RESUMO
This study evaluated the use of acerola (Malpighia glabra L., CACE), cashew (Anacardium occidentale L., CCAS), and guava (Psidium guayaba L., CGUA) fruit processing coproducts as substrates to promote the growth, metabolite production, and maintenance of the viability/metabolic activity of the probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-05 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L-10 during cultivation, freeze-drying, storage, and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Probiotic lactobacilli presented high viable counts (≥8.8 log colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) and a short lag phase during 24 h of cultivation in CACE, CCAS, and CGUA. Cultivation of probiotic lactobacilli in fruit coproducts promoted sugar consumption, medium acidification, and production of organic acids over time, besides increasing the of several phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Probiotic lactobacilli cultivated in fruit coproducts had increased survival percentages after freeze-drying and during 120 days of refrigerated storage. Moreover, probiotic lactobacilli cultivated and freeze-dried in fruit coproducts had larger subpopulations of live and metabolically active cells when exposed to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that fruit coproducts not only improved the growth and helped to maintain the viability and metabolic activity of probiotic strains but also enriched the final fermented products with bioactive compounds, being an innovative circular strategy for producing high-quality probiotic cultures.
Assuntos
Frutas , Probióticos , Probióticos/metabolismo , Frutas/microbiologia , Lactobacillus acidophilus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactobacillus acidophilus/metabolismo , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiologia , Anacardium/microbiologia , Anacardium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Psidium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Psidium/microbiologia , Malpighiaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Malpighiaceae/microbiologia , Liofilização , Viabilidade Microbiana , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/metabolismo , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/fisiologia , Fermentação , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
Cereal grains play an important role in human health as a source of macro- and micronutrients, besides phytochemicals. The metabolite diversity was investigated in cereal crops and their milling fractions by untargeted metabolomics ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) of 69 samples: 7 species (barley, oat, pearl millet, rye, sorghum, triticale, and wheat), 23 genotypes, and 4 milling fractions (husk, bran, flour, and wholegrain). Samples were also analyzed by in vitro antioxidant activity. UHPLC-MS/MS signals were processed using XCMS, and metabolite annotation was based on SIRIUS and GNPS libraries. Bran and husk showed the highest antioxidant capacity and phenolic content/diversity. The major metabolite classes were phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acyls, and organic acids. Sorghum, millet, barley, and oats showed distinct metabolite profiles, especially related to the bran fraction. Molecular networking and chemometrics provided a comprehensive insight into the metabolic profiling of cereal crops, unveiling the potential of coproducts and super cereals such as sorghum and millet as sources of polyphenols.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Grão Comestível , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Grão Comestível/química , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Sorghum/química , Sorghum/metabolismo , Avena/química , Avena/metabolismo , Avena/genética , Triticum/química , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/genética , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Milhetes/química , Milhetes/metabolismo , Milhetes/genética , Hordeum/química , Hordeum/metabolismo , Hordeum/genética , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismo , Metabolômica , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Produtos Agrícolas/genéticaRESUMO
The objective was to characterize the pastures by grazing cycle, as well as to evaluate the performance of buffaloes in intensive rotational grazing in a silvopastoral system in the eastern Amazon supplemented with agro-industry co-products in order to characterize the grazing cycles, the composition of the fractions, and the carcass yield. Fifteen non-castrated, crossbred water buffaloes (Murrah × Mediterranean) were used. All animals used in the study were clinically healthy and weighed approximately 458 kg. The animals were grazed in a single group, and supplementation (1% of live weight-LW/day) was divided into three treatments: control (control-conventional ingredients); Cocos nucifera coconut cake (Cocos nucifera) (coconut cake-70%); and palm kernel cake (Guinean elaeis) (palm kernel cake-70% palm kernel cake). The chemical composition of the forage is different in each part of the plant, with higher protein values in the leaves (11.40%) and higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) values in the stems (50.03%). Among the ingredients of the supplement, corn has the highest percentage of indigestible protein (35.57%), most of the protein in palm kernel cake is B3 (49.11%), and in Coco, B2 (51.52%). Mombasa grass has a higher percentage of B3 and B2 proteins; the indigestible fraction is lower in the leaves (17.16%). The leaf/stem ratio also varied between grazing cycles, being better in the second cycle (2.11%) and with an overall average of 1.71. Supplement consumption varied between cycles and was higher in the control treatment, with an overall mean of 4.74. There was no difference in daily weight gain and carcass yield, with an average of 1 kg/day and 49.23%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that including supplements based on by-products from the coconut and palm oil agro-industries promotes performance and carcass yields compatible with conventional supplements. Their use reduces production costs, optimizes the utilization of forage mass, enhances the sustainability of the production chain, and, therefore, is recommended.
