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Obesity can exacerbate the systemic inflammatory process, leading to increased infiltration of monocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) and polarization of these cells into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, while reducing the population of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Aerobic exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing the pro-inflammatory profile. However, the impact of strength training and the duration of training on macrophage polarization in the WAT of obese individuals have not been widely studied. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise on macrophage infiltration and polarization in the epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese mice. We compared the following groups: Control (CT), Obese (OB), Obese 7-day strength training (STO7d), and Obese 15-day strength training (STO15d). Macrophage populations were evaluated by flow cytometry: total macrophages (F4/80+), M1 (CD11c), and M2 (CD206) macrophages. Our results demonstrated that both training protocols improved peripheral insulin sensitivity by increasing AKT phosphorylation (Ser473). Specifically, the 7-day training regimen reduced total macrophage infiltration and M2 macrophage levels without altering M1 levels. In the STO15d group, significant differences were observed in total macrophage levels, M1 macrophages, and the M1/M2 ratio compared to the OB group. In the epididymal tissue, a reduction in the M1/M2 ratio was observed in the STO7d group. Overall, our data demonstrate that 15 days of strength exercise can reduce the M1/M2 ratio of macrophages in white adipose tissue.

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Introduction: Resistance exercise can significantly increase serum steroid concentrations after an exercise bout. Steroid hormones are involved in the regulation of several important bodily functions (e.g., muscle growth) through both systemic delivery and local production. Thus, we aimed to determine whether resistance exercise-induced increases in serum steroid hormone concentrations are accompanied by enhanced skeletal muscle steroid concentrations, or whether muscle contractions per se induced by resistance exercise can increase intramuscular steroid concentrations. Methods: A counterbalanced, within-subject, crossover design was applied. Six resistance-trained men (26 ± 5 years; 79 ± 8 kg; 179 ± 10 cm) performed a single-arm lateral raise exercise (10 sets of 8 to 12 RM - 3 min rest between sets) targeting the deltoid muscle followed by either squat exercise (10 sets of 8 to 12 RM - 1 min rest) to induce a hormonal response (high hormone [HH] condition) or rest (low hormone [LH] condition). Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise and 15 min and 30 min post-exercise; muscle specimens were harvested pre-exercise and 45 min post-exercise. Immunoassays were used to measure serum and muscle steroids (total and free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dihydrotestosterone, and cortisol; free testosterone measured only in serum and dehydroepiandrosterone only in muscle) at these time points. Results: In the serum, only cortisol significantly increased after the HH protocol. There were no significant changes in muscle steroid concentrations after the protocols. Discussion: Our study provides evidence that serum steroid concentration increases (cortisol only) seem not to be aligned with muscle steroid concentrations. The lack of change in muscle steroid after protocols suggests that resistance-trained individuals were desensitized to the exercise stimuli. It is also possible that the single postexercise timepoint investigated in this study might be too early or too late to observe changes. Thus, additional timepoints should be examined to determine if RE can indeed change muscle steroid concentrations either by skeletal muscle uptake of these hormones or the intramuscular steroidogenesis process.

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Impairments in several domains of cognitive functions are observed in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), often accompanied by low Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Although aerobic and resistance exercise enhances cognitive functions and raises BDNF concentrations in several populations, it remained uncertain in T2DM subjects. This study compared the effects of a single bout of aerobic (AER, 40 min of treadmill walk at 90-95% of the maximum walk speed) or resistance (RES, 3 × 10 repetitions in eight exercises at 70% of 10-RM) exercise on specific cognitive domain performance and plasma BDNF concentrations of physically active T2DM subjects. Eleven T2DM subjects (9 women/2 men; 63 ± 7 years) performed two counterbalanced trials on non-consecutive days. Stroop Color and Word (SCW) task [assessing the attention (congruent condition) and inhibitory control (incongruent condition)], Visual response time (assessing the response time), and blood collection (for plasma BDNF concentrations) were performed pre and post-exercise sessions. With distinct magnitude, both AER and RES improved the incongruent-SCW (d = - 0.26 vs. - 0.43 in AER and RES, respectively; p < 0.05), RT(best) (d = - 0.31 vs. - 0.52, p < 0.05), and RT(1-5) (d = - 0.64 vs. - 0.21, p < 0.05). The congruent-SCW and RT(6-10) were not statistically different. Plasma BDNF concentrations were elevated 11% in AER (d = 0.30) but decreased by 15% in RES (d = - 0.43). A single session of aerobic or resistance exercise similarly improved the inhibitory control and response time of physically active T2DM subjects. Nevertheless, aerobic and resistance exercise sessions induced an opposite clinical effect in plasma BDNF concentrations.

