RESUMO
In the last decade, other quality attributes have emerged as the main aspects that impact pork consumers acceptance, such as environmentally friendly production, nutritional value, and animal welfare. This study applies a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire for sensory characterization of loins from genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs fed diets containing either a standard commercial diet with 1.5 % soybean oil (control) or 3 % oil from either soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO) during the growing-finishing phases. Twenty CATA attributes for loin samples were generated. We interviewed 101 consumers to select all the CATA terms that they considered suitable to characterize sensory attributes of longissimus lumborum muscle samples of pigs from each dietary treatment. The CATA results indicated differences among pork loin samples depending on the source and inclusion level of dietary oil. Loins from pigs fed 3 % SO were characterized by a higher frequency of the "juicy texture" attribute (p < 0.05) and a lower frequency of the "dry texture" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. Moreover, loins from pigs fed 3 % SO had a lower citation frequency of the "tasteless" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. The attributes "cooked pork meat-like taste", "juicy texture", "tender texture", and "brightness" were placed close to the overall liking. "Tender texture", "juicy texture", "pork meat-like" (odor and taste), and "cooked pork meat-like taste" attributes were considered drivers of liking. Feeding genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs with diets containing 3 % SO may be advisable from a pork sensory quality perspective.
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos , Castração/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Carne de PorcoRESUMO
This study investigated copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride cosupplementation on the growth performance, diarrhea frequency, carcass, meat quality, and antioxidant activity in grower-finisher pigs. A total of 256 pigs were used from 70 to 154 days (d) of age, distributed in four treatments, with eight pigs in each pen and eight replications per treatment. Diets were provided to grower pigs from 70 to 112 days old and in the finisher, 112 to 154 days old. Copper was considered the low level at 100 mg Cu/kg and 90 mg Cu/kg, respectively, and 150 mg Cu/kg in both periods as high in the grower and finisher periods. In the grower and finisher period, zinc was cosupplemented in the diet at 80 mg Zn/kg and 70 mg Zn/kg, respectively. In the diets, T1 and T2 groups are the traditional inorganic sources for minerals (copper sulfate, CuSO4; zinc oxide, ZnO) and T3 and T4 hydroxychloride sources (copper hydroxychloride, CHC, and zinc hydroxychloride, ZHC). The flavomycin was associated with treatments with low Cu content in the inclusion of 50 g/ton. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, the data were submitted to analysis of PROC MIXED in SAS, the PDIFF test analyzed the treatment effect. At the finisher period, pigs fed both minerals from hydroxychloride source had a higher BW 154 d, average daily gain (ADG) 70 to 154 d, the hot and cold carcass weight and frequency of normal feces than those fed 150 mg Cu/kg and Zn from a traditional inorganic source (P < 0.05). The animals fed low Cu levels of the sulfate source had a higher ADG 70 to 154 d than those fed high Cu levels of the same source (P < 0.05). Pigs fed 150 mg Cu/kg cosupplemented with Zn from a hydroxychloride source had the highest carcass length (P < 0.05). There was no difference among the treatments for meat quality (P > 0.05). Pigs fed 150 mg Cu/kg and Zn from a traditional inorganic source had a higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Animals fed low Cu levels from hydroxychloride had a higher malondialdehyde (MDA) formation than those fed sulfate source, regardless of the Cu levels and those fed high Cu levels of hydroxychloride (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 150 mg Cu/kg as copper sulfate cosupplemented to zinc oxide in the diet of growing and finishing pigs impairs the growth performance, carcass and increases diarrhea frequency, and copper and zinc hydroxychloride cosupplementation improves these characteristics.