RESUMO
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in Argentina. Aspergillus section Flavi can infect this crop at the pre-harvest stage, and the harvested grains can be contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). During the production of bioethanol from maize, AF levels can increase up to three times in the final co-products, known as, dry and wet distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS and WDGS), intended for animal feed. Fungal enzymes like laccases can be a useful tool for reducing AF contamination in the co-products obtained from this process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of laccase enzymes included in enzymatic extracts (EE) produced by different species in the Basidiomycota phylum to reduce AF (AFB1 and AFB2) accumulation under the conditions of in vitro assays. Four laccase activities (5, 10, 15, and 20 U/mL) exerted by nine isolates were evaluated in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA), serving as a laccase redox mediator for the degradation of total AFs. The enzymatic stability in maize steep liquor (MSL) was confirmed after a 60 h incubation period. The most effective EE in terms of reducing AF content in the buffer was selected for an additional assay carried out under the same conditions using maize steep liquor obtained after the saccharification stage during the bioethanol production process. The highest degradation percentages were observed at 20 U/mL of laccase enzymatic activity and 1 mM of VA, corresponding to 26% for AFB1 and 26.6% for AFB2. The present study provides valuable data for the development of an efficient tool based on fungal laccases for preventing AF accumulation in the co-products of bioethanol produced from maize used for animal feed.
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas , Basidiomycota , Animais , Zea mays , Descontaminação , Lacase , Ácido VanílicoRESUMO
Eating practices are changing due to awareness about meat consumption associated with social, ethical, environmental, and nutritional issues. Plant-based meat analogs are alternatives to conventional meat products that attempt to mimic all the inherent characteristics of meat fully. Therefore, the search for raw materials that provide these characteristics is increasing. Chia seeds have excellent potential as a functional ingredient in these products since they are a source of proteins, lipids, and fibers. Allied with this, the full use of chia through the seed and its fractions highlights the numerous beneficial characteristics of the formulation regarding nutritional characteristics and techno-functionality. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the potential of chia seed and its fractions for applications in meat-like products. Chia seeds are protein sources. Chia oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and its application in emulsions ensures the oil's nutritional quality and maintains its technological characteristics. Defatted chia flour has a high protein content and can be used to extract chia mucilage. Due to its high emulsification capacity, chia mucilage is an effective ingredient for meat products and, consequently, meat-like products. Therefore, this literature review demonstrates the strategic potential of using chia seeds and their fractions to develop meat analogs.
Assuntos
Substitutos da Carne , Extratos Vegetais , Salvia hispanica , Sementes , Carne , FarinhaRESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) supplementation on voluntary feed intake, in situ rumen degradability and performance in the wettest (WS-January to June) and less rainy seasons (LR-July to December) in the eastern Amazon. A total of 52 crossbred buffaloes that were neither lactating nor gestating were used, with 24 for the LR, aged 34 ± 04 months and an initial average weight of 503 ± 48 kg, and 24 for the WS aged 40 ± 04 months with an average weight of 605 ± 56 kg. The four treatments (levels of PKC in relation to body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 0% (PKC0), 0.25% (PKC0.2), 0.5% (PKC0.5) and 1% (PKC1) with six repetitions. The animals were housed in Marandu grass paddocks, intermittently, with access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Degradability was evaluated by the in situ bag technique in four other crossbred buffaloes with rumen cannulae, in a 4 × 4 Latin square (four periods and four treatments). The inclusion of PKC increased supplement consumption and production of ether extracts and reduced the intake of forage and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The dry matter degradability of Marandu grass was not affected; however, the fermentation kinetics in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed between the treatments. The co-product dry matter colonization time was greater in PKC1 and the highest effective degradability rates were from PKC0, but the productive performance of the animals was not influenced. Supplementation of buffaloes with PKC is recommended for up to 1% of body weight.
