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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer has emerged as an alternative treatment for skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To increase the cutaneous penetration of the drug, some strategies are used, such as the association of nanocarriers and physical methods. Thus, herein we address the development of nanoparticles based on poly-Ɛ-caprolactone (PCL), optimized with the Box-Behnken factorial design, for topical application of MB associated with sonophoresis. The MB-nanoparticles were developed using the double emulsification-solvent evaporation technique and the optimized formulation resulted in an average size of 156.93 ± 8.27 nm, a polydispersion index of 0.11 ± 0.05, encapsulation efficiency of 94.22 ± 2.19% and zeta potential of -10.08 ± 1.12 mV. Morphological evaluation by scanning electron microscopy showed spherical nanoparticles. In vitro release studies show an initial burst compatible with the first-order mathematical model. The nanoparticle showed satisfactory generation of reactive oxygen species. The MTT assay was used to assess cytotoxicity and IC50; values of 79.84; 40.46; 22.37; 9.90 µM were obtained, respectively, for the MB-solution and the MB-nanoparticle without and with light irradiation after 2 h of incubation. Analysis using confocal microscopy showed high cellular uptake for the MB-nanoparticle. With regard to skin penetration, a higher concentration of MB was observed in the epidermis + dermis, corresponding to 9.81, 5.27 µg/cm2 in passive penetration and 24.31 and 23.81 µg/cm2 after sonophoresis, for solution-MB and nanoparticle-MB, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MB encapsulation in PCL nanoparticles for application in skin cancer using PDT.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of phonophoresis with copaiba oil gel, in comparison to therapeutic pulsed ultrasound alone or topical application of copaiba oil gel, on oxidative stress after a traumatic muscle injury. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, muscle injury, therapeutic pulsed ultrasound (TPU), copaiba oil gel (CO) and TPU plus CO. TPU and CO application occurred at 2, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after injury. The gastrocnemius muscle was injured by mechanical trauma. Malondialdehyde (a lipoperoxidation marker) and superoxide dismutase and catalase (antioxidant enzymes) were assessed 98 h after muscle injury. All were elevated in the muscle injury group. There was a significant difference among treatment groups favoring TPU plus CO for reducing malondialdehyde levels, but all treatments reduced superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, with no between-groups difference. In conclusion, phonophoresis-the application of TPU plus CO-was superior to TPU or CO alone for reducing lipoperoxidation. Phonophoresis, TPU alone and CO were all effective in decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity after a traumatic skeletal muscle injury.

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O cimento ósseo de polimetilmetacrilato é considerado um material padrão como carreador de antibiótico em cirurgias ortopédicas. A energia ultrassônica é um método capaz de gerar efeitos biológicos por mecanismos térmicos e não térmicos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dispersão de azul de metileno em pérolas de polimetilmetacrilato combinada com a exposição em campo acústico gerado por ultrassom não térmico. Foram utilizados 49 corpos-de-prova, cada um composto por uma pérola de polimetilmetacrilato (0,6 mm de diâmetro) dopada com azul de metileno e depositada em amostra de gelatina. Quarenta espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de 10 amostras com base nas intensidades de ultrassom (Grupo 1: 1,0 W/cm2; Grupo 2: 1,5 W/cm2) e profundidade (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) dos grânulos de polimetilmetacrilato na amostra de gelatina. Os outros nove espécimes constituíram o grupo controle. O grupo controle diferiu estatisticamente dos outros grupos. Todos os grupos irradiados com ultrassom apresentaram diferenças significativas, exceto os Grupos 2A e 2B. A dispersão de azul de metileno na gelatina entre os grupos foi: 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; 2B> 1B. Ultrassom de baixa intensidade permitiu maior dispersão de azul de metileno com polimetilmetacrilato posicionado mais superficialmente, e não ocorreu influência da profundidade da pérola com ultrassom de alta intensidade.

Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is a standard material used as antibiotic carrier in the orthopedic surgery. The ultrasonic energy method is capable of triggering biological effects based on both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of the current study is to analyze methylene blue dispersion in polymethylmethacrylate beads, in association with the acoustic field generated by non-thermal ultrasound. Forty-nine specimens were used, and each specimen comprised one polymethylmethacrylate bead (0.6-mm diameter) doped with methylene blue and deposited in gelatin sample. Forty test specimens were divided into four groups comprising 10 samples, each, based on different ultrasound intensities (Group 1: 1.0 W/cm2; Group 2: 1.5 W/cm2) and polymethylmethacrylate bead depths (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) in gelatin sample. The control group comprised other nine specimens and statistically differed from the other groups. All groups irradiated with ultrasound have shown statistically significant differences in methylene blue dispersion, except for Groups 2A and 2B. Methylene blue dispersion in gelatin among groups was 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; and 2B> 1B. Low-intensity ultrasound enabled the highest methylene blue dispersion when polymethylmethacrylate bead was positioned superficial; bead depth associated with high-intensity ultrasound did not influence methylene blue dispersion.

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Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is a standard material used as antibiotic carrier in the orthopedic surgery. The ultrasonic energy method is capable of triggering biological effects based on both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of the current study is to analyze methylene blue dispersion in polymethylmethacrylate beads, in association with the acoustic field generated by non-thermal ultrasound. Forty-nine specimens were used, and each specimen comprised one polymethylmethacrylate bead (0.6-mm diameter) doped with methylene blue and deposited in gelatin sample. Forty test specimens were divided into four groups comprising 10 samples, each, based on different ultrasound intensities (Group 1: 1.0 W/cm2; Group 2: 1.5 W/cm2) and polymethylmethacrylate bead depths (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) in gelatin sample. The control group comprised other nine specimens and statistically differed from the other groups. All groups irradiated with ultrasound have shown statistically significant differences in methylene blue dispersion, except for Groups 2A and 2B. Methylene blue dispersion in gelatin among groups was 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; and 2B> 1B. Low-intensity ultrasound enabled the highest methylene blue dispersion when polymethylmethacrylate bead was positioned superficial; bead depth associated with high-intensity ultrasound did not influence methylene blue dispersion.

O cimento ósseo de polimetilmetacrilato é considerado um material padrão como carreador de antibiótico em cirurgias ortopédicas. A energia ultrassônica é um método capaz de gerar efeitos biológicos por mecanismos térmicos e não térmicos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dispersão de azul de metileno em pérolas de polimetilmetacrilato combinada com a exposição em campo acústico gerado por ultrassom não térmico. Foram utilizados 49 corpos-de-prova, cada um composto por uma pérola de polimetilmetacrilato (0,6 mm de diâmetro) dopada com azul de metileno e depositada em amostra de gelatina. Quarenta espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de 10 amostras com base nas intensidades de ultrassom (Grupo 1: 1,0 W/cm2; Grupo 2: 1,5 W/cm2) e profundidade (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) dos grânulos de polimetilmetacrilato na amostra de gelatina. Os outros nove espécimes constituíram o grupo controle. O grupo controle diferiu estatisticamente dos outros grupos. Todos os grupos irradiados com ultrassom apresentaram diferenças significativas, exceto os Grupos 2A e 2B. A dispersão de azul de metileno na gelatina entre os grupos foi: 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; 2B> 1B. Ultrassom de baixa intensidade permitiu maior dispersão de azul de metileno com polimetilmetacrilato posicionado mais superficialmente, e não ocorreu influência da profundidade da pérola com ultrassom de alta intensidade.

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Aim: This study was performed to assess the effect of the phonophoretic application of a nanoemulsion incorporating glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (NANO-CG) associated with kinesiotherapy on the reduction of pain and stiffness in knee chondropathy. Materials & methods: NANO-CG was tested in vitro and in vivo prior to being applied in a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Results: Cell viability and hen's egg test-chorionallantonic membrane tests indicated the NANO-CG is safe for topical application. Permeation tests showed NANO-CG enhances drug permeation through the skin. There was no statistical significance between treated groups in this preliminary study, however, pain reduction and complete recovery of articular cartilage were observed in some patients treated with NANO-CG. Conclusion: We demonstrate that NANO-CG may be a promising candidate for the therapy of knee chondropathy.

