RESUMO
Elicitation appears to be a promising alternative to enhance the bioactive compound content and biological activities of legume sprouts. Multi-response optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) with desirability function (DF) was used to optimize the elicitor concentration (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) and germination time in order to maximize total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AOX) of chickpea sprouts. Chemical, antinutritional, and nutraceutical properties of optimized chickpea sprouts (OCS) were also determined. The predicted regression models developed were efficiently fitted to the experimental data. The results of the desirability function revealed that optimum attributes in chickpea sprouts can be achieved by the application of 30 mM H2O2 and 72 h of germination time, with global desirability value D = 0.893. These OCS had higher (p < 0.05) TPC (7.4%), total iso-flavonoids (16.5%), AOX (14.8%), and lower phytic acid (16.1%) and saponins (21.8%) compared to H2O2 non-treated chickpea sprouts. Optimized germination conditions slightly modified the flavonoid profile in chickpea; eight iso-flavonoids were identified in OCS, including formononetin and biochanin A, which were identified as the major compounds. Results from this study support elicitation with H2O2 as an effective approach to improve phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in chickpea sprouts.
RESUMO
Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) grains have become essential for human health and nutrition; due to the presence of bioactive compounds that have shown some biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of germination, enzymatic hydrolysis, and its combination on the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity in Mexican amaranth. Germinated amaranth flours (GAF) exhibited increases in the concentrations of soluble protein (SP), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activity (AOX) by 35.7, 17.2, 163.0, 1472.2, and 54.3%, respectively, compared with ungerminated amaranth flours (UAF). In SDS-PAGE, both hydrolysates of UAF and GAF exhibited low molecular weight bands (< 10 kDa). The hydrolysates of UAFH and GAFH had the highest degree of hydrolysis at 205 min of sequential hydrolysis (pepsin with pancreatin) time with 73.4 and 60.3%, respectively. Both hydrolysates obtained from GAF and UAF released significantly SP, TPC, TFC after sequential enzymatic hydrolysis (up 205 min), which led to a remarkable improvement of AOX when compared to nonhydrolyzed amaranth samples. The UAFH and GAFH had the best AOX at 270 min of enzymatic hydrolysis with 983.1 and 1304.9 µmol TE/mg SP, respectively. Hence, the combination of germination and enzymatic hydrolysis could be used to produce functional ingredients for food product development.
Assuntos
Amaranthus , Germinação , Antioxidantes , Humanos , Hidrólise , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
Background: The first cases of food allergy to amaranth grain have recently been published. This pseudocereal is considered hypoallergenic, and there is scarce information about the allergenic potential of amaranth proteins, either before or after food processing. Objective: To evaluate, in a mouse model of food allergy, the sensitizing and allergenic potential of extruded and non-extruded albumin and globulin fractions from amaranth grains. Materials and Methods: Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) flour was obtained and the albumin and globulin fractions isolated. These protein fractions were also obtained after flour extrusion. An intraperitoneal 28-day protocol was carried out to evaluate the sensitizing and allergenic potential of the proteins. The common and rarely allergenic proteins ovalbumin and potato acidic phosphatase were utilized as reference. Specific IgE and IgG antibodies were evaluated for all the proteins tested. Mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) responses were evaluated in serum samples collected after intragastric challenges with the proteins of interest. All serological evaluations were carried out using ELISA. Results: Mice were sensitized to the non-extruded albumin fraction from amaranth grains and to ovalbumin (p = 0.0045). The extrusion process of amaranth proteins abrogated the IgE responses triggered under non-extruded conditions (p = 0.0147). mMCP-1 responses were significantly detected in the group of mice sensitized to ovalbumin (p = 0.0138), but not in others. Conclusions: The non-extruded albumin fraction from amaranth has the potential to sensitize BALB/c mice, but this sensitizing potential fails to induce detectable serum levels of the mast cell degranulation marker mMCP-1 after intragastric challenges. Furthermore, the extrusion process abolished the sensitization potential of the amaranth albumins.