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Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is typically reported as mean values, but a great inter-individual variation in blood pressure (BP) response after a single exercise session is expected, especially when comparing different modalities of exercise. The purpose was to evaluate the inter-individual BP responses after beach tennis, aerobic, resistance and combined exercise sessions in adults with hypertension. We conducted a post hoc analysis of pooled crossover randomized clinical trials from six previously published studies of our research group, and analyzed data from 154 participants with hypertension (≥35 years). BP was assessed using office BP, and the mean changes throughout the 60 min after recreational beach tennis (BT, n = 23), aerobic (AE, n = 18), combined (COMB, n = 18), and resistance (RES, n = 95) exercise sessions were compared to a non-exercising control session (C). To categorize the participants as responders and non-responders for PEH, the typical error (TE) was calculated as follows: TE = SDdifference/√2, where SDdifference is the standard deviation of the differences in BP measured before the interventions in the exercise and control sessions. Participants who presented PEH greater than TE were classified as responders. The TE was 7 and 6 mmHg for baseline systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. The rate of responders for systolic BP was as follows: BT: 87%; AE: 61%; COMB: 56%; and RES: 43%. For diastolic BP, the rate of responders was as follows: BT: 61%; AE: 28%; COMB: 44%; and RES: 40%. Results evidenced that there was a high inter-individual variation of BP after a single bout of different physical activity modalities in adults with hypertension, suggesting that exercise protocols with aerobic characteristics (i.e., BT, AE, and COMB sessions) presented PEH in most of its practitioners.

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Background: Various physical exercise modalities can acutely reduce blood pressure (BP). However, not all individuals respond similarly after an exercise session. Purpose: To measure inter-individual variations in 24-h BP after a single bout of various exercise modalities in older adults with hypertension. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from participants with hypertension (≥60 years) previously included in three randomized controlled trials on this topic. BP was assessed using ambulatory BP monitoring. We compared the mean changes in total 24-h, daytime, and nighttime BP after aerobic (AE, n = 19), combined (COMB, n = 19), resistance (RES, n = 23), and isometric handgrip (ISO, n = 18) exercise sessions to a non-exercising control session (C). The minimum detectable changes to classify the participant as a "Responder" for the corresponding exercise protocol were 4 and 2 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Results: The prevalence of Responders for systolic BP was as follows: AE 24-h: 37%, daytime: 47% and nighttime: 37%; COMB 24-h: 26%, daytime: 21% and nighttime: 32%; RES 24-h: 26%, daytime: 26% and nighttime: 35%; and ISO 24-h: 22%, daytime: 22% and nighttime: 39%. For diastolic BP, the prevalence of Responders was as follows: AE 24-h: 53%, daytime: 53% and nighttime: 31%; COMB 24-h: 26%, daytime: 26% and nighttime: 31%; RES 24-h: 35%, daytime: 22% and nighttime: 52%; and ISO 24-h: 44%, daytime: 33% and nighttime: 33%. Conclusion: There was a high inter-individual variation of BP after a single bout of various exercises in older adults. Responders had higher BP values on the control day without exercise. Various exercise modalities might acutely reduce 24-h BP in older adults with hypertension.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two acute doses of Capsiate (CAP; 6 vs. 12 mg) on upper body resistance exercise performance in trained men. Methods: Using a randomized, crossover and double-blind design, 20 resistance-trained males were supplemented with low-dose CAP (6 mg), high-dose CAP (12 mg) or placebo 45 minutes before exercise. Subjects performed 4 sets of bench press with repetitions to failure at 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 2 minutes of rest between each set. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate were analyzed at baseline and after exercise. Results: Total weight lifted was greater in the low CAP (2,454.6 ± 448.6 kg) compared to placebo (2,354.7 ± 458.6 kg, p = 0.039) and high CAP (2,309.3 ± 428.1 kg, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between conditions for RPE (p = 0.155) and blood lactate (p = 0.434). Conclusion: In summary, 6 mg CAP increased total weight lifted and repetitions to failure on bench press exercise in trained men, while 12 mg did not present any effect.