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The use of nanotechnology for administering drugs is a recent development that presents promising results. Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound (TPU) is one such therapeutic option and is widely used for treating soft tissue lesions. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of phonophoresis using diclofenac (DC) linked to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the skeletal muscle of rats used as a model of traumatic muscular injury. Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (N = 10): Sham, Muscle injury (MI), MI + TPU, MI + DC, MI + GNPs, MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs, and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs. The traumatic injury was performed in the gastrocnemius with a single direct traumatic impact via an injuring press. The animals received daily treatment for 5 consecutive days with TPU and gel with DC and/or GNPs. Two hours after the last treatment session, animals were euthanized and the gastrocnemius muscle surgically removed for histological and biochemical analysis. The groups exposed to some therapies (MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs) showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine levels was observed in the group exposed to all therapies combined (MI + TPU + DC-GNPs). Reactive species production and protein damage resulting from oxidative damage was lower for the group exposed to all tested therapies had lower production. Lower protein damage was also observed in the TPU + GNPs group. The group that underwent all tested therapies combined showed a significant increase in antioxidants compared to the MI group. During histological analysis, the MI group showed large amounts of cell infiltration and centralized nuclei, whereas the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group showed structural improvements. Pain levels in the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group were lower than those of the MI group. We believe that the association of TPU with DC linked to GNPs decreases the inflammation caused by traumatic muscle injury and accelerates tissue repair.

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A copaíba (Copaifera reticulata Ducke), planta medicinal bastante usada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, tem difícil permeação cutânea na forma in natura, e esta permeabilidade é aumentada através do uso de nanoformulações e ainda a fonoforese, ultrassom de baixa frequência que aumenta a permeabilidade cutânea de substâncias. Sendo assim, foi analisado e comparado o efeito do óleo-resina de copaíba, in natura e de sua nanoemulsão em gel (nanogel) associado à fonoforese, na reparação muscular em ratos Wistar. Pelo método inversão de fases, formulou-se a nanoemulsão de copaíba. Esta foi incorporada ao hidrogel Carbopol® (20% nanoemulsão, 80% Carbopol®). Os animais (n = 24, machos) foram divididos em seis grupos e posteriormente foram submetidos à lesão traumática do músculo gastrocnêmio. A reparação muscular foi analisada por meio de dosagem plasmática de Aspartato Aminotransferase (AST) e Creatina Quinase (CK). Os resultados apontaram que os tratamentos de aplicação tópica do óleo-resina, de sua associação à fonoforese e desta ao nanogel foram eficazes no experimento quanto à reparação da musculatura esquelética.

Copaifera reticulata Ducke is a medicinal plants greatly employed in northern and northeastern Brazil. However, skin penetration is difficult when it is applied in natura. However, permeability increases through nanoformulations and phonophoresis and low frequency ultrasound that increases skin permeability of compounds. The effect of oil-resin of copaiba, in natura and in gel (nano-emulsion), associated to phonophoresis, was analyzed and compared for muscle repair in Wistar rats. Copaiba nano-emulsion was formulated by phase inversion. It was incorporated to hydrogel Carbopol® (20% nano-emulsion, 80% Carbopol®). Male animals (n=24) were divided into six groups and later underwent traumatic lesion of the gastrocnemius muscle. Muscle repair was analyzed by plasmatic dosage of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and kinase creatine (CK). Results show that topic treatments with oil-resin, associated with phonophoresis and nanogel were efficient in the assay for the repair of skeleton muscles.

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-power therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of abdominal localized adiposity in an isolated manner, with the use of neutral gel comparing ultrasonic application with 5% lipolytic active caffeine gel (phonophoresis). A total of 90 healthy women aged between 18 and 40 years were randomized and divided into two groups. The volunteers underwent anamnesis evaluation, perimetry, bioimpedance, ultrasound examination, and blood tests (complete lipidogram, creatinine, and vitamin D) before and after the end of the 10-session ultrasound protocol (3 MHz, 2 W/cm2, and 30w). Comparisons between groups and pre-post evaluation were performed by a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Values of p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in both groups, for the perimetry (p < 0.001) and measurements of adipose tissue thickness (p < 0.001). The examinations exhibited a significant alteration only of the complete lipidogram, but without significance (p > 0.05). When comparing the groups, no statistically significant difference was identified in any of the analyzed parameters. The high-power ultrasonic therapy is efficient in reducing localized adiposity, regardless of whether it is applied with neutral gel or 5% caffeine gel.