RESUMO
We evaluated the performance, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of cows fed diets composed of cactus cladodes (Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw), sugarcane bagasse and increasing levels of full-fat corn germ (FFCG). We hypothesized that ground corn can be effectively replaced by FFCG when cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse are used as forage sources. The cows were randomly distributed into two 5 × 5 Latin Squares and fed five diets in which ground corn was progressively replaced with full-fat corn germ (FFCG; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of substitution). Adding FFCG to the diet increased milk production and milk fat content and reduced milk protein content. Overall, FFCG reduced the proportion of saturated FAs and increased mono- and polyunsaturated FAs in milk, including CLA isomers. In addition, activity indices of stearoyl-CoA desaturase were reduced by increasing levels of FFCG. We conclude that the substitution of corn for FFCG in diets based on cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse positively modifies the FA profile of milk and could add commercial value to milk products (e.g., CLA-enriched milk). In addition, the milk fat response indicates that the basal diet was favorable to the rumen environment, preventing the trans-10 shift commonly associated with milk fat depression.
RESUMO
Elephant grass is indicated for silage production but requires additives to increase dry matter content because it reduces the production of effluents, potentially improves the fermentation pattern, and preserves the nutrients of the silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including macaúba cake in elephant grass ensilage on dry matter content, lactic acid bacteria population, lactic acid production, pH values, losses by gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3x6 factorial scheme, with three levels of inclusion of macaúba cake (0, 10, and 20%) and six opening times (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 days after ensilage), with four repetitions. Macaúba cake was an effective moisture-absorbing additive, increasing dry matter content, lactic acid bacteria population, and lactic acid content and reducing the pH. The losses by effluents and gases decreased, and dry matter recovery increased with the addition of this biodiesel co-product. The 20% level of inclusion of macaúba cake in elephant grass ensilage allowed for better preserving the ensiled material.
Assuntos
Silagem , Pennisetum , Ração AnimalRESUMO
Conventional treatments for liver diseases are often burdened by side effects caused by chemicals. For minimizing this problem, the search for medicines based on natural products has increased. The objective of this review was to collect data on the potential hepatoprotective activity of plants of the Brazilian native flora. Special attention was given to the modes of extraction, activity indicators, and identification of the active compounds. The databases were Science direct, Pubmed, and Google Academic. Inclusion criteria were: (a) plants native to Brazil; (b) studies carried out during the last 15 years; (c) high-quality research. A fair number of communications met these criteria. Various parts of plants can be used, e.g., fruit peels, seeds, stem barks, and leaves. An outstanding characteristic of the active extracts is that they were mostly obtained from plant parts with low commercial potential, i.e., by-products or bio-residues. The hepatoprotective activities are exerted by constituents such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamin C, phytosterols, and fructose poly- and oligosaccharides. Several Brazilian plants present excellent perspectives for the obtainment of hepatoprotective formulations. Very important is the economical perspective for the rural producers which may eventually increase their revenue by selling increasingly valued raw materials which otherwise would be wasted.