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Obesity is closely related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes genesis. The liver is a key organ to glucose homeostasis since insulin resistance in this organ increases hepatic glucose production (HGP) and fasting hyperglycemia. The protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) may dephosphorylate the IR and IRS, contributing to insulin resistance in this organ. Aerobic exercise is a great strategy to increase insulin action in the liver by reducing the PTP1B content. In contrast, no study has shown the direct effects of strength training on the hepatic metabolism of PTP1B. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of short-term strength exercise (STSE) on hepatic insulin sensitivity and PTP1B content in obese mice, regardless of body weight change. To achieve this goal, obese Swiss mice were submitted to a strength exercise protocol lasting 15 days. The results showed that STSE increased Akt phosphorylation in the liver and enhanced the control of HGP during the pyruvate tolerance test. Furthermore, sedentary obese animals increased PTP1B content and decreased IRS-1/2 tyrosine phosphorylation; however, STSE was able to reverse this scenario. Therefore, we conclude that STSE is an important strategy to improve the hepatic insulin sensitivity and HGP by reducing the PTP1B content in the liver of obese mice, regardless of changes in body weight.

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In addition to its health benefits, exercise training has been noted as a modulator of the gut microbiota. However, the effects of resistance training (RT) on gut microbiota composition remain unknown. Wistar rats underwent 12 weeks of RT. Body mass, glucose tolerance, visceral body fat, triglyceride concentration and food consumption were evaluated. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Rats that underwent RT showed lower body mass (P=0.0005), lower fat content (P=0.02) and better glucose kinetics (P=0.047) when compared with the control. Improvements in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were identified in the RT group. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Serratia and Comamonas decreased significantly after 12 weeks of RT (P<0.001). These results suggest that RT has the potential to enhance the diversity of the gut microbiota and improve its biological functions.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on the performance of rats subjected to resistance training ladder climbs (RTLCs). METHODS: Thirty-two Wistar rats (80-d-old) were placed into one of the following four groups (n = 8/group): control (C), which were fed a standard diet with no exercise; intermittent fasting (IF) rats underwent IF for 16 h/d, fed a standard diet for a period of 8 h/d with no exercise; trained control (TC) were fed a standard diet and submitted to RTLC; and trained intermittent fasting (TIF) underwent IF for 16 h/d, fed a standard diet for a period of 8 h/d, and submitted to RTLC. Training groups completed 6-wk of RTLC (3 × /wk). The maximal load test (MLT) was applied on two occasions: before the first RTLC session and at the end of week 6 of physical training. Its purpose was to compare changes in performance over time. Both blood collection and total extraction of the organs were performed at the end of the experimental period. RESULTS: Food intake was higher in the TC group than in either the IF or TIF groups. TC supported a higher load (g) during the final MLT compared with the C, IF, and TIF groups, respectively. TC (initial MLT: 371.4 ± 31.1; final MLT: 593.9 ± 33.5) and TIF (initial MLT: 402.3 ± 31.8; final MLT: 495.4 ± 83.3) presented higher values when the pre- and post-RTLC moments were compared. The relative weight of the stomach was higher in TIF than in C and TC rats. There was no difference in aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase enzyme activities or in creatinine and total cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: IF negatively affected RTLC performance. IF plus RTLC increased the relative weight of the stomach as well as reduced food intake, without an increase in body weight, suggesting this combination may have promoted dilation of this organ, due, hypothetically, to the scarcity of food for several hours and the energy expenditure generated by physical training.

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Background: Post-dynamic resistance exercise hypotension (PREH) has been largely demonstrated. However, little is known regarding the interindividual variation of PREH magnitude and its predictors (i.e. factors of influence). Aims: To assess the interindividual variation of PREH and its predictors related to the characteristics of the individuals and the exercise protocol. Methods: This study retrospectively analysed data from 131 subjects included in seven controlled trials about PREH (including at least one dynamic resistance exercise and one control session) conducted by two research laboratories. The interindividual variation was assessed by the standard deviation of the individual responses (SD IR), and linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the predictors. Results: PREH showed moderate interindividual variation for systolic (SBP, SD IR=4.4mmHg; 0.35 standardised units) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP, SD IR=3.6mmHg; 0.32 standardised units). For systolic PREH, multivariate regression analysis (R 2=0.069) revealed higher baseline SBP (B=-0.157, p=0.008) and higher number of sets (B=-3.910, p=0.041) as significant predictors. For diastolic PREH, multivariate regression analysis (R 2=0.174) revealed higher baseline DBP (B=-0.191, p=0.001) and higher exercise volume (i.e. number of exercises *sets per exercise *repetitions per sets >150; B=-4.212, p=0.001) as significant predictors. Conclusion: PREH has a considerable interindividual variation. Greater PREH magnitude is observed in individuals with higher baseline blood pressure and after exercise protocols that comprehend higher number of sets and exercise volume.