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The repair process consists of molecular and cellular events that can be accelerated by specific therapies. Considering this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ibuprofen phonophoresis associated with gold nanoparticles in the animal model of traumatic muscle injury. Was used 80 male wistar rats divided into eight groups: Sham; Muscle injury (MI); MI + therapeutic pulsed ultrasound (TPU); MI + Ibuprofen (IBU); MI + GNPs; MI + TPU+ IBU; MI + TPU + GNPs and MI + TPU + IBU + GNPs. The lesion in the gastrocnemius was performed by a single direct trauma impact on the injured press. The animals were treated with pulsed ultrasound and the gel with gold nanoparticles and/or ibuprofen. The treatment was applied daily for 5 days and the first session was 12 h after the muscle injury. The gastrocnemius muscle was surgically removed for analyzes biochemical, molecular and histological. In the analyzes only the MI + TPU + IBU + GNPs group showed a reduction in TNF-a and IL-1 levels, with a concomitant increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the analysis of oxidative stress, only the MI + TPU + IBU + GNPs group presented a reversal of the condition when compared to the MI group. In the histological analysis, the MI group presented a large cell infiltrate and a centralized nucleus and only the MI + TPU + IBU + GNPs group showed a structural improvement, also in the pain results the MI + TPU + IBU + GNPs showed a significant difference in comparison to the MI group (p<0.01). We believe that the effects of phonophoresis with anti-inflammatory drugs associated with gold nanoparticles may potentiate the reduction of the inflammatory response and regulate the cellular redox state.

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Objetivou-se comparar a evolução da cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas com cinco protocolos de tratamento através de análise planimétrica. Grupos de 12 ratos Wistar, foram alocados em cinco estudos experimentais: A- controle negativo; B- ferida cirúrgica, tratada com ultrassom terapêutico (UST) desligado ; C- ferida tratada somente com citrato de sildenafila ; D- ferida tratada com citrato de sildenafila e UST e grupo E-ferida tratada somente com UST. A evolução cicatricial foi acompanhada diariamente e avaliada por imagem fotográfica computadorizada aos sete, 14 e 21 dias. A aplicação do UST pulsado, com doses 1MHZ e 0,4Wcm2 reduziu o tempo de cicatrização epitelial em condições experimentais, favorecendo precocemente a reparação tecidual com efeitos qualitativos superiores ao tratamento com citrato de sildenafila (CS). A mensuração computacional para evolução da cicatrização de ferida dérmica mostrou-se um recurso de fácil aplicação sendo de baixo custo e eficiente para a aplicabilidade na rotina médica veterinária.

This study aimed at comparing the evolution of healing of surgical wounds with five treatment protocols through planimetric measurement. Groups of 12 Wistar rats were allocated in five experimental studies: A ­ negative control; B ­ surgical wound treated with therapeutic ultrasound turned off; C ­ surgical wound treated with sildenafil citrate; D ­ wound treated with sildenafil citrate and therapeutic ultrasound; and group E ­ wound treated only with therapeutic ultrasound. The healing progress was monitored daily and assessed by computed photographic image at seven, 14 and 21 days. It was concluded that the application of pulsated therapeutic ultrasound on surgical wounds at 1 MHz and 0.4Wcm2 doses reduces the epithelial healing time in experimental conditions, favoring the early repair of tissue with qualitative effects superior than the ones found in the treatment with sildenafil citrate (SC). The computational measurement for the evolution of the dermal wound healing proved to be an easy-to-apply resource, with a low cost and great efficiency for the applicability in the veterinary medical routine.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of ultrasound (US)-mediated phonophoresis alone or in association with diclofenac diethylammonium (DCF) administered topically in animal models of inflammation. A pre-clinical, prospective, and randomized experimental study of quantitative and qualitative nature was carried out. Phonophoresis was performed using a therapeutic ultrasound apparatus in two distinct models of acute inflammation. Edema was induced by an intraplantar injection of carrageenan and measured by plethysmography. The Hargreaves test was used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity and investigate the action of phonophoresis on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. A histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin was used to evaluate tissue repair, and the expression of COX-2 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. At the peak of inflammatory activity (3 h), treatment with US, US+DCF, and DCF significantly reduced edema formation compared to the control group. Treatment with US+DCF was more effective than treatment with US alone at both analyzed times. In the analysis of the antinociceptive activity, the treatments significantly increased the latency time in response to the thermal stimulus. Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction of the inflammatory infiltrates and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the association was effective in reducing COX-2 expression compared to the control group. The association of DCF with US produced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rat models of inflammation, which may be associated with inhibition of COX-2 and TNF-α production.