RESUMO
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar a qualidade microbiológica da carne suína in natura comercializada em feiras livres e estabelecimentos comerciais do Rio de Janeiro, bem como, verificar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos locais de comercialização. Foram coletadas 20 amostras de pernil suíno in natura comercializados em 20 diferentes feiras livres no estado do Rio de Janeiro e 20 amostras de Pernil suíno in natura comercializados, resfriados e adquiridos em 20 estabelecimentos comerciais do Rio de Janeiro. Após obtenção, as amostras foram encaminhadas para o Laboratório de Controle Microbiológico de Alimentos da Universidade Castelo Branco (UCB), para realização das análises microbiológicas. De acordo com os resultados das avaliações higiênico-sanitárias dos locais onde as amostras de pernil suíno in natura foram obtidas, observou-se uma média de 57,60% e 13,64% de não conformidade nas feiras livres e nos estabelecimentos comerciais, respectivamente. A presença de Salmonella sp. foi verificada em 14 (70%) e 17 (85%) amostras de pernil suíno in natura coletadas em feiras livres e estabelecimentos comerciais, respectivamente, estando estas amostras em não conformidade com a legislação vigente, sendo consideradas impróprias para o consumo. A análise dos resultados sugere que a qualidade microbiológica do pernil suíno in natura comercializado em feiras livres e estabelecimentos varejistas não atende às exigências da legislação que regulamenta esse setor.(AU)
The present study aimed to evaluate and compare microbiological quality of pork meat sell in street markets and in commercial establishments in Rio de Janeiro state, the hygienic-sanitary conditions of those places were also evaluated. It were collected 40 samples of fresh pork meat, 20 samples from street market and 20 samples from commercial establishments in Rio de Janeiro State. The samples were transported refrigerated to the Laboratory of Microbiological Control of Food of the Castelo Branco University for analyzing. The results showed an average of 57.60% and 13.64% of nonconformity respectively for the street market and for commercial establishments. The presence of Salmonella sp. was verified in 14 (70%) of the samples collected in the street markets and 17 (85%) for those collected in the commercial establishments, and so were not in compliance with the current legislation and were considered unfit for human consumption. The results suggests that the microbiological quality of pork leg meat marketed in both streets markets or commercial establishments in Rio de Janeiro State are not in compliance with Brazilian applicable laws requirements.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Higiene dos Alimentos , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Carne/análise , Suínos , Brasil , Técnicas Microbiológicas/métodosRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El valor nutritivo de las proteínas derivadas de la carne magra de cerdo ha cambiado ostensiblemente con la tecnificación en la producción y la posibilidad de obtener productos que conserven un alto valor nutritivo. No obstante, en nuestro medio su consumo se ha estigmatizado por un posible aumento de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del consumo de la carne magra de cerdo sobre algunos parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de seguimiento a un grupo de 47 personas sanas que consumieron 200 gramos de carne magra de cerdo durante un periodo de ocho semanas, durante las cuales se valoraron parámetros bioquímicos, antropométricos, nutricionales y de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: Se observó que, tanto a las cuatro como a las ocho semanas, los niveles de colesterol LDL y triglicéridos no variaron. No obstante, los niveles de colesterol HDL y los micronutrientes zinc, hierro y vitamina B12 aumentaron en plasma luego de ocho semanas de consumo de carne magra de cerdo. De igual forma, marcadores metabólicos, como la adiponectina y el IGF-1, incrementaron luego de ocho semanas de consumo. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con estas observaciones la carne magra de cerdo puede mejorar el aporte de algunos micronutrientes y parámetros metabólicos sin que se haya evidenciado un efecto adverso sobre ciertos parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos sanos.
Abstract Introduction: The nutritional value of proteins derived from lean pork meat has essentially changed with the introduction of technology in the production and the possibility of obtaining products that retain a high nutritional value. However, its consumption has been stigmatised in this country due to a possible increase in cardiovascular risk. Objective: To evaluate the impact of consuming lean pork meat on some anthropometric and biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk. Methods: A follow-up study was conducted on a population of 47 healthy subjects that consumed 200 grammes of lean pork meat for a period of 8 weeks. An evaluation was made of some biochemical, anthropometric, nutritional and cardiovascular risk parameters. Results: No changes were observed in the LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride levels. However, the plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol, as well as those of micronutrients such as zinc, iron and vitamin B12, increased after 8 weeks of consuming lean pork meat. Furthermore, metabolic markers, like adiponectin and IGF-1, also increased after eight weeks of consumption. Conclusions: According to these observations, lean pork meat may improve the supply of some micronutrients, as well as some metabolic parameters, with no evidence of any adverse effects on certain cardiovascular risk factors in healthy individuals.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Fenômenos Bioquímicos , Antropometria , Carne de Porco , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Vitamina B 12 , HDL-Colesterol , LDL-ColesterolRESUMO
Recently, an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis was identified in Santa Maria city, Southern Brazil. However, the suspected vehicle of Toxoplasma gondii contamination in this region remains unclear. This study was conduct to analyze whether pork meat samples collected in supermarkets from Santa Maria city, RS, could be infected with T. gondii. Thus, we analyzed the presence of T. gondii DNA in 20 pork hearts, 20 pork tongues and 20 sausages. DNA was extracted from each sample and real-time PCR was performed using 529-bp and B1 markers. T. gondii genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP analysis. T. gondii DNA was detected in 2 of 20 (10%) heart samples and in 1 of 20 (5%) tongue samples using 529-bp marker. Besides, those 2 (10%) heart samples also were positive for T. gondii using B1 marker. All sausage samples were negative for both markers. Genotyping revealed a new atypical genotype in the pork meat. Our findings were not able to confirm whether these food samples were involved in some outbreak. However, we can conclude that food samples containing T. gondii can be displayed in Santa Maria supermarkets. In addition, a new T. gondii genotype was identified circulating in southern Brazil.