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We compared the heart rate variability (HRV) after a low-intensity resistance exercise (LI-RE) with short (SSC/LI-RE) and long (LSC/LI-RE) set configurations, composed of 10 and 20 repetitions, respectively. Randomly, ten young males performed one session of both RE protocols. Time- and frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV parameters were assessed at baseline and 20-30 and 50-60 min after protocols. Significant reductions in time-domain, frequency-domain and nonlinear HRV parameters were observed at 20-30 min and 50-60 min after LSC/LI-RE compared to baseline. A low-intensity RE with a long set configuration induces an acute vagal withdrawal and loss of heart rate complexity after exercise.

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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative pathological process that causes memory loss and cognitive impairment. One of the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is the amyloid-ß protein aggregation on the brain. The regular practice of physical exercise is a consolidated strategy on the prevention of cognitive deficits; however, little is known about the effects of acute exercise on memory. We hypothesize that one physical exercise session could act as a modulator of learning. Here we investigated the effects of one single session of running (aerobic) or strength (anaerobic) exercise on memory deficits related to neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-ß. Male Wistar rats were submitted to stereotaxic surgery to intrahippocampal infusion of amyloid-ß protein or saline (control). Ten days after the surgery the rats were submitted to the object recognition (OR) memory task. Immediately after the OR learning session, some rats were submitted to one treadmill running or strength exercise session. Then, the animals were submitted to memory tests 24 h, 7, and 14 days after the OR learning. We demonstrated that one physical exercise session, both aerobic as anaerobic, performed after learning improves learning and memory, promoting memory persistence in control rats and memory consolidation in rats submitted to amyloid-ß neurotoxicity model. Notably, the effects of the aerobic exercise session seem to be more prominent, since they also reflect in an improvement of object discrimination index for 7 days in control animals. We verified that the mechanisms involved in the effects of aerobic exercise include the dopaminergic system activation. The mechanisms involved in the anaerobic exercise effects seem to be others since no alterations on hippocampal dopamine or noradrenaline levels were detected.

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Cells are constantly subjected to cytotoxic and genotoxic insults resulting in the accumulation of unrepaired damaged DNA, which leads to neuronal death. In this way, DNA damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, cancer, and aging. Lifestyle factors, such as physical exercise, are neuroprotective and increase brain function by improving cognition, learning, and memory, in addition to regulating the cellular redox milieu. Several mechanisms are associated with the effects of exercise in the brain, such as reduced production of oxidants, up-regulation of antioxidant capacity, and a consequent decrease in nuclear DNA damage. Furthermore, physical exercise is a potential strategy for further DNA damage repair. However, the neuroplasticity molecules that respond to different aspects of physical exercise remain unknown. In this review, we discuss the influence of exercise on DNA damage and adjacent mechanisms in the brain. We discuss the results of several studies that focus on the effects of physical exercise on brain DNA damage.