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Introdução: Dentre os recursos da Fisioterapia Dermatofuncional para o tratamento do fibroedema gelóide (FEG) pode-se utilizar a endermologia e o ultrassom. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância do uso da fonoforese como recurso fisioterápico dermatofuncional para tratamento do FEG. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa e intervencionista em 16 mulheres, sendo do lado esquerdo utilizado fonoforese (com princí­pios ativos) e endermologia e do lado direito ultrassom com gel comum e endermologia por dez atendimentos no perí­odo de julho a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: Quanto ao perí­odo de surgimento do FEG 25% das pacientes relataram que surgiu devido ao ganho de peso; quanto í utilização de métodos contraceptivos 81,25% faziam uso; quanto aos hábitos alimentí­cios 56,25% possuí­am uma alimentação gordurosa diária; quanto í prática de atividade 81,25% eram sedentárias e com relação í forma clí­nica do FEG 50% apresentavam a forma flácida. Para o aspecto da pele observou-se a positividade dos resultados maior do lado esquerdo do que do direito. Conclusão: Foi demonstrada uma melhora da aparência geral da pele com redução das irregularidades bem como uma melhora do contorno da região glútea de todas as pacientes que concluí­ram o tratamento com maiores respostas do lado esquerdo no qual foi realizado a fonoforese. (AU)

Introduction: Among the resources of dermatofunctional physiotherapy for the treatment of cellulite, is possible to use endermology and ultrasound. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of phonophoresis as a dermatological and physical therapy resource for the treatment of cellulite. Methods: A quantitative and interventional study was carried out in 16 women. The left side used phonophoresis (with active principles) and endermology, and the ultrasound on the right side with common gel and endermology for ten consultations from July to December 2017. Results: Regarding the period of onset of cellulite 25% of the patients reported that it appeared due to weight gain; 81.25% used contraceptive methods; 56.25% had a daily fat diet; 81.25% were sedentary and in relation to the clinical form of the cellulite 50% presented the flaccid form. We observed better results on the left side than on the right. Conclusion: The general appearance of the skin improved with reduction of irregularities as well as the contour of the gluteal region of all the patients that concluded the treatment with better results of the left side in which the phonophoresis was applied. (AU)

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Introdução: O fibro edema gelóide (FEG) ocasiona deformações locais no tecido subcutâneo. Correntes excito motoras, como a corrente russa (CR), e métodos que associam efeitos mecânicos e térmicos no tecido, como o ultrassom (US), são usados para tratar a FEG. O US pode ainda ser aplicado com a fonoforese (FN) para aumentar a absorção percutânea de princípios ativos. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da CR associada ao US ou à FN no tratamento da FEG em glúteos e coxas de mulheres jovens. Métodos: Participaram mulheres com FEG que realizaram 10 sessões de CR com US ou com FN. As voluntárias foram avaliadas antes e após os tratamentos. Resultados: Obteve-se diminuição da espessura das dobras cutâneas, redução do grau de FEG, redução da distorção da imagem corporal e índice de satisfação elevado das voluntárias com os resultados de ambos tratamentos, porém a FN associada à CR apresentou efeito mais evidente. Conclusão: Os tratamentos utilizados fornecem resultados rápidos e satisfatórios na redução do FEG.