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The influences of four different cooking methods-pan, ohmic, vacuum and sous vide-were studied with regard to the microstructural, sensorial and physicochemical characteristics of pork meat. The end point temperature to all cooking methods was 70⯰C. Pan cooking resulted in a softer meat with higher overall liking by the consumers, and ohmic cooking produced firmer (pâ¯<â¯.05) meats and myofibrils, with higher alignment compared to the pan-cooked meat as well as a golden colour. Sous vide-cooked meats were perceived as insipid, while vacuum-cooked meats showed loss of structure and were perceived as drier (pâ¯<â¯.01) and paler (pâ¯<â¯.01). No statistically significant differences were found for cooking loss and water-holding capacity (pâ¯>â¯.05). The results suggest that consumers preferred pan-cooking, as they described these samples as juicy, tender and tasty. Ohmic-cooked meat, which required shorter cooking times, showed similar characteristics to pan-cooked meat and could be used as alternative to pan cooking in the catering industry.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/química , Carne de Porco/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Cor , Comportamento do Consumidor , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miofibrilas , Suínos , Paladar , VácuoRESUMO
Salmonella spp. prevails as the main cause of raw meat foodborne illnesses. Implementation of food safety management systems such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points in swine abattoirs can help to mitigate pathogen exposure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the HACCP system in slaughterhouses in Colombia on reducing Salmonella spp. exposure due to the consumption of fresh pork meat. Two slaughtering plants with a different degree of HACCP implementation were selected and a quantitative microbiological mapping was built by collecting 820 samples of Salmonella spp. enumeration at different processing stages. The overall Salmonella spp. mean concentration was 1.15 ± 0.55 log MPN/g, with no significant differences among plants (P > 0.05). Deficiencies during carcass disinfection and temperature during distribution of meat cuts from the slaughterhouse lacking of HACCP resulted in a significant increase of Salmonella spp. prevalence (20-40%) (P < 0.05). Processing stages with the highest pathogen prevalence were transport (28-32%) and hanging (16-36%). The exposure assessment model estimated a higher degree of pathogen contamination at the time of consumption in meat cuts from the slaughterhouse without HACCP (3.36 versus 3.68 log MPN/g) and 10-fold increase in the probability a consumer would acquire a contaminated portion (0.011 versus 0.105). Implementation of the HACCP system in swine slaughterhouses represents tangible Salmonella spp. reduction control and public health protection measures.
Assuntos
Carne Vermelha/microbiologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Matadouros , Animais , Carga Bacteriana , Colômbia , Modelos Estatísticos , Prevalência , SuínosRESUMO
Antecedentes: el conocimiento de la producción y disponibilidad de carne vacuna y porcina en los territorios nacionales es de vital interés en el campo de la nutrición humana, porque la disponibilidad se constituye en un factor primordial en la elección y consumo de este alimento entre la población. Objetivo: efectuar un análisis comparativo relacionado con el suministro de carne vacuna y porcina en países de Suramérica desde 1961 hasta 2019. Materiales y métodos: para el análisis de la información se utilizó el modelo lineal general empleando la técnica multivariada de la varianza con contraste canónico de tipo ortogonal, análisis de clúster y estadística descriptiva exploratoria de tipo unidimensional. Resultados: Argentina presentó diferencia altamente significativa en la disponibilidad de carne vacuna para su población, respecto a los demás países de Suramérica (p<0,0001). Paraguay es el país con mayor disponibilidad de carne de cerdo. El país de menor participación de fuentes cárnicas vacunas y porcinas es Perú. Conclusiones: existe una gran divergencia entre algunos países de Suramérica en la cantidad de suministro cárnico proveniente del vacuno y del cerdo.
Background: The production and availability of beef and pork meat in the countries of South America is of vital interest in the field of human nutrition because availability is a primary factor in the choice and consumption of this food among the population. Objective: To carry out a comparative analysis related to the supply of beef and pork in South American countries in the last six decades, from 1961 through 2019. Materials and Methods: For the analysis of the information, the general linear model was used using the multivariate variance technique (MANOVA) with canonical contrast of orthogonal type, cluster analysis and exploratory descriptive statistics of a one-dimensional type. Results: Argentina presented a highly significant difference in the availability of beef for its population, compared to other countries in South America (p <0.0001). Paraguay is the country with the highest availability of pork. The country with the least sources of beef and pork is Peru. Conclusions: There is a great divergence among countries of South America in the amount of available meat supply from beef and pork.