Assuntos
Albuminas/isolamento & purificação , Amaranthus/efeitos adversos , Amaranthus/química , Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/sangue , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/sangue , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Globulinas/isolamento & purificação , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Albuminas/efeitos adversos , Animais , Quimases/sangue , Farinha , Manipulação de Alimentos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Animais , Ovalbumina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Germination of grains is a bioprocess of emerging interest to improve nutritional and nutraceutical profile of cereals in a natural way. The aim of this work was to identify optimal germination conditions (temperature/duration) for producing a functional blue maize flour with maximum values of protein content (PC), antioxidant activity (AoxA), and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents (TPC, TAC). A central composite rotatable experimental design (response surface methodology) with two factors [Germination temperature (Gtemp, 20-40 °C) / Germination duration (Gdur, 12-220 h)] in five levels was used (13 treatments). Blue maize seeds were soaked in distilled water (25 °C / 12 h) before germination. The sprouts were dried, tempered (25 °C), and ground to obtain germinated blue maize flours (GBMF). The prediction models developed for each response variable showed high coefficients of determination, demonstrating their adequacy to explain the variations in experimental data. Maximum values of PC, AoxA, TPC, and TAC were attained at Gtemp = 26.9 °C / Gdur = 207.7 h. Optimized germinated blue maize flour (OGBMF) presented higher PC (+38.48%), AoxA (ABTS: +192%, ORAC: +160%, DPPH: +148%), TPC (+79%), and TAC (+9.9%) than unprocessed blue maize flour (UBMF). Germination at optimal conditions is an effective strategy to increase the nutritional/nutraceutical quality of blue maize seeds, thus the flour of these germinated seeds could be used for the development of functional foods.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Alimento Funcional , Valor Nutritivo , Fenóis/metabolismo , Zea mays/química , Antocianinas/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Farinha/análise , Germinação , Fenóis/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant is native from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. Their seeds are a rich source of bioactive compounds which protect consumers against chronic diseases. Germination improves functionality of the seeds due to the increase in the bioactive compounds and associated antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to obtain functional flour from germinated chia seeds under optimized conditions with increased antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, GABA, essential amino acids, and dietary fiber with respect to un-germinated chia seeds. The effect of germination temperature and time (GT = 20-35 °C, Gt = 10-300 h) on protein, lipid, and total phenolic contents (PC, LC, TPC, respectively), and antioxidant activity (AoxA) was analyzed by response surface methodology as optimization tool. Chia seeds were germinated inside plastic trays with absorbent paper moisturized with 50 mL of 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite dissolution. The sprouts were dried (50 °C/8 h) and ground to obtain germinated chia flours (GCF). The prediction models developed for PC, LC, TPC, and AoxA showed high coefficients of determination, demonstrating their adequacy to explain the variations in experimental data. The highest values of PC, LC, TPC, and AoxA were obtained at two different optimal conditions (GT = 21 °C/Gt = 157 h; GT = 33 °C/Gt = 126 h). Optimized germinated chia flours (OGCF) had higher PC, TPC, AoxA, GABA, essential amino acids, calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), and total dietary fiber (TDF) than un-germinated chia seed flour. The OGCF could be utilized as a natural source of proteins, dietary fiber, GABA, and antioxidants in the development of new functional beverages and foods.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Germinação/fisiologia , Salvia/química , Sementes/química , Aminoácidos Essenciais/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Farinha/análise , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Lipídeos/análise , Modelos Teóricos , Valor Nutritivo , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Salvia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Salvia/metabolismo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/química , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMO
Phenolic acids profiles, chemical antioxidant activities (ABTS and ORAC), as well as cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of tortilla of Mexican native maize landraces elaborated from nixtamalization and lime cooking extrusion processes were studied. Both cooking procedures decreased total phenolics, chemicals antioxidant activity when compared to raw grains. Extruded tortillas retained 79.6-83.5%, 74.1-77.6% and 79.8-80.5% of total phenolics, ABTS and ORAC values, respectively, compared to 47.8-49.8%, 41.3-42.3% and 43.7-44.4% assayed in traditional tortillas, respectively. Approximately 72.5-88.2% of ferulic acid in raw grains and their tortillas were in the bound form. Regarding of the CAA initially found in raw grains, the retained percentage for traditional and extruded tortillas ranged from 47.4 to 48.7% and 72.8 to 77.5%, respectively. These results suggest that Mexican maize landrace used in this study could be considered for the elaboration of nixtamalized and extruded food products with nutraceutical potential.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/análise , Hidroxibenzoatos/análise , Fenóis/análise , Zea mays/química , Pão/análise , Compostos de Cálcio , Culinária , Ácidos Cumáricos/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais , México , ÓxidosRESUMO
The snack foods market is currently demanding healthier products. A ready-to-eat expanded snack with high nutritional and antioxidant value was developed from a mixture (70:30) of whole amarantin transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) and black common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by optimizing the extrusion process. Extruder operation conditions were: feed moisture content (FMC, 15-25 %, wet basis), barrel temperature (BT, 120-170 °C), and screw speed (SS, 50-240). The desirability numeric method of the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied as the optimization technique over four response variables [expansion ratio (ER), bulk density (BD), hardness (H), antioxidant activity (AoxA)] to obtain maximum ER and AoxA, and minimum BD, and H values. The best combination of extrusion process variables for producing an optimized expanded snack (OES, healthy snack) were: FMC = 15 %/BT = 157 °C/SS = 238 rpm. The OES had ER = 2.86, BD = 0.119 g/cm (3) , H = 1.818 N, and AoxA = 13,681 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g, dry weight. The extrusion conditions used to produce the OES increased the AoxA (ORAC: +18 %, ABTS:+20 %) respect to the unprocessed whole grains mixture. A 50 g portion of OES had higher protein content (7.23 vs 2.32 g), total dietary fiber (7.50 vs 1.97 g), total phenolic content (122 vs 47 mg GAE), and AoxA (6626 vs 763 µmol TE), and lower energy (169 vs 264 kcal) than an expanded commercial snack (ECS = Cheetos™). Because of its high content of quality protein, dietary fiber and phenolics, as well as high AoxA and low energy density, the OES could be used for health promotion and chronic disease prevention and as an alternative to the widely available commercial snacks with high caloric content and low nutritional/nutraceutical value.
Assuntos
Amaranthus/genética , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Phaseolus/química , Fenóis/metabolismo , Lanches , Zea mays/química , Amaranthus/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Farinha/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Phaseolus/genética , Fenóis/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Sementes/química , Sementes/genética , Temperatura , Grãos Integrais , Zea mays/genéticaRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to characterize peptides found in unprocessed amaranth hydrolysates (UAH) and extruded amaranth hydrolysates (EAH) and to determine the effect of the hydrolysis time on the profile of peptides produced. Amaranth grain was extruded in a single screw extruder at 125 °C of extrusion temperature and 130 rpm of screw speed. Unprocessed and extruded amaranth flour were hydrolyzed with pepsin/pancreatin enzymes following a kinetic at 10, 25, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min for each enzyme. After 180 min of pepsin hydrolysis, aliquots were taken at each time during pancreatin hydrolysis to characterize the hydrolysates by MALDI-TOF/MS-MS. Molecular masses (MM) (527, 567, 802, 984, 1295, 1545, 2034 and 2064 Da) of peptides appeared consistently during hydrolysis, showing high intensity at 10 min (2064 Da), 120 min (802 Da) and 180 min (567 Da) in UAH. EAH showed high intensity at 10 min (2034 Da) and 120 min (984, 1295 and 1545 Da). Extrusion produced more peptides with MM lower than 1000 Da immediately after 10 min of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis time impacted on the peptide profile, as longer the time lower the MM in both amaranth hydrolysates. Sequences obtained were analyzed for their biological activity at BIOPEP, showing important inhibitory activities related to chronic diseases. These peptides could be used as a food ingredient/supplement in a healthy diet to prevent the risk to develop chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Amaranthus/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Pancreatina/química , Pepsina A/química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Proteólise , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the