Introduction: Geloid fibroedema (GF) or Cellulitis causes local deformations in the subcutaneous tissue. Electric Stimulation Therapy, such as the Russian Current (RC), and methods associating mechanical and thermal effects on tissue, such as Ultrasound (US), are used to treat GF. US can still be applied with Phonophoresis (Ph) to increase percutaneous absorption of active principles. Objective: To verify the effect of RC associated with US or Ph in the treatment of GF in glutes and thighs of young women. Methods: GF women who performed 10 sessions of RC with US or with Ph participated. The volunteers were evaluated before and after the treatments. Results: There was a reduction in the thickness of the skin folds, reduction of the GF degree, reduction of the body image distortion and high index of satisfaction of the volunteers with the results of both treatments, but the Ph associated to the CR showed a more evident effect. Conclusion: The treatments used provide fast and satisfactory results in the reduction of GF.

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Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de transmissibilidade ultrassônica de um gel fitoterápico de copaíba da espécie Copaifera duckei Dwyer na concentração de 10%. A pesquisa foi registrada junto ao Sistema Brasileiro de Biodiversidade. O gel fitoterápico de Copaifera duckei 10% foi manipulado de acordo diretrizes da Farmacopéia Brasileira e testado em um aparelho de Ultrassom (US) operado na faixa de 1 MHz. Como grupos controle foram selecionados a água destilada e o gel hidroalcoólico. A análise ocorreu de forma qualitativa e quantitativa através do modelo proposto na literatura. O US foi programado para modos de corrente pulsado/contínuo e testados nas intensidades (0,2/0,4/0,6/0,8/1,0W/cm2), em 1mim/cm2. Os dados receberam tratamento estatístico pelo software BioEstat 5.3 e foi admitido um nível de significância de ≥0,05. No modo contínuo e na intensidade de 0.2W/cm2 o gel foi considerado "Bom transmissor", na intensidade de 0.4 W/cm2 e 0.6W/cm2 um "Transmissor moderado" e nas intensidades de 0.8W/cm2 e 1.0W/cm2 um "Transmissor pobre". Concluiu-se que o gel de C. duckei 10% não atenuou as ondas de US em nenhum modo ou intensidade testado. E pode assim ser adicionado a esse para tratamentos sendo considerado transmissor bom ou moderado de acordo com a intensidade do US.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of transmissibility of an herbal gel of Copaifera duckei Dwyer at a concentration of 10%. The research was registered with the Brazilian Biodiversity System. The gel of Copaifera duckei 10% was guidelined by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and tested on an Ultrasound device (US) operated in the range of 1 MHz. The control groups were selected distilled water and hydro alcoholic gel. The analysis was qualitatively and quantitatively using the model proposed in the literature. The US was scheduled to current modes pulsed/continuous and tested in the intensities (0.2/0.4/0.6/0.8/1.0W/cm2) in 1mim/cm2. The data received statistical treatment by BioEstat software 5.3 and was admitted to a significance level of ≥0.05. In continuous mode and intensity of 0.2W/cm2 gel was considered "good transmitter" at the intensity of 0.4W/cm2 and 0.6W/cm2 a "moderate Transmitter" and the intensity of 0.8W/cm2 and 1.0W/cm2 a "poor transmitter". It was concluded that the 10% gel C. duckei US did not attenuate US waves in any form or intensity tested; it can thus be used for this treatment being considered a good or moderate transmitter according to the intensity of US.(AU)