Assuntos
Análise de MediaçãoRESUMO
AIM: The molecular typing and the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains of swine origin to antibiotics, oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil (EO) and Chilean blackberry maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz) extract were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty S. aureus strains of swine origin were subjected to molecular typing, of which six strains were selected for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The epsilon test (Etest) was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility. The susceptibility to natural antimicrobials (NAs): oregano EO, maqui extract, thymol (Thy) and carvacrol (Carv), was carried out using the disk diffusion method. The S. aureus strains were genetically diverse. All strains were resistant to at least one class of antibiotic, and two strains were multidrug-resistant. The minimum inhibitory concentration of oregano EO, Thy and Carv was 0·01-0·04%. Maqui extract did not show antistaphylococcal activity. CONCLUSIONS: Natural antimicrobials extracted from oregano have an inhibitory activity against S. aureus strains from swine origin, with no effect using maqui extract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides information about the characteristics of S. aureus strains of swine origin, and about the potential use of NAs from oregano to enhance the control of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains in the pork supply chain.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Magnoliopsida/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Cimenos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem Molecular , Monoterpenos/química , Origanum/química , Staphylococcus aureus/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Timol/químicaRESUMO
This study focuses on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in pork meat and on inert surfaces from slaughterhouses in Sonora, Mexico. A total of 21 Lm were obtained from 103 samples, giving a prevalence of 20.3%. The prevalence of Lm in pork loin was 15.9% and 20.8% for inert surfaces in Federal Inspection Type (FIT) slaughterhouses. For non-FIT slaughterhouses, the prevalence was 25.7%. PCR amplification of genomic DNA from the Lm isolates revealed the presence of the hlyA gene, suggesting a pathogenic nature for these isolates. The isolates obtained in this work all clustered with Lm, according to our phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA sequence. This Lm cluster indicates that Lm isolates 7-2, 4, 2-1, 10B, 8, 3, 3-3, and 9 share 16S rRNA identity with other Lm isolates that have been reported as foodborne pathogens (rR2-502, J1817, J1816, J1926) and that are involved in foodborne outbreaks. The most commonly detected serotypes were 1/2a and 1/2b. All isolates displayed differential responses to the assayed antibiotics, and most isolates were able to grow in the presence of penicillin G, or both penicillin and penicillin-derived (oxacillin) antibiotics.
Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Listeria monocytogenes/isolamento & purificação , Carne Vermelha/microbiologia , Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Listeria monocytogenes/classificação , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/genética , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Filogenia , SuínosRESUMO
The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in meat products may result in foodborne diseases and economic losses to their producers. Small industries in the region of Londrina, Paraná, produce sausages that are commercialized in free fairs, small markets, bars, and restaurants in the city. Although these industries are inspected by the Municipal Inspection Service of Londrina, there are no data about the pathogenic microorganisms present in these products. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in sausages produced and sold in the region of Londrina, Paraná, and identify eae, bfp, stx1, stx2, hlyA, ipaH, elt, est, aggR, aap, and AA probe genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from these samples. Forty-six samples of three types of sausages (fresh pork, Tuscan, and Calabresa) produced by four different producers (brands A, B, C, and D) were analyzed. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 13 (28.3%) and E. coli from 33 (71.3%) of the analyzed samples. Seven (53.8%) of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. were from brand A. Salmonella spp. contamination was the highest in the Tuscan sausage samples (8/17, 41.7%) when compared with the fresh pork sausage samples of all brands analyzed. E. coli was isolated from 12 of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. One sample of Calabresa sausage was contaminated with atypical enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O108:H9 that has the eae and hlyA genes. The results suggest contamination of the processing plant and/or raw meat used in the manufacture of sausages. A better inspection of the industries is required to ensure that Good Manufacturing Practices are followed by which the contamination of products by pathogenic bacteria can be prevented.(AU)
A presença de microrganismos patogênicos em produtos cárneos pode levar a doenças de origem alimentar e perdas econômicas aos seus produtores. Pequenas indústrias da região de Londrina, Paraná, produzem embutidos que são comercializados em feiras livres, pequenos mercados, bares e restaurantes da cidade. Embora essas indústrias sejam fiscalizadas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Municipal de Londrina, não existem dados sobre microrganismos patogênicos presentes nesses produtos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram pesquisar a presença de Salmonella spp. em amostras de linguiças produzidas e comercializadas na região de Londrina, Paraná, e identificar os genes de virulência eae, bfp, stx1, stx2, hlyA, ipaH, elt, est, aggR, aap e AA probe das cepas de E. coli isoladas dessas amostras. Quarenta e seis amostras de três tipos de linguiça (suína fresca, toscana e calabresa) produzidas por quatro diferentes produtores (marcas A, B, C e D) foram analisadas. Salmonella spp. foi isolada em 13 (28.3%) amostras e E. coli em 33 (71.3%) amostras. Das 13 amostras contaminadas com Salmonella spp., sete (53.8%) foram da marca A. A contaminação por Salmonella spp. foi maior nas amostras de linguiça toscana (8/17 41.7%) quando comparada com a contaminação encontrada nas amostras de linguiça suína (4/22 18.2%), independente da marca analisada. E. coli foi isolada de 12 das 13 amostras contaminadas com Salmonella spp. Uma amostra de linguiça calabresa estava contaminada com E. coli enteropatogênica clássica atípica do sorotipo O108:H9, que apresentava genes eae e hlyA. Os resultados obtidos sugerem contaminação da planta de processamento e ou das matérias primas utilizadas na fabricação das linguiças. Uma fiscalização mais adequada das indústrias se torna necessária para que as Boas Práticas de Fabricação sejam atendidas e, consequentemente, prevenida a contaminação do produto por bactérias patogênicas.(AU)
