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BACKGROUND: Smoking and unhealthy diet are important risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, contributing to public health crises. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consumption of natural/minimally processed and ultra-processed foods by Brazilian adults (18-59 years old) according to smoking status. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of a representative population sample from 26 state capitals and the Federal District (Brazil-2018). METHODS: Data were obtained from Vigitel-Surveillance System for Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. Participants were categorized as smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers. Multinomial logistic regression was used for analyses. RESULTS: Of the 30,800 adults evaluated, 9.4% (95%CI: 8.7-10.2) were smokers and 16.5% (95%CI: 15.8-17.3) were ex-smokers. Smokers were less likely to consume fruit and natural juice, and more likely to consume soda or artificial juice (≥ 5 days/week) than ex-smokers and never smokers. Regarding the daily frequency of consumption, smokers were observed to be less likely to eat fruit more than 1 time/day and more likely to drink ≥ 3 cups/cans of soda/day. Compared to never smokers, smokers had a 42% higher chance of consuming ≥ 3 glasses of natural juice/day. On the day before the interview, fruit, milk, tubers, squash, and okra consumption were lower among smokers than non-smokers. Smokers were more likely to report consuming soft drinks, fruit juice, sauces, ready-made dishes, margarine, and sausages. CONCLUSION: Smokers had lower fruit consumption, and higher consumption of natural juices and ultra-processed foods. We highlight the need for strategies that encourage healthy eating and smoking cessation.

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Abstract Objectives To present observational studies investigating associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in childhood and adolescence. Data source Observational, cross-sectional, or longitudinal studies were considered, and identified in the Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed and Scielo databases, without date restrictions. Data synthesis The most frequent combinations of risk factors in children and adolescents involved an unhealthy diet, with regular consumption of ultra-processed foods to the detriment of a diet based on fresh or minimally-processed foods and insufficient levels of physical activity; records on alcohol and tobacco use were identified. Combined, these practices contribute to the findings that indicate an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents and a sedentary lifestyle, with a decrease in physical activity, in addition to representing a risk for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease in childhood and adolescence. Conclusions The present study maps the current literature on the topic and indicates the direction of the approach for health promotion and prevention of NCDs in children and adolescents. Among the different risk factors that negatively affect the full development of this population, frequently eating breakfast and practicing physical activity is most strongly associated with a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods and should be part of an integrated approach to promoting eating practices that favor the reduction of diseases also in adult life.

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OBJECTIVES: To present observational studies investigating associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in childhood and adolescence. DATA SOURCE: Observational, cross-sectional, or longitudinal studies were considered, and identified in the Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed and Scielo databases, without date restrictions. DATA SYNTHESIS: The most frequent combinations of risk factors in children and adolescents involved an unhealthy diet, with regular consumption of ultra-processed foods to the detriment of a diet based on fresh or minimally-processed foods and insufficient levels of physical activity; records on alcohol and tobacco use were identified. Combined, these practices contribute to the findings that indicate an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents and a sedentary lifestyle, with a decrease in physical activity, in addition to representing a risk for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease in childhood and adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: The present study maps the current literature on the topic and indicates the direction of the approach for health promotion and prevention of NCDs in children and adolescents. Among the different risk factors that negatively affect the full development of this population, frequently eating breakfast and practicing physical activity is most strongly associated with a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods and should be part of an integrated approach to promoting eating practices that favor the reduction of diseases also in adult life.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Smoking and unhealthy diet are important risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, contributing to public health crises. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consumption of natural/minimally processed and ultra-processed foods by Brazilian adults (18-59 years old) according to smoking status. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of a representative population sample from 26 state capitals and the Federal District (Brazil-2018). METHODS: Data were obtained from Vigitel—Surveillance System for Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. Participants were categorized as smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers. Multinomial logistic regression was used for analyses. RESULTS: Of the 30,800 adults evaluated, 9.4% (95%CI: 8.7-10.2) were smokers and 16.5% (95%CI: 15.8-17.3) were ex-smokers. Smokers were less likely to consume fruit and natural juice, and more likely to consume soda or artificial juice (≥ 5 days/week) than ex-smokers and never smokers. Regarding the daily frequency of consumption, smokers were observed to be less likely to eat fruit more than 1 time/day and more likely to drink ≥ 3 cups/cans of soda/day. Compared to never smokers, smokers had a 42% higher chance of consuming ≥ 3 glasses of natural juice/day. On the day before the interview, fruit, milk, tubers, squash, and okra consumption were lower among smokers than non-smokers. Smokers were more likely to report consuming soft drinks, fruit juice, sauces, ready-made dishes, margarine, and sausages. CONCLUSION: Smokers had lower fruit consumption, and higher consumption of natural juices and ultra-processed foods. We highlight the need for strategies that encourage healthy eating and smoking cessation.

