seen in the cold vs hot carcass comparison. However, there was no difference between treatments comparing hot or cold carcass performance, averaging 47 and 46 %, respectively. Also unaffected by the treatments were subcutaneous fat thickness values, loin muscle area, pH, temperature, drip loss, water loss by cooking, color, and tenderness. It can be concluded that the shape and size of corn grain in diets of high concentrate resulted in no measurable influence on carcass traits, but whole grain is more easily managed by the producer.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Carne , Ovinos/fisiologia , Zea mays , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
In the present study, thirty-five Nellore bulls were used to determine the effects of two levels and two sources (organic and inorganic) of Cu supplementation on the oxidative stability of lipids, measured by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) test, meat colour and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities. The following treatments were used: (1) control (C) - basal diet without supplementation of Cu (7 mg Cu/kg DM); (2) I10 - basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper sulphate (inorganic form); (3) I40 - basal diet supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper sulphate; (4) O10 - basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper proteinate (organic form); (5) O40 - basal diet supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper proteinate. Lipid oxidation was determined in meat samples exposed to display, modified atmosphere (MA) and vacuum packaging (VC) conditions and in liver samples using the TBARS test. These samples were also evaluated for meat discolouration after exposure to air. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px enzymes were determined in liver samples. In display, MA and VC conditions, the TBARS values of samples from animals supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM were lower than those of samples from control animals. There was no effect of treatment on the colour variables (L*, a*, b*). There was also no significant effect of treatment on hepatic TBARS concentrations and GSH-Px activity. Supplementation with Cu at 40 mg/kg, regardless of the source, induced higher hepatic SOD activity compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, Cu supplementation improved the oxidative stability of lipids in samples exposed to display, MA and VC conditions, demonstrating the antioxidant effect of this mineral.
Assuntos
Cobre/uso terapêutico , Deficiências Nutricionais/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/enzimologia , Carne/análise , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Bovinos , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Cobre/efeitos adversos , Cobre/deficiência , Deficiências Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Embalagem de Alimentos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Pigmentação , Superóxido Dismutase/química , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnetic water on blood cells counts, biochemical profile, blood gas level and subcutaneous fat thickness of Jersey cows. This research was carried out at Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, SP. Twenty six Jersey cows from the APTA were allotted into two groups: control (n=13), drinking regular water and the group consuming magnetic water (n=13). The animals were lactating around 150 days and pregnant around 60 days. Blood samples were collected from caudal auricular artery and jugular vein. The water treatment had no effect on hemogram (p>0.05). Higher pH (7.448 vs 7.407 mmHg, p 0.05) and lower PaCO2 (37.97 vs 42.47 mmHg, p 0.05) levels were detected in arterial blood of the group drinking magnetic water. The concentration of Na ion (138.8 vs 145.5 mmol/l, p 0.05) and serum triglycerides (10.4 vs 22.6 mg/dL, p 0.05) were significantly lower, resulting in smaller osmolality (273.30 vs 280.99 mOsm/kg, p 0.05) and subcutaneous fat thickness (0.2 vs 1.3 mm, p 0.05). In summary, the water treatment, evaluated in this study, may have decreased the risk of some metabolic disorders, such as acidosis and high serum concentration of Na and carbon dioxide.