Assuntos
Suínos/microbiologia , Produtos da Carne/análise , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Fiscalização SanitáriaRESUMO
The detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other emerging strains in meat-producing animals and retail meat has increased the risk of contamination of food. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterize S. aureus strains isolated from the pork chain supply in Chile. A total of 487 samples were collected: 332 samples from pigs at farms and slaughterhouses (nasal, n = 155; skin, n = 177); 85 samples from carcasses at slaughterhouses; and 70 meat samples at supermarkets and retail stores. The isolation of S. aureus was carried out by selective enrichment and culture media. Biochemical testing (API® Staph) and PCR (detection of the nuc and mecA genes) were used to confirm S. aureus and MRSA strains. The agglutination test was used to determine the protein PBP2'. Enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED) were determined by agglutination test and the se genes by PCR method. Oxacillin and cefoxitin susceptibility testing were carried out using the diffusion method. The overall prevalence of S. aureus in the pork meat supply was 33.9%. A higher prevalence was detected on carcasses (56.5%), in pigs sampled at farms (40.6%) than in pigs sampled at slaughterhouses (23.3%) and in nonpackaged retail meat (43.1%) than packaged retail meat (5.3%) (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the prevalence in pigs (28.3%) and pork meat (32.9%) and between natural pig farming (33.3%) and conventional production (52.8%). The mecA gene and the protein PBP2' were not detected in S. aureus strains. Two S. aureus strains exhibited oxacillin and cefoxitin resistance, and one S. aureus strain was resistant to cefoxitin. One S. aureus strain isolated from a meat sample was positive for enterotoxin SEB. Although the mecA gene was not detected, oxacillin-resistant and seb-producing S. aureus strains were detected, which represent a risk in the pork chain supply.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Carne/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Suínos/microbiologia , Matadouros , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Cefoxitina/farmacologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Enterotoxinas/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas/genética , Prevalência , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effects of dietary levels of hop ß-acids on physical attributes, lipid oxidation and chemical composition of pork meat were evaluated. Thirty-two castrated male pigs obtained from a complete block design feeding experiment (6.23 ± 0.42 kg initial body weight (BW) to 20.45 ± 0.95 kg final BW) and fed diets supplemented with 0, 120, 240 or 360 mg kg-1 hop ß-acids during 35 days were slaughtered to sample longissimus dorsi muscle for meat analysis. RESULTS: No effects (P > 0.05) of dietary hop ß-acids were observed on meat physical attributes. Quadratic effects (P < 0.05) of hop ß-acids were observed on lipid and protein contents and on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values of meatballs, whose equations allowed the estimation of dietary hop ß-acid levels of 176, 169 and 181 mg kg-1 to provide up to 16.20% lipid reduction, 1.95% protein accretion and 23.31% TBARS reduction respectively. CONCLUSION: Dietary hop ß-acids fed to pigs might reduce lipid, increase protein and reduce lipid oxidation without affecting physical attributes of the pork meat. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Ácidos/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Humulus/metabolismo , Carne/análise , Suínos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Humulus/química , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/química , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/química , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in meat products may result in foodborne diseases and economic losses to their producers. Small industries in the region of Londrina, Paraná, produce sausages that are commercialized in free fairs, small markets, bars, and restaurants in the city. Although these industries are inspected by the Municipal Inspection Service of Londrina, there are no data about the pathogenic microorganisms present in these products. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in sausages produced and sold in the region of Londrina, Paraná, and identify eae, bfp, stx1, stx2, hlyA, ipaH, elt, est, aggR, aap, and AA probe genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from these samples. Forty-six samples of three types of sausages (fresh pork, Tuscan, and Calabresa) produced by four different producers (brands A, B, C, and D) were analyzed. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 13 (28.3%) and E. coli from 33 (71.3%) of the analyzed samples. Seven (53.8%) of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. were from brand A. Salmonella spp. contamination was the highest in the Tuscan sausage samples (8/17, 41.7%) when compared with the fresh pork sausage samples of all brands analyzed. E. coli was isolated from 12 of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. One sample of Calabresa sausage was contaminated with atypical enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O108:H9 that has the eae and hlyA genes. The results suggest contamination of the processing plant and/or raw meat used in the manufacture of sausages. A better inspection of the industries is required to ensure that Good Manufacturing Practices are followed by which the contamination of products by pathogenic bacteria can be prevented.