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Food biodiversity is characterized by the diversity of foods that compose a local, regional, or national ecosystem. Brazil has 20% of all the planet's biodiversity and the richest biomes in the world. Therefore, describing the participation of these foods in the Brazilian diet is relevant. Using a complex sample with data from 57,920 households collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics from 2017 to 2018, this study showed that, except for yerba mate, the availability of foods from Brazilian biodiversity is low, representing an average of 7.09g/per capita/day. Regarding biomes, the Caatinga had the highest availability of fruits (4.20g/per capita/day) while the Amazon had the highest availability of vegetables (1.52g/per capita/day). The results are unsatisfactory and lower than what is expected from a territory rich in biodiversity and a world-leading food system. A greater commitment is essential to promote actions that strengthen the consumption of these foods among Brazilians.

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Abstract: Food biodiversity is characterized by the diversity of foods that compose a local, regional, or national ecosystem. Brazil has 20% of all the planet's biodiversity and the richest biomes in the world. Therefore, describing the participation of these foods in the Brazilian diet is relevant. Using a complex sample with data from 57,920 households collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics from 2017 to 2018, this study showed that, except for yerba mate, the availability of foods from Brazilian biodiversity is low, representing an average of 7.09g/per capita/day. Regarding biomes, the Caatinga had the highest availability of fruits (4.20g/per capita/day) while the Amazon had the highest availability of vegetables (1.52g/per capita/day). The results are unsatisfactory and lower than what is expected from a territory rich in biodiversity and a world-leading food system. A greater commitment is essential to promote actions that strengthen the consumption of these foods among Brazilians.

Resumo: A biodiversidade alimentar é caracterizada pela diversidade alimentar que compõe um ecossistema local, regional ou nacional. O Brasil tem 20% de toda a biodiversidade do planeta e os biomas mais ricos do mundo. No entanto, é relevante descrever a participação desses alimentos na dieta dos brasileiros. Utilizando uma amostra complexa com dados de 57.920 domicílios, coletados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística de 2017 a 2018, observou-se que, com exceção da erva-mate, a disponibilidade de alimentos provenientes da biodiversidade é baixa, representando uma média de 7,09g/per capita/dia. Por biomas, a Caatinga apresentou a maior disponibilidade de frutos (4,20g/per capita/dia), enquanto para legumes, a Amazônia se destacou (1,52g/per capita/dia). Os resultados são insatisfatórios e abaixo do que se espera de um território biodiverso e de um sistema alimentar que é destaque mundial. É necessário um maior comprometimento para a promoção de ações que fortaleçam o consumo desses alimentos entre brasileiros.

Resumen: La biodiversidad alimentaria se caracteriza por la diversidad alimentaria que conforma un ecosistema local, regional o nacional. Brasil tiene el 20% de toda la biodiversidad del planeta y los biomas más ricos del mundo. Sin embargo, es relevante describir la participación de estos alimentos en la dieta de los brasileños. Utilizando una muestra compleja con datos de 57.920 domicilios, recopilados por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística de 2017 a 2018, se observó que, con excepción de la yerba mate, la disponibilidad de alimentos de la biodiversidad es baja, representando un promedio de 7,09g/per cápita/día. Por biomas, la Caatinga presentó la mayor disponibilidad de frutos (4,20g/per cápita/día), mientras que en relación a las legumbres, la Amazonía se destacó (1,52g/per cápita/día). Los resultados son insatisfactorios y por debajo de lo que se espera de un territorio rico en biodiversidad y un sistema alimentario mundialmente reconocido. Es necesario un mayor compromiso para la promoción de acciones que fortalezcan el consumo de estos alimentos entre los brasileños.