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Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de transmissibilidade ultrassônica de um gel fitoterápico de copaíba da espécie Copaifera duckei Dwyer na concentração de 10%. A pesquisa foi registrada junto ao Sistema Brasileiro de Biodiversidade. O gel fitoterápico de Copaifera duckei 10% foi manipulado de acordo diretrizes da Farmacopéia Brasileira e testado em um aparelho de Ultrassom (US) operado na faixa de 1 MHz. Como grupos controle foram selecionados a água destilada e o gel hidroalcoólico. A análise ocorreu de forma qualitativa e quantitativa através do modelo proposto na literatura. O US foi programado para modos de corrente pulsado/contínuo e testados nas intensidades (0,2/0,4/0,6/0,8/1,0W/cm2), em 1mim/cm2. Os dados receberam tratamento estatístico pelo software BioEstat 5.3 e foi admitido um nível de significância de ≥0,05. No modo contínuo e na intensidade de 0.2W/cm2 o gel foi considerado “Bom transmissor”, na intensidade de 0.4 W/cm2 e 0.6W/cm2 um “Transmissor moderado” e nas intensidades de 0.8W/cm2 e 1.0W/cm2 um “Transmissor pobre”. Concluiu-se que o gel de C. duckei 10% não atenuou as ondas de US em nenhum modo ou intensidade testado. E pode assim ser adicionado a esse para tratamentos sendo considerado transmissor bom ou moderado de acordo com a intensidade do US.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of transmissibility of an herbal gel of Copaifera duckei Dwyer at a concentration of 10%. The research was registered with the Brazilian Biodiversity System. The gel of Copaifera duckei 10% was guidelined by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and tested on an Ultrasound device (US) operated in the range of 1 MHz. The control groups were selected distilled water and hydro alcoholic gel. The analysis was qualitatively and quantitatively using the model proposed in the literature. The US was scheduled to current modes pulsed/continuous and tested in the intensities (0.2/0.4/0.6/0.8/1.0W/cm2) in 1mim/cm2. The data received statistical treatment by BioEstat software 5.3 and was admitted to a significance level of ≥0.05. In continuous mode and intensity of 0.2W/cm2 gel was considered “good transmitter” at the intensity of 0.4W/cm2 and 0.6W/cm2 a “moderate Transmitter” and the intensity of 0.8W/cm2 and 1.0W/cm2 a “poor transmitter”. It was concluded that the 10% gel C. duckei US did not attenuate US waves in any form or intensity tested; it can thus be used for this treatment being considered a good or moderate transmitter according to the intensity of US.(AU)

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RESUMO Introdução: Diversos recursos terapêuticos, como laser e ultrassom isolado, combinados com fármacos e fonoforese têm sido utilizados em casos de inflamação e reparo de tendão, sendo o ultrassom pulsado bastante eficaz em tendinites crônicas. Objetivo: Analisar a eficácia do uso da fonoforese com o extrato etanólico das cascas do caule da Ximenia americana L. na resolução do processo inflamatório crônico em Rattus norvegicus. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em 120 animais para análise da resposta inflamatória, utilizando-se como variáveis edema, força biomecânica, número de fibroblastos e análise histológica. Resultados: Nos 7° e no 14° dia, verificou-se diferença significativa entre o grupo ultrassom com gel do caule de Ximenia americana L. e o grupo ultrassom com placebo (p < 0,05) quanto à redução de edema, aumento da força máxima de ruptura, redução extremamente significativa da deformação máxima (p < 0,001), além de aumento dos fibroblastos. Na análise histológica, houve melhora do processo inflamatório inicial e aceleração do reparo tendíneo, com redução de células inflamatórias e com deposição de colágeno organizado com matriz extracelular densa. Conclusão: O ultrassom pulsado combinado com o gel do caule de Ximenia americana L. é uma forma terapêutica eficaz para a resolução do processo inflamatório crônico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several therapeutic resources such as laser and isolated ultrasound combined with drugs and phonophoresis have been used in cases of inflammation and tendon repair, and the pulsed ultrasound is quite effective in chronic tendinitis. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of phonophoresis with the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Ximenia americana L. to manage the chronic inflammatory process in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: The sample consisted of 120 animals for analysis of the inflammatory response using edema, biomechanical strength, number of fibroblasts and histological analysis as variables. Results: On the 7th and 14th day, there was a significant difference between the group ultrasound with Ximenia americana L. gel and the ultrasound with placebo group (p<0.05) for edema reduction, increased maximum rupture strength, highly significant reduction of the maximum deformation (p<0.001), in addition to an increase in fibroblasts. In the histological analysis, there was improvement in the inflammatory process and acceleration of tendon repair with reduction of inflammatory cells and deposition of organized collagen with dense extracellular matrix. Conclusion: The pulsed ultrasound combined with gel of Ximenia americana L. is an effective therapy to manage the chronic inflammatory process.