A presença de microrganismos patogênicos em produtos cárneos pode levar a doenças de origem alimentar e perdas econômicas aos seus produtores. Pequenas indústrias da região de Londrina, Paraná, produzem embutidos que são comercializados em feiras livres, pequenos mercados, bares e restaurantes da cidade. Embora essas indústrias sejam fiscalizadas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Municipal de Londrina, não existem dados sobre microrganismos patogênicos presentes nesses produtos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram pesquisar a presença de Salmonella spp. em amostras de linguiças produzidas e comercializadas na região de Londrina, Paraná, e identificar os genes de virulência eae, bfp, stx1, stx2, hlyA, ipaH, elt, est, aggR, aap e AA probe das cepas de E. coli isoladas dessas amostras. Quarenta e seis amostras de três tipos de linguiça (suína fresca, toscana e calabresa) produzidas por quatro diferentes produtores (marcas A, B, C e D) foram analisadas. Salmonella spp. foi isolada em 13 (28.3%) amostras e E. coli em 33 (71.3%) amostras. Das 13 amostras contaminadas com Salmonella spp., sete (53.8%) foram da marca A. A contaminação por Salmonella spp. foi maior nas amostras de linguiça toscana (8/17 41.7%) quando comparada com a contaminação encontrada nas amostras de linguiça suína (4/22 18.2%), independente da marca analisada. E. coli foi isolada de 12 das 13 amostras contaminadas com Salmonella spp. Uma amostra de linguiça calabresa estava contaminada com E. coli enteropatogênica clássica atípica do sorotipo O108:H9, que apresentava genes eae e hlyA. Os resultados obtidos sugerem contaminação da planta de processamento e ou das matérias primas utilizadas na fabricação das linguiças. Uma fiscalização mais adequada das indústrias se torna necessária para que as Boas Práticas de Fabricação sejam atendidas e, consequentemente, prevenida a contaminação do produto por bactérias patogênicas.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Produtos da Carne/análise , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella/patogenicidade , Suínos/microbiologia , Fiscalização SanitáriaRESUMO
Cleaner production programs (CP) and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) are tools used to improve the sustainability of industries, ensuring greater profitability, quality, reliability and safety of their products and services. The meat industry is among the most polluting industries because of the large amounts of organic waste produced during meat processing. The objective of this study was to combine the CP and FMEA tools and to apply them in a pig slaughterhouse in order to detect critical points along the production chain that have a major environmental impact and to establish corrective and preventive actions that could minimize these problems. The results showed that water is the most consumed resource by the industry and also the main producer of waste due to microbiological contamination with animal feces and blood and meat residues. All impacts were found to be real due to their daily occurrence in the industry. Their severity, occurrence, detection and coverage were classified as moderate and high, high, low and moderate, and moderate and high, respectively. The application of the CP and FMEA tools was efficient in identifying and evaluating the environmental impacts caused by the slaughter and processing of pork carcasses. Liquid slaughter effluents and solid wastes (blood and bones) are the factors that pose the greatest risks to the environment...(AU)
Os Programas Produção mais Limpa (P+L) e Análises de Modos e Efeitos de Falha (FMEA) são ferramentas usadas para melhorar a sustentabilidade de indústrias, garantindo maior rentabilidade, qualidade, confiabilidade e segurança dos seus produtos e serviços. As indústrias de carnes e derivados estão entre as indústrias mais poluidoras, devido ao grande número de resíduos orgânicos gerados durante o processamento da carne. O objetivo deste trabalho foi associar as ferramentas P+L e FMEA e aplicá-las em um abatedouro-frigorífico de suínos, a fim de detectar pontos críticos ao longo da cadeia produtiva, os quais geram grande impacto ambiental e estabelecer ações corretivas e medidas preventivas que possam minimizá-los. Os resultados mostraram que a água é o recurso mais consumido pela indústria e também o maior gerador de resíduos, devido a sua contaminação microbiológica com dejetos e sangue animal e detritos de carne. Todos os impactos se mostraram reais, devido a sua ocorrência diária na indústria, e a severidade, ocorrência, detecção e abrangência dos mesmos foram classificadas em moderada e alta, alta, baixa e moderada, moderada e alta, respectivamente. A aplicação das ferramentas P + L e FMEA mostraram-se eficientes na identificação e avaliação dos impactos ambientais provocados pelo abate e processamento de carcaças de suínos. Os efluentes líquidos do abate e os resíduos sólidos são medidas cabíveis que a indústria pode adotar para minimizar a contaminação de mananciais e do solo. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos , Matadouros , Indústria da Carne , Monitoramento Ambiental , Padrão de Identidade e Qualidade para Produtos e Serviços , Criação de Animais DomésticosRESUMO
Cleaner production programs (CP) and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) are tools used to improve the sustainability of industries, ensuring greater profitability, quality, reliability and safety of their products and services. The meat industry is among the most polluting industries because of the large amounts of organic waste produced during meat processing. The objective of this study was to combine the CP and FMEA tools and to apply them in a pig slaughterhouse in order to detect critical points along the production chain that have a major environmental impact and to establish corrective and preventive actions that could minimize these problems. The results showed that water is the most consumed resource by the industry and also the main producer of waste due to microbiological contamination with animal feces and blood and meat residues. All impacts were found to be real due to their daily occurrence in the industry. Their severity, occurrence, detection and coverage were classified as moderate and high, high, low and moderate, and moderate and high, respectively. The application of the CP and FMEA tools was efficient in identifying and evaluating the environmental impacts caused by the slaughter and processing of pork carcasses. Liquid slaughter effluents and solid wastes (blood and bones) are the factors that pose the greatest risks to the environment...