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The aim of the present study was to compare the Diet Quality Index-Digital Food Guide (DQI-DFG) to a more widely used measure in the literature: the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R). A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 822 older adults (≥ 60 years) from the city of Campinas/SP, Brazil. The BHEI-R resulted in a higher overall score compared to DQI-DFG (62.9 vs. 47.7). For the BHEI-R, mean scores increased with age and were worse among smokers and individuals with a higher level of schooling. Regarding the DQI-DFG scores, no significant associations with age, schooling or smoking were detected; however, scores were higher in higher income segments. The components with the worst scores were whole grains, sodium and milk (BHEI-R); fruits, whole grains, roots/tubers, milk, refined cereals and red meat/processed (DQI-DFG). Divergences were found in the global scores and components of the indicators, reflecting important methodological differences. Studies of this nature constitute an opportunity to increase awareness regarding indicators of particular aspects of diet.

Objetivou-se avaliar o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta associado ao Guia Alimentar Digital (IQD-GAD) em comparação a outro mais utilizado e difundido na literatura, o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Estudo transversal de base populacional, com 822 idosos (≥ 60 anos) de Campinas, São Paulo. Utilizaram-se dados de um recordatório de 24 horas para efetuar os indicadores, cujas pontuações globais variam de zero a cem: quanto maior, melhor é a qualidade. Regressão linear simples e múltipla foi aplicada nas análises. O IQD-R resultou em maior pontuação global do que o IQD-GAD (62,9 vs. 47,5). No IQD-R, os escores médios foram melhores nos mais longevos e piores nos mais escolarizados e nos tabagistas. Quanto aos escores do IQD-GAD, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas em idade, escolaridade e tabagismo, mas foram maiores em segmentos de maior renda. Os componentes com piores pontuações: cereais integrais, sódio e leite (IQD-R); frutas, cereais integrais, raízes/tubérculos, leite, cereais refinados e carne vermelha/processada (IQD-GAD). Observaram-se discrepâncias nos escores globais e dos componentes dos indicadores, que refletem importantes diferenças metodológicas. Investigações dessa natureza configuram uma oportunidade de aprimorar a sensibilidade de indicadores a aspectos particulares da alimentação.

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Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta associado ao Guia Alimentar Digital (IQD-GAD) em comparação a outro mais utilizado e difundido na literatura, o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Estudo transversal de base populacional, com 822 idosos (≥ 60 anos) de Campinas, São Paulo. Utilizaram-se dados de um recordatório de 24 horas para efetuar os indicadores, cujas pontuações globais variam de zero a cem: quanto maior, melhor é a qualidade. Regressão linear simples e múltipla foi aplicada nas análises. O IQD-R resultou em maior pontuação global do que o IQD-GAD (62,9 vs. 47,5). No IQD-R, os escores médios foram melhores nos mais longevos e piores nos mais escolarizados e nos tabagistas. Quanto aos escores do IQD-GAD, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas em idade, escolaridade e tabagismo, mas foram maiores em segmentos de maior renda. Os componentes com piores pontuações: cereais integrais, sódio e leite (IQD-R); frutas, cereais integrais, raízes/tubérculos, leite, cereais refinados e carne vermelha/processada (IQD-GAD). Observaram-se discrepâncias nos escores globais e dos componentes dos indicadores, que refletem importantes diferenças metodológicas. Investigações dessa natureza configuram uma oportunidade de aprimorar a sensibilidade de indicadores a aspectos particulares da alimentação.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the Diet Quality Index-Digital Food Guide (DQI-DFG) to a more widely used measure in the literature: the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R). A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 822 older adults (≥ 60 years) from the city of Campinas/SP, Brazil. The BHEI-R resulted in a higher overall score compared to DQI-DFG (62.9 vs. 47.7). For the BHEI-R, mean scores increased with age and were worse among smokers and individuals with a higher level of schooling. Regarding the DQI-DFG scores, no significant associations with age, schooling or smoking were detected; however, scores were higher in higher income segments. The components with the worst scores were whole grains, sodium and milk (BHEI-R); fruits, whole grains, roots/tubers, milk, refined cereals and red meat/processed (DQI-DFG). Divergences were found in the global scores and components of the indicators, reflecting important methodological differences. Studies of this nature constitute an opportunity to increase awareness regarding indicators of particular aspects of diet.