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento magnético da água dos bebedouros sobre o hemograma, perfil bioquímico sérico, hemogasometria e espessura de gordura subcutânea de bovinos. O ensaio foi conduzido na Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, SP. Foram utilizadas 26 vacas da raça Jersey provenientes da APTA, distribuídas aos pares em dois grupos experimentais: controle (n=13), bebendo água não tratada e o grupo recebendo água submetida a campo magnético (n=13). Os animais encontravam-se lactantes por volta de 150 dias e gestantes por volta de 60 dias. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas da artéria auricular caudal e veia jugular. O tratamento magnético da água não teve efeito sobre o hemograma (p>0,05). Maiores valores de pH (7,448 vs 7,407 mmHg, p 0,05) e menores valores de PaCO2 (37,97 vs 42,47 mmHg, p 0,05), foram constatados no sangue de animais consumindo água submetida a campo magnético. Foram observadas reduções nas concentrações séricas de Na (138,8 vs 145,5 mmol/l, p 0,05) e triglicérides (10,4 vs 22,6 mg/dL, p 0,05), resultando em menor osmolaridade do sangue (273,30 vs 280,99 mOsm/kg, p 0,05) e menor espessura de gordura subcutânea (0,2 vs 1,3 mm, p 0,05) em animais consumindo água submetida a campo magnético. Conclui-se que o tratamento da água por campo magnético teria o potencial, neste experimento, de pre
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of concentrate level and calcium salts of fatty acids (SCAG) on performance and meat quality of feedlot finished steers. Sixty Nellore and Nellore crossbred steers were distributed in four groups and fed for 85 days with one of the following diets: BC) diet containing 46.7% of concentrate; (BC-SCAG) LC diet plus 3% of SCAG; (AC) diet containing 76.6% of concentrate and (AC- SCAG) HC diet plus 3% of SCAG. Concentrate level did not affected average daily gain, subcutaneous fat thickness and ribeye area, but AC diets increased carcass weight (P=0.0011), dressing percentage (P 0.0001) and shear force (P=0.0438). SCAG increased average daily gain in AC (P=0.0311) but not in BC diets. Animals fed with SCAG diets showed greater carcass weight (P=0.0133) and dressing percentage (P=0.0160) with no differences on fat thickness, ribeye area and shear force. High concentrate diets and SCAG improved quantitative carcass traits (weight and dressing percentage) of finishing cattle and can be used as alternative to improve the efficiency of the production system.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do nível de concentrado e dos sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (SCAG) sobre o desempenho e qualidade da carne de novilhos terminados em confinamento. Sessenta novilhos Nelore e cruza Nelore foram divididos em quatro grupos e confinados por um período de 85 dias com as seguintes dietas: (BC) 46,7% de concentrado; (BC-SCAG) dieta BC acrescida de 3% de SCAG; (AC) dieta contendo 76,6% de concentrado e (AC-SCAG) dieta AC com 3% de SCAG. O nível de concentrado não influenciou o ganho médio diário, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a área de olho de lombo, mas as dietas AC aumentaram o peso (P=0,0011) e o rendimento (P 0,0001) de carcaça, além da força de cisalhamento (P=0,0438). Animais alimentados com as dietas AC apresentaram maior peso (P=0,0011) e rendimento (P 0,0001) de carcaça em relação aos animais do tratamento BC. Os SCAG aumentaram o ganho de peso em dietas de AC (P=0,0311), mas sem efeito nas dietas BC. Animais tratados com as dietas contendo SCAG apresentaram maior peso (P=0,0133) e rendimento de carcaça (P=0,0160), mas sem diferenças na espessura de gordura subcutânea, área de olho de lombo e força de cisalhamento. Dietas de alto concentrado e os SCAG melhoraram as características quantitativas (peso e rendimento) das carcaças de bovinos na fase de terminação e podem ser utilizadas pelos produtores como alternativa para melhorar a eficiência do sistema de produção.