Os Programas Produção mais Limpa (P+L) e Análises de Modos e Efeitos de Falha (FMEA) são ferramentas usadas para melhorar a sustentabilidade de indústrias, garantindo maior rentabilidade, qualidade, confiabilidade e segurança dos seus produtos e serviços. As indústrias de carnes e derivados estão entre as indústrias mais poluidoras, devido ao grande número de resíduos orgânicos gerados durante o processamento da carne. O objetivo deste trabalho foi associar as ferramentas P+L e FMEA e aplicá-las em um abatedouro-frigorífico de suínos, a fim de detectar pontos críticos ao longo da cadeia produtiva, os quais geram grande impacto ambiental e estabelecer ações corretivas e medidas preventivas que possam minimizá-los. Os resultados mostraram que a água é o recurso mais consumido pela indústria e também o maior gerador de resíduos, devido a sua contaminação microbiológica com dejetos e sangue animal e detritos de carne. Todos os impactos se mostraram reais, devido a sua ocorrência diária na indústria, e a severidade, ocorrência, detecção e abrangência dos mesmos foram classificadas em moderada e alta, alta, baixa e moderada, moderada e alta, respectivamente. A aplicação das ferramentas P + L e FMEA mostraram-se eficientes na identificação e avaliação dos impactos ambientais provocados pelo abate e processamento de carcaças de suínos. Os efluentes líquidos do abate e os resíduos sólidos são medidas cabíveis que a indústria pode adotar para minimizar a contaminação de mananciais e do solo.
Assuntos
Animais , Indústria da Carne , Matadouros , Monitoramento Ambiental , Padrão de Identidade e Qualidade para Produtos e Serviços , Suínos , Criação de Animais DomésticosRESUMO
Fresh meat is a highly perishable food. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) incorporated into active coatings (ACs) spread on fresh pork meat as free (FEO), nanoemulsified (NEO), and microencapsulated (MEO) essential oil (EO), on its microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties during 15 d at 4 ± 1 °C. Thymol and γ-terpinene were identified in the EO. In vitro effect of 2.85 mg EO/cm2 was tested against Brochothrix thermosphacta, Micrococcus luteus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas fragi, and Salmonella Infantis. FEO antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay) was significantly higher than that of thymol, NEO and MEO (93.53%, 89.92%, 77.79%, and 78.50% inhibition, respectively), and similar to BHA (96.03%) and gallic acid (95.57%). FEO, NEO, and MEO ACs on meat caused growth inhibition of lactic acid bacteria (5 log population reduction) and Pseudomonas spp. (4 log reduction), whereas ≤1.5 log population reduction was observed for B. thermosphacta and Salmonella Infantis. Meat microbiota was more efficiently controlled by MEO than by FEO or NEO. ACs delayed lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation of fresh pork meat. After 15 d of cold storage meat added with EO coatings was desirable for panelists, whereas untreated (UT) samples were undesirable. Active coatings are a significant alternative method for fresh meat preservation.
Assuntos
Microbiologia de Alimentos , Lippia/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Carne Vermelha/microbiologia , Animais , Composição de Medicamentos , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , México , Nanotecnologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , SuínosRESUMO
Resumen: Cuando se pretende generar un buen desempeño productivo y reproductivo en la producción pecuaria porcina, el bienestar animal es un eje transversal de gran importancia. La fase de transporte es un eslabón esencial en la producción porcina que repercute en la calidad y rendimiento de la carne. Es necesario conocer los factores que pueden estar afectándola, como la densidad de carga, la duración del trayecto y la vibración generada en el camión, los pisos, las paredes y las divisiones internas, que favorecen las situaciones de estrés en los cerdos. En estos, al encontrarse expuestos a ayuno y agua, en un ambiente desconocido, con poco espacio, sometidos a diferentes métodos de manipulación, se incrementan las pérdidas en las canales al ocasionarles traumatismos, muertes y generación de productos cárnicos con defectos como las carnes pálidas, suaves y exudativas o, por el contrario, carnes duras, secas y oscuras. Es necesario generar nuevos sistemas de evaluación y seguimiento en el transporte de porcinos, para así disminuir su mortalidad y daños de la canal con intervenciones a partir del bienestar animal.