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The present study evaluated the association of food addiction (FA), the change of the BMI/age z-score and the consumption of ultra-processed foods in overweight students undergoing a 16-month, multicomponent intervention in the school environment. FA was investigated using the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children, and the dietary assessment was estimated using the semi-quantitative FFQ in overweight 9-11-year-old students (BMI/age z-score ≥ 1) of both sexes at their baseline and after the intervention (n 120). Among the schoolchildren, 33·4 % had FA in at least one of the two assessments. The analysis of mixed-effects models to assess the effect of the intervention and the change of the BMI/age z-score between evaluations showed that the occurrence of FA influenced the maintenance of weight (time#FA, ß = 0·30, 95 % CI 0·05, 0·54, P = 0·016). Weight loss was observed only in individuals who did not present FA (BMI/age z-score = -0·3). When evaluating the effect of the intervention and the dietary variables, we verified a reduction in the consumption of sugary milk-based drinks -71·13 kJ (-17 kcal), P = 0·04 only in non-FA students at the end of the study. FA has been identified as an underlying factor with therapeutic relevance, and an enhanced understanding of FA can open new paths for the prevention and management of obesity.

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This article aims to evaluate the quality of Brazilian school meal menus. Cross-sectional study that analyzed 2,500 menus of 500 Brazilian municipalities. The menus were evaluated based on the Quality Index for School Meal Menus (IQCAE - Indicador de Qualidade para Cardápios da Alimentação Escolar). The data were submitted to descriptive analysis. We found that 29,4% of menus presented high quality; 50,6%, regular quality; and 20%, low quality. Grains and tubers (86%) and Meat and eggs (67%) were the groups most found in menus, followed by Legumes (42,16%), Vegetables (40%), Fruits (35,56%), and Dairy products (18,6%); the frequency of Cured meats and sausages (8,68%) and Sweets as meals (3,64%) was lower. Among other components, 84,6% of the menus offered Sweets as dessert in none or one day a week; ultra-processed foods appear in 65,6% of menus at least once a week. In 22% of the menus, meal time was compatible with type meal served. Important food for child nutrition, such as dairy, vegetables, and fruits, are not regularly provided by school meals. Despite the advances in policy management, the presence of ultra-processed foods at least once a week is still frequent in the menus.

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Cooking improves digestibility, palatability, and microbiological profile of meats, but can produce compounds with carcinogenic potential, such as heterocyclic amines (HAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It has been shown that the formation of these compounds in meats can be inhibited by spiced marinades, but there is a complexity to check and compare the results of isolated studies with so many variables involved. Thus, this work aimed to review studies that evaluated the effects of spices on the formation of HAs and PAHs in meats according to cooking techniques and spice type. A meta-analysis with a random effect model was conducted using response ratios (R) to identify and summarize previous results and answer the research question. The use of spices before frying (R* = 0.52), grilling (R* = 0.63), or roasting (R* = 0.74) meat, and spicing with garlic and onion (R* = 0.57), pepper (R* = 0.63), and other spices with phenolic compounds (R* = 0.63), decrease the formation of HAs and PAHs, due to the antioxidant and electron transfer capacity. In this article, we discuss how the improvement of culinary techniques with the dissemination of knowledge about meat preparation conditions is an effective strategy for reducing the formation and ingestion of HAs and PAHs; this is important due to the growing evidence about the association between meat consumption and chronic diseases. This is the first systematic review with meta-analysis about this topic and can guide industry, food services, and population to improve the safety associated with meat consumption.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of frequent milk consumption (≥five times/week), the consumption of low-fat/skimmed milk and associated factors in adults and older people, evaluating adherence to current Brazilian guideline. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study involving the analysis of data from the 2015 Campinas Food Intake and Nutritional Status and 2015 Campinas Health Survey. The prevalence of milk consumption was analysed according to socio-economic characteristics, morbidities and health-related behaviours. SETTING: City of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 1710 participants of the 2015 Campinas Nutritional and Health Surveys. RESULTS: A total of 73·8 % of the population consumed milk, but the prevalence of frequent consumption was only 44·0 %. Frequent milk consumption was higher among women, older people and individuals with better diet quality. A total of 18·4 % of the individuals who consumed milk reported consuming low-fat/skimmed milk; this prevalence was higher among women, individuals with a higher socio-economic status, those with better diet quality and those with chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: Despite the high nutritional quality of milk and the different types available on the market, adults and older people do not follow current recommendations regarding its consumption. Information on the nutritional quality of milk and current recommendations should be disseminated more at healthcare services.