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The purpose of present study was to compare the effects of moderate-load versus high-load resistance exercise (RE) on hunger response, blood lactate, glucose, and autonomic modulation in trained men, and to examine the correlations between these parameters. For this, 11 recreationally resistance-trained males performed 2 randomized trials: moderate-load (6 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a 90-s rest interval between sets) and high-load (6 sets at 90% 1RM and a 180-s rest interval between sets) leg-press exercise until movement failure. The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Glucose and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 30 min after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The moderate-load condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the strength condition immediately after exercise (19.7 ± 16.6 vs 47.3 ± 27.7 mm), 30 min after exercise (33.6 ± 22.9 vs 58.5 ± 29.9 mm), and 60 min after exercise (43.8 ± 26.6 vs 67.8 ± 27.9 mm) (p < 0.05) and lower area under the curve hunger in relation to the high-load condition (p < 0.006). Moderate-load RE presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to high-load RE (p < 0.05), but no difference was found in glucose, as well as no correlations between any of the variables investigated. In conclusion, moderate-load RE induced lower subjective hunger ratings, slower recovery of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher lactate concentration in relation to high-load RE, but the metabolic variables were not correlated with hunger suppression.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of high-intensity strength training (ST) or low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction (ST-BFR) on monocyte subsets, the expression of C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), and CD16 on monocytes, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production of overweight men. Thirty overweight men were randomly assigned to conventional ST or ST-BFR. Both groups performed exercises of knee extension and biceps curl with equal volume (3 sessions/week) over 8 weeks, and the peripheral frequency of monocytes (CD14+CD16-, classical monocytes; CD14+CD16+, intermediate monocytes; CD14-CD16+, nonclassical monocytes), the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CCR5 and CD16 on CD14+ monocytes; and the production of TNF-α by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells were quantified. Eight weeks of ST increased the frequency of CD14+CD16- monocytes (p = 0.04) and reduced the percentage of CD14-CD16+ (p = 0.02) and the production of TNF-α by LPS-stimulated cells (p = 0.03). The MFI of CD16 on CD14+ monocytes decreased after the ST intervention (p = 0.02). No difference in monocyte subsets, CCR5 or CD16 expression, and TNF-α production were identified after ST-BFR intervention (p > 0.05). The adoption of ST promotes anti-inflammatory effects on monocyte subsets of overweight men, but this effect was lost when BFR was adopted. Novelty High-intensity strength training reduces the production of TNF-α and the peripheral frequency of CD16+ monocytes in overweight men. Blood flow restriction method blunts the strength training adaptations on monocyte subsets and pro-inflammatory TNF-α production in overweight men.

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Abstract Aim: To evaluate the subacute effects of the number of Pilates exercise series (one and three) on the cardiovascular responses of medicated hypertensive women. Methods: Eight hypertensive and nine normotensive women underwent a Pilates session with low and high volume, and cardiovascular responses were measured. Aged sample of 50-65 years old underwent to anthropometrical measurements previously to the experimental procedures. The cardiovascular assessment was performed before and after every experimental session. The experimental procedures consisted of two familiarization sessions, load determination, and two experimental sessions (one or three series) for each group. Results: In the intragroup analysis, HR was found to be reduced in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, a reduction in the double product was observed after both Pilates sessions, and in the normotensive group only after the session with one series. The volume of exercises of the Pilates method did not interfere in the responses of systolic and diastolic BP after exercise. However, a more prominent area under the curve was seen in the systolic BP of hypertensive subjects who performed three series. Conclusion: The present study shows that performing one or three series of the Pilates exercise does not induce hypotension post-exercise and did not interfere in the cardiovascular responses of medicated hypertensive women.

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Clinical studies show that physical exercise has anxiolytic and pro-cognitive properties for both healthy individuals and psychiatric patients. Most of these data refer to the effects of aerobic exercise. However, other modalities such as resistance exercise deserve more attention because they may also modulate brain function. This study aimed to compare the effects of an aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill and a resistance exercise protocol on a ladder apparatus on anxiety-like behavior, cognitive flexibility, and neuroplasticity parameters in healthy animals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sedentary control, aerobic training, and resistance training. Subsequently, they were evaluated in the elevated plus-maze (EPM), light-dark box, and modified hole board (mHB) tests. The expressions of synaptophysin and postsynaptic plasticity protein 95 in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus were analyzed by immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated an anxiolytic effect promoted by exercise in the EPM, particularly in the animals submitted to aerobic training, and a mild pro-learning effect of both exercise modalities was observed in the mHB test. All groups showed similar outcomes in the other evaluations. Therefore, the exercise modalities investigated in the present study did not provide considerable modifications to such aspects of the emotional/cognitive functions and neuroplasticity under physiological contexts. Perhaps the two types of exercise acted in neurobiological pathways not analyzed in this study, or the effects may emerge under pathological contexts. These hypotheses should be tested in future studies.