RESUMO
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a coproduct that causes environmental impacts worldwide. Thus, consciously reusing the SCG is an eminent need. This work aimed to encapsulate phenolic compounds and antioxidants obtained from SCG extracts through spray- and freeze-drying techniques using different isolated and combined wall materials. The dried powders produced were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, bulk density, hygroscopicity, color, content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, and the results were compared. The results showed that all evaluated treatments resulted in a powdered product with low values of bulk density, moisture and water activity, especially for freeze-drying. The freeze-dried product also showed higher hygroscopicity. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, both drying methods showed high levels of these compounds in the dried product and good encapsulation efficiency, reaching 83.43%. In most cases, spray-drying and freeze-drying did not differ statistically (p > 0.05) in relation to bioactive compound content and encapsulation efficiency. In relation to wall materials, albumin showed the worst performance in the retention of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, pure gum arabic combined with maltodextrin led to better preservation of these compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spent coffee grounds are a coproduct generated in large quantities in the world. The encapsulation of phenolic and antioxidant compounds protects and enables their application in different food matrices. Therefore, the evaluation of different encapsulation methods and wall materials is important to define good process conditions.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Café , Albuminas , Antioxidantes/análise , Goma Arábica , Fenóis/análise , Pós , ÁguaRESUMO
Brazilian Amazon contains over 30,000 plant species and foods rich in bioactive compounds such as terpenes, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, of potential health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anticancer, gastroprotection, prebiotic effects, among others). The existence of residues from non-edible parts of plants (leaves, roots, stems, branches, barks) or fruit wastes (peel, bagasse, seeds) in the agri-food industry and its supply chain is an important challenge in food loss and waste management. In this critical review several Amazon species, focusing on extracts/essential oils from nonedible parts or wastes, were analyzed in terms of phytochemicals, biological activity, and underlying mechanisms. We hope this review emphasizes the importance of Amazon's sustainability initiatives on population health due to the potential shown against cancer, infectious diseases, and prevention of oral diseases. It is urgent to think about the conversion of amazon food wastes and co-products into high-added-value raw materials to develop novel drugs, food packaging systems, or nutraceutical foods.
RESUMO
Coffee silverskin is a coproduct that has a rich composition in bioactive compounds. However, most of these compounds are susceptible to the conditions used during food processing and storage. Encapsulation is a process of great interest to increase the stability of these bioactive compounds, and different methods can influence the final characteristics of the product. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the encapsulation methods by foam mat drying, spray drying and freeze-drying for producing powder from coffee silverskin extracts. Density, porosity, overrun, and stability foam were evaluated and the physicochemical properties of powders, such as water activity, moisture, wettability, hygroscopicity, solubility, color, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic were determined. The optimal condition required for the feed mixture for foam formation was 7.6% gum arabic, 2% maltodextrin, and 10.4% egg albumin. All methods presented powders with desirable values of water activity, moisture content, and hygroscopicity, being considered stable for storage, and high content of bioactive compounds. Higher temperatures for foam mat drying produced powders with higher encapsulation efficiency (>77%) and longer wettability than lower temperatures (50 and 60°C). Therefore, this study verified that foam mat drying can be considered an efficient and promising method for encapsulating bioactive compounds from coffee silverskin extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Foam mat drying can be considered an alternative method to conventional encapsulation by spray drying and freeze-drying. This method is simple, inexpensive, and generates high-quality products. Optimization of foam properties is necessary to ensure successful drying.
Assuntos
Café , Secagem por Atomização , Liofilização , Extratos Vegetais/química , Pós/química , ÁguaRESUMO