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Introdução. Sistemas alimentares resilientes são estratégicos para a soberania de uma nação, especialmente em crises sanitárias. Objetivo. Refletir sobre alguns aspectos do sistema alimentar hegemônico no Brasil frente à pandemia de Covid-19. Desenvolvimento. A partir de uma descrição do cenário pré-pandemia, são expostos alguns desdobramentos conhecidos sobre a qualidade de vida e do ambiente, bem como as consequências que potencialmente levaram a tal condição de fragilidade dos sistemas alimentares, que é fértil para o desencadeamento de crises como a atual. Finalmente, o artigo trata das possibilidades de transição para um sistema alimentar mais justo, localizado, inclusivo e regenerativo. Considerações finais. Não basta fomentar sistemas alimentares saudáveis; é necessário desinvestir de sistemas degenerativos, focados em beneficiar a arrecadação ou a balança comercial. Isso implica reconfigurar e redirecionar uma parte maior das políticas e recursos públicos relacionados com o uso da terra, liberando espaço e recursos financeiros, políticos e sociais para nutrir sistemas alimentares que resultem em benefícios mais sistêmicos.

Introduction. Resilient food systems are strategic to a nation's sovereignty, especially during a health crisis. Objective. To reflect on some aspects of the hegemonic food system in Brazil in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Development. On the basis of the description of the pre-pandemic scenario, we analyze and discuss aspects of quality of life and the environment that potentially determine the fragility of food systems and favor the emergence of a crisis such as the current one. Finally, the article deals with the possibilities of transition to a more just, inclusive, and regenerative food system. Final considerations. Fostering healthy food systems is not enough; it is necessary to disinvest from degenerative systems focused on benefiting private enrichment or the balance of trade. Such a change necessitates the reconfiguration and redirection of public policies and investments related to land use, liberating land and financial, political, and social resources to nourish food systems that result in more systemic benefits.

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Introdução: O apoio ao desenvolvimento sustentável por meio da aquisição de alimentos diversificados e regionais é uma das diretrizes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. De grande aplicação culinária, a ora-pro-nóbis é uma planta alimentícia não convencional com elevada densidade nutricional, que pode contribuir para a valorização da biodiversidade brasileira, enriquecimento nutricional da dieta e incentivo à agricultura familiar. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de introdução de receitas culinárias do projeto Biodiversidade para Alimentação e Nutrição com ora-pro-nóbis em cardápios do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, a partir da medida da aceitação de escolares atendidos. Método: Estudo transversal experimental controlado conduzido com escolares de 8-10 anos matriculados em duas escolas municipais de Santos-SP, localizadas em regiões com indicadores sociodemográficos distintos. A escala hedônica facial foi utilizada para avaliar a aceitabilidade do pão e torta de ora-pro-nóbis, e suas respectivas preparações-controle elaboradas com a couve-manteiga. Resultado: As preparações com ora-pro-nóbis melhoraram a densidade de micronutrientes e fibra alimentar. O pão de ora-pro-nóbis foi aceito pelos escolares de menor nível socioeconômico (p<0,05). A análise sensorial das preparações resultou em percentuais de aceitação de 46-72%, insuficientes para sua incorporação no cardápio escolar. Conclusão: A exposição repetida pode ser uma estratégia adotada para a familiarização e melhora da aceitação pelos escolares. Os alimentos da biodiversidade brasileira devem continuar sendo estudados e explorados, pois possuem grande potencial nutricional, contribuem para a valorização de espécies nativas, rompimento da monotonia alimentar, transformação dos sistemas agroalimentares e promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional. (AU)