RESUMEN Introducción: Varios recursos terapéuticos, tales como láser y ultrasonido aislado, en combinación con fármacos y la fonoforesis se han utilizado en casos de inflamación y reparación del tendón, y el ultrasonido pulsado ha sido muy eficaz en la tendinitis crónica. Objetivo: Analizar la eficacia de la fonoforesis con el extracto de etanol de la corteza del tallo de Ximenia americana L. en la resolución del proceso inflamatorio crónico en Rattus norvegicus. Métodos: La muestra fue de 120 animales para analizar la respuesta inflamatoria, utilizando como variables el edema, la resistencia biomecánica, el número de fibroblastos y el análisis histológico. Resultados: En el 7° y en el 14° día, se observó una diferencia significativa entre el grupo de ultrasonido con gel de Ximenia americana L. y el grupo ultrasonido con placebo (p < 0,05) en la reducción del edema, el aumento de la resistencia máxima a la rotura, la reducción altamente significativa de la deformación máxima (p < 0,001), además del aumento de los fibroblastos. En el análisis histológico hubo una mejoría en el proceso inflamatorio y la aceleración de la reparación del tendón, con reducción de células inflamatorias y deposición de colágeno organizado con matriz extracelular densa. Conclusión: La eficacia del ultrasonido pulsado combinado con gel de Ximenia americana L. es una forma eficaz para la resolución del proceso inflamatorio crónico.

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BACKGROUND: The topical use of caffeine has been indicated for the lipodystrophies treatment as it promotes increased lipolysis. Ultrasound (US) is often used in cutaneous diseases, esthetic conditions, and as a skin permeation enhancer. OBJECTIVE: We investigate the lipolytic response of adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous adipose pigs tissue subjected to treatment with topical application of phonophoresis associated with caffeine. METHOD: We treated dorsal regions of pigs (Landrace × Large White, 35 days, 15 kg, n = 6) daily for 15 days with gel, gel + US [3 MHz, continuous, 0.2 Wcm(2), 1 min/cm(2), in total 2 min], gel + caffeine (5%w/w), and gel + caffeine + US. We used a fifth untreated region as control. Twenty-four hours after the last application, we isolated the adipocytes of each treated area and quantified the basal and stimulated lipolytic responses to isoprenaline. The results, in µmol glycerol/10(6)cells/60 min, were analyzed with analysis of variance or ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test. The value of p < 0.05 was indicative of statistical difference. RESULTS: Only the adipocytes isolated from the area treated with caffeine + US showed increased basal lipolysis (0.76 ± 0.26; p = 0.0276) and maximal isoprenaline stimulation (0.38 ± 0.15, p = 0.0029) compared with the other areas. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that increased lipolysis of caffeine + US is due to an increase in basal and beta-adrenoceptor response by caffeine, and caffeine's effect is local, avoiding unwanted effects.

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BACKGROUND: Various species of the genus Pouteria (Elaeoluma) are used by the native population of Brazil because of, among other factors, their anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory properties of the extract of the Amazonian plant Elaeoluma nuda were recently identified in prospective pharmacological studies. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of phonophoresis with aqueous gel extract of E. nuda in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. METHODOLOGY: Arthritis was induced in Lewis rats with an adjuvant. Phonophoresis with E. nuda gel was then administered daily and the results compared with those obtained with phonophoresis of diclofenac diethylammonium gel and ultrasound therapy without phonophoresis. Arthritis in the different groups was evaluated by plethysmometry. Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1α were quantified by cytometric bead array (CBA). RESULTS: The effect of phonophoresis of aqueous gel with E. nuda extract on arthritis in rats' paws (a 33% reduction compared with the controls) was the same as that produced by phonophoresis with diclofenac diethylammonium. Ultrasound therapy without phonophoresis produced no significant effect on the 21st day of therapy. There was a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1α levels in the group treated with phonophoresis with E. nuda gel (p=0.0042; p=0.0003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of phonophoresis with E. nuda gel on cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α and adjuvant-induced arthritis.

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This study evaluated the use of ultrasound in combination with the commercial anti-inflammatory drugs ketoprofen and sodium diclofenac, according to the parameters used in physiotherapy. Ketoprofen and sodium diclofenac were used in the Franz diffusion cell model adapted to an ultrasound transducer in three conditions: no ultrasound, one application of ultrasound and two applications of ultrasound. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the total amount of drug permeating skin per unit area, as well as flux and latency. The results showed that for ketoprofen, the amount of drug permeating skin and flux increased with two ultrasound applications. Permeation of sodium diclofenac decreased in the presence of ultrasound. Ultrasound parameters and drug properties must be considered in the use of phonophoresis.

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