RESUMO
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of concentrate level and calcium salts of fatty acids (SCAG) on performance and meat quality of feedlot finished steers. Sixty Nellore and Nellore crossbred steers were distributed in four groups and fed for 85 days with one of the following diets: BC) diet containing 46.7% of concentrate; (BC-SCAG) LC diet plus 3% of SCAG; (AC) diet containing 76.6% of concentrate and (AC- SCAG) HC diet plus 3% of SCAG. Concentrate level did not affected average daily gain, subcutaneous fat thickness and ribeye area, but AC diets increased carcass weight (P=0.0011), dressing percentage (P 0.0001) and shear force (P=0.0438). SCAG increased average daily gain in AC (P=0.0311) but not in BC diets. Animals fed with SCAG diets showed greater carcass weight (P=0.0133) and dressing percentage (P=0.0160) with no differences on fat thickness, ribeye area and shear force. High concentrate diets and SCAG improved quantitative carcass traits (weight and dressing percentage) of finishing cattle and can be used as alternative to improve the efficiency of the production system.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do nível de concentrado e dos sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (SCAG) sobre o desempenho e qualidade da carne de novilhos terminados em confinamento. Sessenta novilhos Nelore e cruza Nelore foram divididos em quatro grupos e confinados por um período de 85 dias com as seguintes dietas: (BC) 46,7% de concentrado; (BC-SCAG) dieta BC acrescida de 3% de SCAG; (AC) dieta contendo 76,6% de concentrado e (AC-SCAG) dieta AC com 3% de SCAG. O nível de concentrado não influenciou o ganho médio diário, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a área de olho de lombo, mas as dietas AC aumentaram o peso (P=0,0011) e o rendimento (P 0,0001) de carcaça, além da força de cisalhamento (P=0,0438). Animais alimentados com as dietas AC apresentaram maior peso (P=0,0011) e rendimento (P 0,0001) de carcaça em relação aos animais do tratamento BC. Os SCAG aumentaram o ganho de peso em dietas de AC (P=0,0311), mas sem efeito nas dietas BC. Animais tratados com as dietas contendo SCAG apresentaram maior peso (P=0,0133) e rendimento de carcaça (P=0,0160), mas sem diferenças na espessura de gordura subcutânea, área de olho de lombo e força de cisalhamento. Dietas de alto concentrado e os SCAG melhoraram as características quantitativas (peso e rendimento) das carcaças de bovinos na fase de terminação e podem ser utilizadas pelos produtores como alternativa para melhorar a eficiência do sistema de produção.
RESUMO
Four Nellore steers cannulated with average weight of 400 ± 12 kg were utilized in a Latin square design, to evaluate the effect of substitution levels of corn by citrus pulp on rumen fermentation. The treatments consisted of substitution levels: (0, 40, 60 and 80%, in the dry matter). The pH, volatile fatty acid and ciliate protozoa of the rumen content were evaluated. The addition of citrus pulp to the diets decreased the pH of rumen liquid (p 0.01) linearly, the quadratic effect of the total volatile fatty acid, of prop ionic acid, butyric acid and the total ciliate protozoa number (p = 0.03; p =0.01; p = 0.02; e p 0.01, respectively). There was linear increase of the acetate: propionate ratio (p = 0.07). The substitution of corn by citrus pulp improved rumen environment to 60% level
Foram utilizados, em um delineamento em quadrado latino, 4 novilhos Nelore, com peso médio de 400 kg ± 12 kg, canulados, objetivando-se avaliar os efeitos de níveis de substituição de milho por polpa de citros na fermentação ruminal e no número de protozoários ciliados. Os tratamentos consistiram nos níveis de substituição: 0%, 40%, 60% e 80%, em base seca. Foram mensurados o pH, a concentração de AGV e os protozoários ciliados no rúmen. A inclusão de polpa de citros provocou diminuição linear nos níveis de pH do líquido ruminal (p 0,01), efeito quadrático dos ácidos graxos voláteis totais, de ácido propiônico, ácido butírico e no número total de protozoários ciliados (p = 0,03; p =0,01; p = 0,02; e p 0,01, respectivamente). Houve aumento linear da relação acetato:propionato (p = 0,07). A substituição de milho por polpa de citros favoreceu melhoras no ambiente ruminal até o nível 60%
RESUMO
There is a paucity of information in the literature on body composition changes in Nellore cattle and its crosses, mainly on heifers and intact males. Ultrasound is a useful, low cost tool to easily obtain this information, with minimal animal stress. Effects of sex and days on feed on live weight (LW) and ultrasound Longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) measurements were evaluated in F1 Piedmont FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore, 27 heifers (HF) and 27 intact males (IM). HF and IM had an initial LW of 256 ± 5.6 and 265 ± 5.6 kg, respectively, and were fed a diet containing 77% TDN for 131 days. LW, ULMA, and UFAT were evaluated at 28-d intervals. Interactions between sex and days on feed were found for all traits studied. LW increased linearly with days on feed, and IM had greater LW than HF throughout the trial. Mean initial ULMA was 55.8 and 55.5 cm² for HF and IM, respectively, and increased linearly until the end of the experiment (78.7 and 82.8 cm², respectively). IM showed higher ULMA than HF only in the last measurement. Initial UFAT averaged 0.04 and 0.4 mm for IM and HF, respectively, and increased linearly during the feeding period (2.4 and 4.3 mm, respectively). UFAT was higher n HF than in IM during the entire experimental period. IM showed faster growth rates and protein accretion than HF in the Longissimus muscle. HF showed faster subcutaneous fat accretion.