Introduction: Supporting the sustainable development of agrifood systems through the acquisition of diversified and regional foods is one of the aims of the National School Feeding Program. Ora-pro-nobis, a plant of great culinary application, is an unconventional food plant with high nutritional density that can contribute to the valorization of Brazilian biodiversity, nutritional enrichment of the diet, and family farming. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of introducing culinary recipes from the Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Project using ora-pro-nobis in the menus of The National School Feeding Program, based on the acceptance levels of the students. Method: A controlled experimental cross-sectional study was conducted with schoolchildren aged 8­10 years enrolled in two municipal schools in Santos-SP, located in regions with different sociodemographic indicators. The hedonic facial scale was used to evaluate the acceptability of ora-pro-nobis bread and pie and their respective control preparations made with kale. Results: Ora-pro-nobis preparations have high densities of micronutrients and dietary fiber. The ora-pro-nobis bread was accepted by students of lower socioeconomic status. Sensorial analysis of the new preparations showed an acceptance range of 46­72%, which is insufficient for their incorporation in the school menu. Conclusion: Repeated exposure can be used as a strategy to familiarize students with this food item and improve acceptance. Foods from Brazilian biodiversity should be studied and explored, as they have high nutritional value, contribute to the valorization of native species, disrupt the food monopoly, promote agrifood systems, and increase food and nutrition security. (AU)

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The article aims to achieve a consensus about Healthy Eating and Diet Quality Index to enable a validation study on the Diet Quality Index. Experts were identified among authors of articles published from 2010 to 2015 that presented the key worlds healthy eating index and diet quality index. The query was carried out by combining the Delphi technique with the Likert method. To determine a consensus, at least three of the following criteria had to be met: minimum score in each statement (≥ 3,00); standard deviation (< 1,5); frequency of agreement (≥ 51%) and differences between interquartile ranges (< 1,0). Topics regarding Highly palatable foods, oilseeds, and Meat and eggs did not arrived at a consensus in the first round. Experts proposed new themes: Gluten, Meal frequency, Alcohol consumption, and Including nutrients in the diet quality index. Although quality and risk markers in diet are periodically studied, it was only possible to reach consensus on subjects such as fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, legumes, and oilseeds as quality markers after theoretical justification. Processed and ready-to-eat foods, highly palatable foods, excessive sweets and fats, and alcohol were readily identified as risk factors.

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Abstract The article aims to achieve a consensus about Healthy Eating and Diet Quality Index to enable a validation study on the Diet Quality Index. Experts were identified among authors of articles published from 2010 to 2015 that presented the key worlds healthy eating index and diet quality index. The query was carried out by combining the Delphi technique with the Likert method. To determine a consensus, at least three of the following criteria had to be met: minimum score in each statement (≥ 3,00); standard deviation (< 1,5); frequency of agreement (≥ 51%) and differences between interquartile ranges (< 1,0). Topics regarding Highly palatable foods, oilseeds, and Meat and eggs did not arrived at a consensus in the first round. Experts proposed new themes: Gluten, Meal frequency, Alcohol consumption, and Including nutrients in the diet quality index. Although quality and risk markers in diet are periodically studied, it was only possible to reach consensus on subjects such as fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, legumes, and oilseeds as quality markers after theoretical justification. Processed and ready-to-eat foods, highly palatable foods, excessive sweets and fats, and alcohol were readily identified as risk factors.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é elaborar um consenso sobre Alimentação Saudável e Índice de Qualidade da Dieta (IQD) para subsidiar estudo de validação do IQD. Os especialistas foram identificados entre autores de artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2015 com os unitermos healthy eating index e diet quality index. A consulta foi feita por meio da técnica Delphi e do método Likert. Para definição do consenso se considerou o atendimento a pelo menos três critérios: pontuação mínima em cada asserção (≥ 3,00); desvio padrão (≤ 1,5); frequência das respostas concordantes (≥ 51%) e diferença de intervalo interquartil (≤ 1,0). Os temas Alimentos altamente palatáveis, Oleaginosas e Carnes e ovos não alcançaram o consenso na primeira rodada. Os especialistas propuseram novos temas: Glúten, Fracionamento das refeições, Consumo de álcool e Inserção de nutrientes no IQD. Embora os marcadores de qualidade e de risco na alimentação sejam estudados periodicamente, só foi possível estabelecer consenso sobre temas como frutas, hortaliças, leite e derivados, leguminosas e oleaginosas como marcadores de qualidade após fundamentação teórica. Os alimentos processados e prontos para consumo, alimentos altamente palatáveis, doces e gorduras em excesso, e álcool foram prontamente identificados como de risco.