best combination of extrusion process variables for the production of whole quality protein maize (EQPMF) and common bean (ECBF) flours to prepare a high antioxidant activity mixture (EQPMF + ECBF) suitable to produce a nutraceutical beverage with high acceptability elaborated with a traditional Mexican formulation. Processing conditions were obtained from a factorial combination of barrel temperature (BT = 120-170 °C) and screw speed (SS = 120-200 rpm). Response surface methodology was applied to obtain maximum values for antioxidant activity (A ( ox ) A) of the flour mixture (EQPMF + ECBF) and acceptability (A) of the nutraceutical beverage. The best combinations of extrusion process variables for EQPMF and ECBF to prepare an optimized mixture (60%EQPMF + 40%ECBF) were BT = 98 °C/SS = 218 rpm and BT = 105 °C/SS = 83 rpm, respectively. The optimized mixture had A ( ox ) A = 14,320 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g sample dry weight (dw) and a calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) of 2.17. A 200 ml portion of a beverage prepared with 25 g of the optimized flour mixture had A ( ox ) A = 3,222 µmol TE, and A = 89 (level of satisfaction "I like it extremely"). This nutraceutical beverage could be used as an alternative to beverages with low nutritional/nutraceutical value, such as those prepared with water, simple sugars, artificial flavoring and colorants, which are widely offered in the market.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Bebidas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fabaceae/química , Fenóis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/normas , Zea mays/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Farinha , Manipulação de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Fenóis/análise , TemperaturaRESUMO
The lime-cooking extrusion represents an alternative technology for manufacturing pre-gelatinized flours for tortillas with the advantages of saving energy and generation of null effluents. The phytochemical profiles (total phenolics, anthocyanins) and antioxidant activity of four different types of whole pigmented Mexican maize [white (WM), yellow (YM), red (RM), blue maize (BM)] processed into tortillas were studied. The lime-cooking extrusion process caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity when compared to raw kernels. Most of the total phenols assayed in raw grains (76.1-84.4 %) were bound. Tortillas from extruded maize flours retained 76.4-87.5 % of total phenolics originally found in raw grains. The BM had the highest anthocyanin content (27.52 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g DW). The WM, YM, RM and NWM contained 3.3, 3.4, 2.9, and 2.2 %, respectively, of the amount of anthocyanins found in BM. The BM lost 53.5 % of total anthocyanins when processed into extruded tortillas. Approximately 64.7 to 74.5 % of bound phytochemicals from raw kernels were the primary contributors to the ORAC values. Extruded tortillas retained amongst 87.2 to 90.7 % of total hydrophilic antioxidant activity when compared to raw kernels. Compared to the data reported by other authors using the conventional process, the lime-cooking extrusion process allowed the retention of more phenolics and antioxidant compounds in all tortillas.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Culinária/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Zea mays/química , Antocianinas/análise , Compostos de Cálcio/metabolismo , Farinha/análise , Glucosídeos/análise , Óxidos/metabolismo , Fenóis/análise , PigmentaçãoRESUMO
El presente estudio tuvo tres objetivos: 1) Determinar la mejor combinación de harina de maíz de calidad proteínica extruido (HME) y harina de garbanzo extruido (HGE) para producir un alimento para niños de alta calidad proteínica y elevada aceptabilidad sensorial, 2) formular el alimento infantil tipo atole a partir de la mezcla HME/HGE optimizada, y 3) evaluar las propiedades nutricionales de la mezcla HME/HGE optimizada y del alimento. Se aplicó la metodología de superficie de respuesta para determinar la combinación óptima HME/HGE. La mejor combinación HME/HGE fue 21,2:78,8%; esta mezcla tuvo contenidos (en materia seca) de 20,07% de proteína, 5,70% de lípidos y 71,14% de carbohidratos; su perfil de aminoácidos esenciales cubrió satisfactoriamente los requerimientos para niños de 2-5 años de edad recomendados por FAO/WHO, excepto para triptófano. El alimento infantil tipo atole derivado de esta mezcla tuvo un contenido de proteína de 4,52%, que es 14,4% de la energía del alimento, adecuado para un alimento para niños. Cada 100g de alimento infantil aportan 6,3-12,6% y 23,8-34,8% del requerimiento diario de energía y proteína para niños y niñas de 1-8 años de edad. El alimento infantil tuvo 62,1% de digestibilidad de la proteína in vitro, C-PER de 1,93 y calificación entre "me gusta mucho" y "me gusta extremadamente" en una prueba hedónica para aceptabilidad general. Este alimento podría utilizarse como alimento soporte del crecimiento infantil.