Existem poucos dados na literatura sobre as alterações na composição corporal de bovinos Nelore e seus cruzamentos, especialmente em relação a novilhas (NOV) e machos inteiros (MI). A ultra-sonografia é uma ferramenta útil para obter essa informação de forma fácil, com mínimo distúrbio ao animal e a baixo custo. Efeitos do sexo e dias de confinamento sobre o peso vivo (PV) e a área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (AOLU) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSU) medidas por ultra-som, foram avaliadas em 27 novilhas e 27 machos inteiros, F1 Piemontês FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore. NOV e MI com PV inicial de 256 ± 5,6 e 265 ± 5,6 kg, respectivamente, foram confinados com uma dieta contendo 77% de NDT, durante 131 dias. O PV, a AOLU e a EGSU foram avaliadas a cada 28 dias aproximadamente. Foi observada uma interação entre sexo e dias de confinamento para todas as características avaliadas. O PV aumentou linearmente com os dias de confinamento e MI apresentaram maior PV que as NOV desde o início do experimento. A AOLU média inicial foi 55,8 e 55,5 cm² nas NOV e MI, respectivamente, aumentando linearmente até o final do confinamento (78,7 e 82,8 cm², respectivamente). Em relação ao efeito do sexo, MI tiveram maior AOLU que NOV somente na última medida. A EGSU inicial foi 0,04 e 0,4 mm para MI e NOV, respectivamente e aumentaram linearmente durante e período de confinamento (2,4 e 4,3 mm, respectivamente). NOV tiveram maior EGSU desde o início até o final do período experimental. MI tiveram maiores taxas de crescimento do PV e AOLU que NOV, no entanto, estas tiveram maior taxa de crescimento da EGSU.
RESUMO
Hanging beef carcasses in different configurations in the cooler affect some carcass muscle tenderness. Forty Nellore steer carcasses (ten per day) were chosen at random in a federally inspected slaughter plant and hanged alternate left and right sides either in the traditional way by the hindquarter (HQ) or by the forequarter (FQ) also called "tenderbife". Carcasses were selected from steers up to 30 months old and had an average hot carcass weight of 244.1 kg. These carcasses were chilled for 48 hours, when samples from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) at the 12th rib and the Biceps femoris (BF) at the P8 site were removed, kept under refrigeration (0-2ºC) for five days and frozen for future analysis. The temperature of the LD after 24 hours taken at the 12th rib was not different for HQ (1.0ºC) and FQ (0.9ºC). Fat thickness measured at the 12th rib was lower (P 0.05) for HQ (3.8 mm) than FQ (4.3 mm). All samples were thawed during 48 hours under refrigeration for tenderness evaluation. Warner Bratzler Shear force from the LD was lower (P 0.001) for FQ (3.53 kg) than HQ (4.78 kg) and was not different for BF. Total cooking losses were not different between HQ (19.7%) and FQ (18.9%). Hanging beef carcass by the forequarter caused an improvement in tenderness of the LD without any detrimental effect on the BF (cap of rump).
A suspensão da carcaça em diferentes formas na câmara fria influencia a maciez de alguns músculos da carcaça. As carcaças de 40 novilhos Nelore (dez por dia) com no máximo 30 meses de idade foram selecionadas ao acaso em frigorífico (SIF 2543) e lados alternados de suas carcaças foram resfriados e pendurados pelo Tendão de Aquiles do traseiro especial (TA) ou pelo músculo carpo radial dianteiro (DA), também chamado "tenderbife". Todas as carcaças eram de classificação B no Sistema Brasileiro de Tipificação de Carcaças, com média de peso de carcaça quente de 244,1 kg. O pH 24 horas não diferiu para os tratamentos, (TA = 5,69 e DA = 5,70). As carcaças foram resfriadas por 48 horas e a seguir, amostras do Longissimus dorsi (LD) na altura da 12ª costela e Biceps femoris (BF) na altura do sítio P8 foram removidas, mantidas sob refrigeração (0-2ºC) por mais 5 dias e a seguir congeladas para posterior análises. A espessura de gordura medida na altura da 12ª costela foi menor (P 0,05) para TA (3,8 mm) do que DA (4,3 mm). A força de cisalhamento do músculo LD foi menor (P 0,01) para o DA (3,53 kg) do que para o TA (4,78 kg) e não foi estatisticamente diferente para o músculo BF. As perdas totais ao cozimento também não foram estatisticamente diferentes (TA = 19,7% e DA = 18,9%). O resfriamento da carcaça pendurada pelo dianteiro ocasionou uma melhoria significativa na maciez do músculo LD (contra-filé) sem causar um efeito indesejável no músculo BF (picanha).