Abstract: When trying to generate good productive and reproductive performance in swine livestock production, animal welfare is a transversal axis of great importance. The transportation phase is an essential step in swine production that affects meat quality and productivity. It is necessary to know the factors that may be affecting it, such as cargo density, duration of the journey, and vibration generated in the truck, floors, walls, and internal divisions, which favor stress situations in pigs. In these animals, when exposed to lack of food and water, an unfamiliar environment, with little space, and subjected to different methods of handling, there are increased losses in carcass weight due to injuries, death, and defective meat products, such as pale, soft, and exudative meat, or, conversely, tough, dry, and dark meat. It is necessary to create new evaluation and monitoring systems in the transportation of pigs, in order to reduce mortality and damage to carcass with interventions from animal welfare.
Resumo: Quando se pretende gerar um bom desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo na produção pecuária porcina, o bem-estar animal é um eixo e transversal de grande importância. A fase de transporte é um fator essencial na produção porcina que repercute na qualidade e rendimento da carne. É necessário conhecer os fatores que podem estar afetando-a, como a densidade de carga, a duração do trajeto e a vibração gerada no caminhão, os pisos, as paredes e as divisões internas, que favorecem as situações de estresse nos cerdos. Nestes, ao encontrar-se expostos ao jejum e água, em um ambiente desconhecido, com pouco espaço, submetidos a diferentes métodos de manipulação, assim, se incrementam as perdas nos canais ao ocasionar-lhes traumatismos, mortes e geração de produtos de carne com defeitos como as carnes pálidas, suaves e com exsudação ou, ao contrário, carnes duras, secas e escuras. É necessário gerar novos sistemas de avaliação e seguimento no transporte de porcinos, para deste modo diminuir sua mortalidade e danos do canal com intervenções a partir do bem-estar animal.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii, which is one of the most widespread parasites that infect animals and humans worldwide. One of the main routes of infection for humans is through the consumption of infected meat containing bradyzoites in tissue cysts. Pork is one of the foremost meat types associated with outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty blood samples were collected from finished pigs at slaughter and their sera was evaluated by an indirect-IgG ELISA. Matched muscle samples were obtained from the tongue and loin. Whole blood and tissue samples were evaluated to search for T. gondii DNA using a nested-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Seroprevalence of T. gondii was 96.6% (58/60) of sampled pigs. Meanwhile, T. gondii DNA was present in 23.21% of tongue tissue samples (13/56), 7% of loin tissues (4/57), and 0% in blood samples (0/44), respectively. Two pigs were serologically indeterminate. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the presence of T. gondii DNA in tissue samples obtained from finalized pigs. Results from the present study suggest a high exposure to T. gondii in pigs intended for human consumption from the tropical region of Mexico. Thus, the consumption of some undercooked pork meat meals typical from the southern region of Mexico could represent a significant risk for acquiring infection for the human population.
Assuntos
Músculos Abdominais/parasitologia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Carne/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Matadouros , Músculos Abdominais/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/análise , DNA de Protozoário/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Inspeção de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/parasitologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Carne/efeitos adversos , Carne/análise , México/epidemiologia , Risco , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismo , Língua/metabolismo , Língua/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/etiologia , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/sangue , Toxoplasmose Animal/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/metabolismo , Clima TropicalRESUMO
In Argentina, there are three known species of genus Trichinella; however, Trichinella spiralis is most commonly associated with domestic pigs and it is recognized as the main cause of human trichinellosis by the consumption of products made with raw or insufficiently cooked pork meat. In some areas of Argentina, this disease is endemic and it is thus necessary to develop a more effective programme of prevention and control. Here, we developed a quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellosis following pork meat sausage consumption, which may be used to identify the stages with greater impact on the probability of acquiring the disease. The quantitative model was designed to describe the conditions in which the meat is produced, processed, transported, stored, sold and consumed in Argentina. The model predicted a risk of human trichinellosis of 4.88 × 10(-6) and an estimated annual number of trichinellosis cases of 109. The risk of human trichinellosis was sensitive to the number of Trichinella larvae that effectively survived the storage period (r = 0.89), the average probability of infection (PPinf ) (r = 0.44) and the storage time (Storage) (r = 0.08). This model allowed assessing the impact of different factors influencing the risk of acquiring trichinellosis. The model may thus help to select possible strategies to reduce the risk in the chain of by-products of pork production.