This study evaluated intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal parameters, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis in grazing beef cattle fed a mineral mix or combination of two coproducts (cottonseed meal and dried distiller's grains (DDG)) during the wet season. Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures were managed under continuous stocking to maintain a fixed grazing height of 25 cm using put-and-take methodology. Eight rumen cannulated Nellore steers were used to evaluate the different supplementation strategies. The experiment was composed of four treatments: (1) mineral mixed (MM; ad libitum); (2) energy-protein supplement using corn grain (energy) and cottonseed meal (protein; CS); (3) energy-protein supplement with 50% of the cottonseed meal replaced by DDG (50DDG); and (4) energy-protein supplement with 100% of the cottonseed meal replaced by DDG (100DDG). Except for MM, all supplements were supplied at a level of 0.3% of body weight (BW). A double Latin square was the experimental design performed, with eight cannulated animals, four treatments, across four experimental periods. There was a difference between dry matter and nutrient intake among treatments. The nitrogen balance was different between MM and the other treatments. There was a linear decrease in the rumen ammonia nitrogen levels under CS, 50DDG, and 100DDG. There were no treatment effects on the other parameters evaluated (P ≥ 0.10). Replacing the protein source in the supplement composition did not affect the metabolic parameters and the microbial protein synthesis. Supplementation at a rate of 0.3% BW, compared to MM supplementation, increased the nitrogen utilization efficiency in grazing cattle.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Rúmen , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Óleo de Sementes de Algodão/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Digestão , Fermentação , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytase enzyme and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the digestibility, performance and economic viability of growing pigs. Two experiments were conducted with a reference diet (RD) based on corn and soybean meal: RD with 200 g kg -1 DDGS (DDGS); RD + 1,000 units of phytase (PHY); and RD + 200 g kg-1 DDGS + 1,000 units of phytase (D+P). In experiment 1, eight castrated male pigs weighing 29.35 ± 5.74 kg were used through the total collection method and replicates in time for digestibility evaluation. In experiment 2, 40 castrated male pigs 47.65 ± 3.99 kg, with five replicates of two animals per experimental unit, were used for performance and economic evaluation. DDGS increased the excretion of nitrogen and energy in feces and urine, impairing the digestibility coefficients and metabolizability of dietary energy. The animals that consumed diets with DDGS presented the worst performance, while phytase did not influence the results. Diets with the inclusion of 200 g kg -1 DDGS and 1,000 units of phytase did not differ in cost per kilogram compared to the control diet.(AU)
Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da enzima fitase e dos grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (distillers dried grains with solubles - DDGS) sobre digestibilidade, desempenho e viabilidade econômica de suínos em crescimento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com uma dieta de referência (RD) à base de milho e farelo de soja; RD + 200 g kg -1 DDGS (DDGS); RD + 1.000 unidades de fitase (PHY); e RD + 200 g kg -1 DDGS + 1.000 unidades de fitase (D + P). No experimento 1, oito suínos machos castrados com peso de 29,35 ± 5,74 kg foram usados através do método de coleta total, com repetição no tempo para avaliação da digestibilidade. No experimento 2, 40 suínos machos castrados 47,65 ± 3,99 kg, com cinco repetições de dois animais por unidade experimental foram usados para avaliação de desempenho e viabilidade econômica. DDGS aumentou a excreção de nitrogênio e energia nas fezes e na urina, prejudicando os coeficientes de digestibilidade e a metabolizabilidade da energia. Os animais que consumiram dietas com DDGS apresentaram pior desempenho enquanto a fitase não afetou os resultados. As dietas com a inclusão de 200 g kg -1 DDGS e 1.000 unidades de fitase não diferem no custo por quilograma em relação à dieta de controle.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Suínos/fisiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Grão Comestível , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the replacement of ground corn by crude glycerin and soybean meal by cottonseed cake, in association or not, on feedlot lambs' feeding behavior. Thirty-two non-castrated crossbred ½ Dorper ½ Santa Inês lambs, with an average body weight of 18.52 ± 3.24 kg (mean ± standard deviation), were distributed in a completely randomized design, into four treatments and eight replicates per treatment, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. Four experimental diets were tested with different sources or combinations of energy and protein ingredients in the concentrate, respectively: (1) ground corn + soybean meal; (2) ground corn and cottonseed cake; (3) crude glycerin and soybean meal; and (4) crude glycerin and cottonseed cake. The glycerin decreased dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < 0.001) intakes, whereas it increased times spent in feeding (P = 0.009; from 21.8 to 28.6), rumination (P = 0.006; from 56.2 to 67.2), and chewing (P < 0.001; from 79.4 to 97.2), in minutes/100 g of DM. Feeding efficiencies of DM (P = 0.003) and NDF (P = 0.008) were decreased by the diets. Protein sources increased (P = 0.018) the times spent in chewing and per period in rumination (P = 0.014). Cottonseed cake, as a protein source, up to a 112 g/kg DM level, can totally replace soybean meal in diets for feedlot lambs without effects on the intake, behavioral activities, and feeding efficiencies. In contrast, the crude glycerin energy source is not adequate to replace ground corn in lambs' diets.