RESUMO
Hanging beef carcasses in different configurations in the cooler affect some carcass muscle tenderness. Forty Nellore steer carcasses (ten per day) were chosen at random in a federally inspected slaughter plant and hanged alternate left and right sides either in the traditional way by the hindquarter (HQ) or by the forequarter (FQ) also called "tenderbife". Carcasses were selected from steers up to 30 months old and had an average hot carcass weight of 244.1 kg. These carcasses were chilled for 48 hours, when samples from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) at the 12th rib and the Biceps femoris (BF) at the P8 site were removed, kept under refrigeration (0-2ºC) for five days and frozen for future analysis. The temperature of the LD after 24 hours taken at the 12th rib was not different for HQ (1.0ºC) and FQ (0.9ºC). Fat thickness measured at the 12th rib was lower (P 0.05) for HQ (3.8 mm) than FQ (4.3 mm). All samples were thawed during 48 hours under refrigeration for tenderness evaluation. Warner Bratzler Shear force from the LD was lower (P 0.001) for FQ (3.53 kg) than HQ (4.78 kg) and was not different for BF. Total cooking losses were not different between HQ (19.7%) and FQ (18.9%). Hanging beef carcass by the forequarter caused an improvement in tenderness of the LD without any detrimental effect on the BF (cap of rump).
A suspensão da carcaça em diferentes formas na câmara fria influencia a maciez de alguns músculos da carcaça. As carcaças de 40 novilhos Nelore (dez por dia) com no máximo 30 meses de idade foram selecionadas ao acaso em frigorífico (SIF 2543) e lados alternados de suas carcaças foram resfriados e pendurados pelo Tendão de Aquiles do traseiro especial (TA) ou pelo músculo carpo radial dianteiro (DA), também chamado "tenderbife". Todas as carcaças eram de classificação B no Sistema Brasileiro de Tipificação de Carcaças, com média de peso de carcaça quente de 244,1 kg. O pH 24 horas não diferiu para os tratamentos, (TA = 5,69 e DA = 5,70). As carcaças foram resfriadas por 48 horas e a seguir, amostras do Longissimus dorsi (LD) na altura da 12ª costela e Biceps femoris (BF) na altura do sítio P8 foram removidas, mantidas sob refrigeração (0-2ºC) por mais 5 dias e a seguir congeladas para posterior análises. A espessura de gordura medida na altura da 12ª costela foi menor (P 0,05) para TA (3,8 mm) do que DA (4,3 mm). A força de cisalhamento do músculo LD foi menor (P 0,01) para o DA (3,53 kg) do que para o TA (4,78 kg) e não foi estatisticamente diferente para o músculo BF. As perdas totais ao cozimento também não foram estatisticamente diferentes (TA = 19,7% e DA = 18,9%). O resfriamento da carcaça pendurada pelo dianteiro ocasionou uma melhoria significativa na maciez do músculo LD (contra-filé) sem causar um efeito indesejável no músculo BF (picanha).