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Resumen Introducción: La relación entre la presión intraocular (PIO) y el ejercicio agudo se ha venido estudiando en los últimos años. Se ha encontrado que el ejercicio agudo tiene un efecto positivo en la PIO; sin embargo, el ejercicio aeróbico y el ejercicio contra resistencia presentan resultados diferentes. En cuanto al ejercicio aeróbico agudo, brinda un efecto positivo en la PIO, ya que esta disminuye. Mientras que el ejercicio contra resistencia presenta una variabilidad en los resultados obtenidos de acuerdo con las investigaciones consultadas. Propósito: Mostrar los resultados obtenidos de las investigaciones relacionadas con el ejercicio aeróbico y el ejercicio contra resistencia de forma aguda en la presión intraocular, para así poder brindar recomendaciones a poblaciones sanas y con glaucoma. Método: Revisión de bibliografía, búsqueda de artículos científicos en las siguientes bases de datos: SportDiscus con texto completo, psycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, Google Académico, Research Gate, PubMed. Resultados: El ejercicio aeróbico agudo pareciera tener un efecto significativo sobre la presión intraocular, pues la disminuye. Este resultado se presenta en personas sedentarias y con glaucoma. Para personas físicamente activas o atletas, para lograr reducir la PIO es necesario realizar ejercicio a intensidades más altas, comparado con personas sedentarias. Con respecto a la duración de ejercicio aeróbico agudo, parece que con solo cinco minutos se produce una disminución sobre la PIO. Al finalizar el ejercicio, el efecto agudo del ejercicio aeróbico se mantiene por un corto tiempo sobre la PIO. Son necesarias más investigaciones de efecto crónico. Igualmente, se necesitan más estudios que involucren variables como sexo y edad dentro de los análisis y no como estadística descriptiva, para así conocer el efecto del ejercicio sobre estas mismas. Con respecto a los ejercicios de contra resistencia, la parte superior del cuerpo aumenta más la PIO, al compararlos con ejercicios de laparte inferior. Los ejercicios de contra resistencia de alta intensidad aumentan la PIO. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que las personas con condición visual normal y con glaucoma pueden realizar ejercicio aeróbico y logran un efecto positivo en su salud visual. Por otro lado, debido a la falta de investigación en ejercicio de contra resistencia, se recomienda que se realicen estudios con intensidades bajas, según los datos obtenidos en esta revisión. Con respecto a la calidad de los estudios encontrados podrían mejorarse los diseños en las investigaciones: la mayoría no contó con grupos controles,tampoco especificaron la intensidad del ejercicio e incluso les faltó incluir aspectos descriptivos necesarios para poder contar con información más clara.

Abstract Introduction: The relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and acute exercise has been studied in recent years. It has been found that acute exercise has a positive effect on IOP; however, aerobic exercise and strength exercise present different results.As for acute aerobic exercise, it can be mentioned that it provides a positive effect on the intraocular pressure since it decreases, while the strength exercise gives variability in the results obtained according to the research studies consulted. Purpose: Show the results obtained from the investigation related to the aerobic exercise and strength exercise and intraocular pressure in order to provide recommendations to healthy populations with glaucoma. Methods: The literature review searched for articles in the following databases: SportDiscus with complete text, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, Google academics, Research Gate, PubMed. Results: Acute aerobic exercise seems to have a significant effect on intraocular pressure: it decreases it.This result occurs in sedentary people with glaucoma. For physically active people or athletes, in order to reduce IOP, it is necessary to exercise at higher intensities compared to sedentary people.Regarding the length of acute aerobic exercise, it seems that, with only 5 minutes, there is a decrease in IOP. At the end of the exercise, the acute effect of aerobic exercise seems to be maintained for a short time in the IOP; more research on the chronic effect is necessary. Also, more research is needed and should involve variables, such as sex and age, within the study analyses and not as descriptive statistics, in order to know the effect of exercise on them.Regarding the strength exercises, the IOPincreasesin the upper part of the body when compared with exercises in the lower part. High-intensity strength exercises increase the IOP. Conclusions: The results show that people with normal visual condition and glaucoma can perform aerobic exercise, achieving a positive effect on their visual health. On the other hand, there is a lack of research in strength exercise; it is recommended that these studies be conductedat low intensities, according to the data obtained in this review.Regarding the quality of the studies found, the designs could be improved in the investigations.Most of these studies did not have control groups, nor did they specify the intensity; besides, they missed including descriptive aspects needed to be able to have more accurate information.