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Óleo de Sementes de Algodão , Dieta/veterinária , Fibras na Dieta , Digestão , Comportamento Alimentar , OvinosRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting corn with wheat middling on the in-situ degradability of foods and ruminal parameters of cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Ruminant Studies Unit and the Laboratory of Food Analysis and Animal Nutrition of Londrina State University. Five rumen-fistulated cattle with an average weight of 521 ± 38.22 kg were housed in individual stalls. The experimental design used was a Latin square with five treatments (100% C, 75% C 25% WM, 50% C 50% WM, 25% C 75% WM, and 100% WM) and five periods of 25 days each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in ruminal fluid was measured before feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding in subdivided parcels. The in-situ degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by incubating silage samples and measuring concentrates in the rumen of cattle. The levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling did not alter the pH and N-NH3 values but was influenced by the collection time. The N-NH3 presented quadratic behavior with a point of maximum rumen concentration (5.31 mgdL-¹) reached 1.12 h after feeding. The pH presented quadratic behavior with a point of minimum (6.04) reached 4.32 h after feeding. The effective degradability (ED) of DM with 2, 5 and 8%h-¹ of passage rate was influenced by the substitution of corn by wheat middling, with increasing linear behavior. The ED 2%h-¹ varied from 46.19% to 50.24%, the ED 5%h-¹ varied from 33.76% to 38.68%, and the ED 8%h-¹ values ranged from 28.16% to 32.92% for the 100% C and 100% WM treatments. Higher values, for treatments with higher levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling, occurred owing to the lower fiber content and to the largest soluble fractions and degradation rate of DM in rations with wheat middling. The ED of CP and NDF with passage rates of [...].(AU)
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por triguilho sobre a degradabilidade in situ das rações e os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Estudos de Ruminantes (UNER) e no Laboratório de Análises de Alimentos e Nutrição Animal (LANA) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 521 ± 38,22 kg, alojados em baias individuais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino, com cinco tratamentos, sendo as proporções de milho e triguilho (100% M, 75% M 25% T, 50% M, 50% T, 25% M 75% T e 100% T) e cinco períodos de 25 dias cada. O pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) do líquido ruminal foram mensurados antes da alimentação e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após alimentação, em parcelas subdivididas. A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram determinadas com a incubação das amostras de silagem e concentrados no rúmen dos animais. Os teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho não influenciaram os valores de N-NH3 e pH ruminal, mas os mesmos foram influenciados pelos tempos de coleta. O N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de máxima concentração no rúmen (5,31 mgdL-¹) 1h12 após a alimentação. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínima (6,04) 4h32 após a alimentação dos animais. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS com 2, 5 e 8%h-¹ de taxa de passagem foram influenciadas pela substituição do milho por triguilho, observando comportamento linear crescente. A DE 2%h-¹ apresentou variação de 46,19% a 50,24%, a DE 5%h-1 variou de 33,76% a 38,68% e a DE 8%h-¹ apresentou valores de 28,16% a 32,92% para os tratamentos 100% M e 100% T. Os valores superiores, observados nos tratamentos com maiores teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho, ocorreram devido ao [...].(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Dietoterapia/veterinária , Ração Animal/economia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição AnimalRESUMO
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da casca de soja e da casca de arroz sobre o desempenho zootécnico, parâmetros somáticos e composiçãocentesimal dos peixes inteiros de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Para isso, foram utilizados 216 juvenis de pacu, com peso médio de 6 ± 0,81 gramas, distribuídos em 18 caixas dágua, em sistema de recirculação. Foram formuladas seis dietas contendo os níveis de 10, 13 e 15% de inclusão de FDN para cada fonte de fibra, com 30% de proteína bruta e 3.000 Kcal Kg-1de energia digestível. Foi observado que os níveis de 10 e 13% de FDN promoveram os melhores resultados para as variáveis de desempenhocomo peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e comprimento final. Também foi possível observar que os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 10% de FDN apresentaram um maior rendimento de carcaça, porém não foi observada diferença entreos índices,digestivo somático, hepatossomático e quociente intestinal. Já, para as variáveis de composição centesimal dos peixes inteiros, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que até 13% de FDN não prejudica o desempenho zootécnico, qualidade de carcaça e os parâmetros somáticos dos peixes.(AU)