RESUMO
There is a paucity of information in the literature on body composition changes in Nellore cattle and its crosses, mainly on heifers and intact males. Ultrasound is a useful, low cost tool to easily obtain this information, with minimal animal stress. Effects of sex and days on feed on live weight (LW) and ultrasound Longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) measurements were evaluated in F1 Piedmont FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore, 27 heifers (HF) and 27 intact males (IM). HF and IM had an initial LW of 256 ± 5.6 and 265 ± 5.6 kg, respectively, and were fed a diet containing 77% TDN for 131 days. LW, ULMA, and UFAT were evaluated at 28-d intervals. Interactions between sex and days on feed were found for all traits studied. LW increased linearly with days on feed, and IM had greater LW than HF throughout the trial. Mean initial ULMA was 55.8 and 55.5 cm² for HF and IM, respectively, and increased linearly until the end of the experiment (78.7 and 82.8 cm², respectively). IM showed higher ULMA than HF only in the last measurement. Initial UFAT averaged 0.04 and 0.4 mm for IM and HF, respectively, and increased linearly during the feeding period (2.4 and 4.3 mm, respectively). UFAT was higher n HF than in IM during the entire experimental period. IM showed faster growth rates and protein accretion than HF in the Longissimus muscle. HF showed faster subcutaneous fat accretion.
Existem poucos dados na literatura sobre as alterações na composição corporal de bovinos Nelore e seus cruzamentos, especialmente em relação a novilhas (NOV) e machos inteiros (MI). A ultra-sonografia é uma ferramenta útil para obter essa informação de forma fácil, com mínimo distúrbio ao animal e a baixo custo. Efeitos do sexo e dias de confinamento sobre o peso vivo (PV) e a área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (AOLU) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSU) medidas por ultra-som, foram avaliadas em 27 novilhas e 27 machos inteiros, F1 Piemontês FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore. NOV e MI com PV inicial de 256 ± 5,6 e 265 ± 5,6 kg, respectivamente, foram confinados com uma dieta contendo 77% de NDT, durante 131 dias. O PV, a AOLU e a EGSU foram avaliadas a cada 28 dias aproximadamente. Foi observada uma interação entre sexo e dias de confinamento para todas as características avaliadas. O PV aumentou linearmente com os dias de confinamento e MI apresentaram maior PV que as NOV desde o início do experimento. A AOLU média inicial foi 55,8 e 55,5 cm² nas NOV e MI, respectivamente, aumentando linearmente até o final do confinamento (78,7 e 82,8 cm², respectivamente). Em relação ao efeito do sexo, MI tiveram maior AOLU que NOV somente na última medida. A EGSU inicial foi 0,04 e 0,4 mm para MI e NOV, respectivamente e aumentaram linearmente durante e período de confinamento (2,4 e 4,3 mm, respectivamente). NOV tiveram maior EGSU desde o início até o final do período experimental. MI tiveram maiores taxas de crescimento do PV e AOLU que NOV, no entanto, estas tiveram maior taxa de crescimento da EGSU.
RESUMO
Four Nellore steers cannulated with average weight of 400 ± 12 kg were utilized in a Latin square design, to evaluate the effect of substitution levels of corn by citrus pulp on rumen fermentation. The treatments consisted of substitution levels: (0, 40, 60 and 80%, in the dry matter). The pH, volatile fatty acid and ciliate protozoa of the rumen content were evaluated. The addition of citrus pulp to the diets decreased the pH of rumen liquid (p 0.01) linearly, the quadratic effect of the total volatile fatty acid, of prop ionic acid, butyric acid and the total ciliate protozoa number (p = 0.03; p =0.01; p = 0.02; e p 0.01, respectively). There was linear increase of the acetate: propionate ratio (p = 0.07). The substitution of corn by citrus pulp improved rumen environment to 60% level
Foram utilizados, em um delineamento em quadrado latino, 4 novilhos Nelore, com peso médio de 400 kg ± 12 kg, canulados, objetivando-se avaliar os efeitos de níveis de substituição de milho por polpa de citros na fermentação ruminal e no número de protozoários ciliados. Os tratamentos consistiram nos níveis de substituição: 0%, 40%, 60% e 80%, em base seca. Foram mensurados o pH, a concentração de AGV e os protozoários ciliados no rúmen. A inclusão de polpa de citros provocou diminuição linear nos níveis de pH do líquido ruminal (p 0,01), efeito quadrático dos ácidos graxos voláteis totais, de ácido propiônico, ácido butírico e no número total de protozoários ciliados (p = 0,03; p =0,01; p = 0,02; e p 0,01, respectivamente). Houve aumento linear da relação acetato:propionato (p = 0,07). A substituição de milho por polpa de citros favoreceu melhoras no ambiente ruminal até o nível 60%