The present study had three objectives: 1) To determine the best combination of quality extruded protein maize flour (EMF) and extruded chickpea flour (ECF) for producing a weaning food of high quality protein and high sensory acceptability, 2) to make a kind of infant food (atole) with an optimal EMF/ECF blend, and 3) to evaluate the nutritional properties of the optimized EMF/ECF mixture and the weaning food. Response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimal EMF/ECF combination. The best EMF/ECF combination was 21.2:78.8%. This mixture contained (in dry matter) 20.07% protein, 5.70% lipids and 71.14% carbohydrates; its essential amino acids (EAA) profile satisfactorily covered the requirements for children 2-5 years old recommended by FAO/WHO, except for tryptophan. The atole-type weaning food prepared with the optimized mixture had a protein content of 4.52%, which accounts for 14.4% of the supplied energy, suitable for a weaning food. Each 100g of the weaning food supply, respectively, 6.3-12.6% and 23.8-34.8% of the daily energy and protein requirements for children 1-8 years old. The weaning food had a 62.1% protein digestibility in vitro, a C-PER of 1.93, and was evaluated between "very liked" and "extremely liked" in a hedonic test for overall acceptability. This food could be used to support the growth of infants.
O presente estudo teve três objetivos: 1) Determinar a melhor combinação de farinha de milho de qualidade proteínica extrusado (HME) e farinha de grão-de-bico extrusado (HGE) para produzir um alimento para crianças de alta qualidade proteínica e elevada aceitabilidade sensorial, 2) formular o alimento infantil tipo mingau a partir da mistura HME/HGE otimizada, e 3) avaliar as propriedades nutricionais da mistura HME/HGE otimizada e do alimento. Aplicou-se a metodologia de superfície de resposta para determinar a combinação ótima HME/HGE. A melhor combinação HME/HGE 21,2:78,8%; esta mistura teve conteúdos (em matéria seca) de 20,07% de proteína, 5,70% de lipídios e 71,14% de carboidratos; seu perfil de aminoácidos essenciais cobriu satisfatoriamente os requerimentos para crianças de 2-5 anos de idade recomendados por FAO/WHO, exceto para triptófano. O alimento infantil tipo mingau derivado desta mistura teve um conteúdo de proteína de 4,52%, que é 14,4% da energia do alimento, adequado para um alimento para crianças. Cada 100g de alimento infantil aportam 6,3-12,6% e 23,8-34,8% do requerimento diário de energia e proteína para meninos e meninas 1-8 anos de idade. O alimento infantil teve 62,1% de digestibilidade da proteína in vitro, C-PER de 1,93 e qualificação entre "gosto muito" e "gosto demasiado" em uma prova hedônica para aceitabilidade general. Este alimento poderia utilizar-se como alimento suporte do crescimento infantil.