Resumo Introdução A relação entre a pressão intraocular (PIO) e o exercício agudo foi estudada nos últimos anos. Descobrindo que o exercício agudo tem um efeito positivo na PIO, no entanto, o exercício aeróbico e o exercício de resistência têm resultados diferentes. No que diz respeito ao exercício aeróbico agudo, pode mencionar-se que tem um efeito positivo na PIO, uma vez que esta diminui. Enquanto o exercício de resistência dá uma variabilidade nos resultados obtidos de acordo com as pesquisas consultadas. Objetivo: Mostrar os resultados obtidos em pesquisas relacionadas ao exercício aeróbio e ao exercício de resistência aguda na pressão intraocular, a fim de fornecer recomendações para populações saudáveis e com glaucoma. Métodos: revisão de literatura, busca de artigos científicos nas seguintes bases de dados: SportDiscus com texto completo, psycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, Google Academic, Research Gate, PubMed. Resultados: O exercício aeróbio agudo parece ter um efeito significativo em diminuir a pressão intraocular, este resultado ocorre em pessoas sedentárias com glaucoma. Para pessoas fisicamente ativas ou atletas parece que, para reduzir a PIO é necessário se exercitar em maiores intensidades, em comparação com pessoas sedentárias. Com relação à duração do exercício aeróbico agudo, parece que, com apenas cinco minutos, há uma diminuição da PIO. No final do exercício, o efeito agudo do exercício aeróbico parece ser mantido por um curto período de tempo na PIO, sendo necessária mais pesquisa de efeitos crônicos. Da mesma forma, são necessárias mais pesquisas envolvendo variáveis como sexo e idade dentro da análise do estudo e não como estatística descritiva, com o fim de conhecer o efeito do exercício sobre essas variáveis. Com relação aos exercícios de resistência, a parte superior do corpo aumenta mais a PIO comparada aos exercícios da parte inferior do corpo. Exercícios de resistência de alta intensidade aumentam a PIO. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que pessoas com visão normal e glaucoma podem realizar exercícios aeróbicos, obtendo um efeito positivo na sua saúde visual. Por outro lado, há uma falta de pesquisas sobre o exercício de resistência, sendo recomendável que esses estudos sejam realizados com baixas intensidades, de acordo com os dados obtidos nesta revisão. Com relação à qualidade dos estudos encontrados, os desenhos de pesquisa puderam ser melhorados, a maioria não possuía grupos controle, nem especificavam a intensidade do exercício, e ainda faltavam os aspectos descritivos necessários para poder ter informações mais claras.

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Many species of the genus Croton have been used for anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antidiabetic, and antitumor purposes. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a hydroethanolic extract (HEE) from the inner bark of Croton argyrophyllus (Euphorbiaceae) on muscle damage and oxidative stress in rats after high intensity exercise. The animals were divided into four groups: (i) the sedentary group (SV; n = 7), (ii) the exercise vehicle group (EV, n = 7), (iii) the sedentary group HEE (SHG; n = 7) composed of sedentary animals and treated with the hydroethanolic extract of C. argyrophyllus (200 mg/kg, v.o.), and (iv) the HEE exercise group (HEE; n = 7) composed of animals submitted to resistance exercise (RE) and treated with the hydroethanolic extract of C. argyrophyllus (200 mg/kg, v.o.). In the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, the HEE showed lower values of inhibition potential (IP%) at 39.79% compared to gallic acid, 87.61%, and lipoperoxidation inhibition at 27.4% (100 µg/mL) or 28.6% (200 µg/mL) (p < 0.001). There was inhibition in free radicals in vivo. The HEE of C. argyrophyllus partially reduced the biomarkers of oxidative stress in muscle tissue and muscular damage (creatine kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)) (p < 0.05) in rats, and in this sense it can be an aid to the recovery process after exhaustive efforts.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BCAA supplementation on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) in untrained young adults. Twenty-four young adults (24.0 ± 4.3 years old) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 12 per group): a placebo-supplement group or a BCAA-supplement group. The groups were supplemented for a period of 5 days. On day 1 and 3, both groups underwent a RE session involving two lower body exercises (hack squat and leg press) and then were evaluated for muscle recovery on the 3 subsequent moments after the RE session [30 min (day 3), 24 h (day 4), and 48 h (day 5)]. The following indicators of muscle recovery were assessed: number of repetitions, rating of perceived exertion in the last RE session, muscle soreness and countermovement jump (CMJ) during recovery period (30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after RE session). Number of repetitions remained unchanged over time (time, P > 0.05), while the rating of perceived exertion increased (time, P < 0.05) over 3 sets, with no difference between groups (group × time, P > 0.05). Muscle soreness increased (time, P < 0.05) and jumping weight decreased (time, P < 0.05) at 30 min post-exercise and then progressively returned to baseline at 24 and 48 h post-exercise, with no difference between groups (group × time, P > 0.05). The results indicate that BCAA supplementation does not improve muscle recovery from RE in untrained young adults.

Assuntos