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This article aims to identify meat preparation techniques according to sociodemographic variables and health-related behaviors. Cross-sectional population-based survey that used one 24-hour recall to identify the meat preparation techniques. We analyzed 3,376 24-hour recalls. The meat preparation techniques were classified as moist-heat (sauté, stew, boil; MH) or dry-heat (sauté, stew, boil; MH) and dry-heat (baking, grilling/barbecuing and frying; DH). The prevalence of use was 39.0% for moist cooking, 32.7% for frying and 28.3% for baking/grilling. Women, the elderly and those from other municipalities/states were more likely to use MH cooking. MH techniques were least prevalent among those of higher socioeconomic status. Among the techniques of DH cooking, women, the elderly and people with higher education and income were less likely to fry meats. Those born in Campinas and those with higher income, education, and those who ate fruits and vegetables on a higher weekly frequency were more likely to roast/grill meats. The results show the epidemiological profile associated with meat preparation techniques. Women, the elderly and those with lower education are more likely to use MH cooking techniques and less likely to fry meats. Those economically more favored are less likely to use MH techniques and frying, and more roasting/grilling.

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Abstract This article aims to identify meat preparation techniques according to sociodemographic variables and health-related behaviors. Cross-sectional population-based survey that used one 24-hour recall to identify the meat preparation techniques. We analyzed 3,376 24-hour recalls. The meat preparation techniques were classified as moist-heat (sauté, stew, boil; MH) or dry-heat (sauté, stew, boil; MH) and dry-heat (baking, grilling/barbecuing and frying; DH). The prevalence of use was 39.0% for moist cooking, 32.7% for frying and 28.3% for baking/grilling. Women, the elderly and those from other municipalities/states were more likely to use MH cooking. MH techniques were least prevalent among those of higher socioeconomic status. Among the techniques of DH cooking, women, the elderly and people with higher education and income were less likely to fry meats. Those born in Campinas and those with higher income, education, and those who ate fruits and vegetables on a higher weekly frequency were more likely to roast/grill meats. The results show the epidemiological profile associated with meat preparation techniques. Women, the elderly and those with lower education are more likely to use MH cooking techniques and less likely to fry meats. Those economically more favored are less likely to use MH techniques and frying, and more roasting/grilling.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as técnicas de preparo utilizadas em carnes, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional que utilizou um Recordatório de 24 horas para identificar as técnicas de preparo de carnes. Foram analisados 3.376 recordatórios. As técnicas de preparo foram classificadas em cocção úmida (refogar, ensopar, fervura) e cocção seca (assar, grelhar, fritar). As prevalências de uso foram de 39,0% para cocção úmida, 32,7% para fritura e 28,3% para assar/grelhar. A cocção úmida foi mais prevalente nas mulheres, idosos e nos naturais de outros municípios/Estados, e menos prevalente nos segmentos de melhor nível socioeconômico. Das técnicas de cocção seca, a fritura foi menos utilizada por mulheres, idosos e por pessoas com maior nível de educação e renda. O assar/grelhar foram as técnicas mais aplicadas pelos nascidos em Campinas e pelos estratos mais altos de renda, escolaridade, e que ingeriam frutas e hortaliças ≥ 4 vezes/semana. Os resultados revelam o perfil epidemiológico associado às técnicas de preparo de carnes; mulheres e idosos empregam mais calor úmido e menos fritura, e os mais favorecidos economicamente usam menos cocção úmida e fritura, e mais o assar/grelhar.

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