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of soybean husk and rice husk on the performance, somatic parameters and proximate composition of whole fish of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). For this, 216 juveniles of pacu were used, with an average weight of 6 ± 0.81 grams, distributed in 18 water tanks, in a recirculation system. Six diets were formulated containing levels of 10, 13 and 15% of NDF inclusion for each fiber source, with 30% of crude protein and 3,000 Kcal Kg-1of digestible energy. It was observed that the levels of 10 and 13% of NDF promoted the best results for performance variables such as final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and final length. It was also possible to observe that fish fed a diet containing 10% NDF had a higher carcass yield, but no difference was observed between the somatic, hepatosomatic and intestinal quotient digestive indexes. However, no significant differences were observed for the proximate composition variables of whole fish. Thus, it can be concluded that up to 13% of NDF does not affect the zootechnical performance, carcass quality,and somatic parameters of the fish.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Caraciformes/metabolismo , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Ração Animal , Glycine max , OryzaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Bovinos , Bovinos/metabolismo , Confinamento Controlado , Zea mays , Compostos de NitrogênioRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting corn with wheat middling on the in-situ degradability of foods and ruminal parameters of cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Ruminant Studies Unit and the Laboratory of Food Analysis and Animal Nutrition of Londrina State University. Five rumen-fistulated cattle with an average weight of 521 ± 38.22 kg were housed in individual stalls. The experimental design used was a Latin square with five treatments (100% C, 75% C 25% WM, 50% C 50% WM, 25% C 75% WM, and 100% WM) and five periods of 25 days each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in ruminal fluid was measured before feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding in subdivided parcels. The in-situ degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by incubating silage samples and measuring concentrates in the rumen of cattle. The levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling did not alter the pH and N-NH3 values but was influenced by the collection time. The N-NH3 presented quadratic behavior with a point of maximum rumen concentration (5.31 mgdL-¹) reached 1.12 h after feeding. The pH presented quadratic behavior with a point of minimum (6.04) reached 4.32 h after feeding. The effective degradability (ED) of DM with 2, 5 and 8%h-¹ of passage rate was influenced by the substitution of corn by wheat middling, with increasing linear behavior. The ED 2%h-¹ varied from 46.19% to 50.24%, the ED 5%h-¹ varied from 33.76% to 38.68%, and the ED 8%h-¹ values ranged from 28.16% to 32.92% for the 100% C and 100% WM treatments. Higher values, for treatments with higher levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling, occurred owing to the lower fiber content and to the largest soluble fractions and degradation rate of DM in rations with wheat middling. The ED of CP and NDF with passage rates of [...].
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por triguilho sobre a degradabilidade in situ das rações e os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Estudos de Ruminantes (UNER) e no Laboratório de Análises de Alimentos e Nutrição Animal (LANA) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 521 ± 38,22 kg, alojados em baias individuais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino, com cinco tratamentos, sendo as proporções de milho e triguilho (100% M, 75% M 25% T, 50% M, 50% T, 25% M 75% T e 100% T) e cinco períodos de 25 dias cada. O pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) do líquido ruminal foram mensurados antes da alimentação e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após alimentação, em parcelas subdivididas. A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram determinadas com a incubação das amostras de silagem e concentrados no rúmen dos animais. Os teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho não influenciaram os valores de N-NH3 e pH ruminal, mas os mesmos foram influenciados pelos tempos de coleta. O N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de máxima concentração no rúmen (5,31 mgdL-¹) 1h12 após a alimentação. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínima (6,04) 4h32 após a alimentação dos animais. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS com 2, 5 e 8%h-¹ de taxa de passagem foram influenciadas pela substituição do milho por triguilho, observando comportamento linear crescente. A DE 2%h-¹ apresentou variação de 46,19% a 50,24%, a DE 5%h-1 variou de 33,76% a 38,68% e a DE 8%h-¹ apresentou valores de 28,16% a 32,92% para os tratamentos 100% M e 100% T. Os valores superiores, observados nos tratamentos com maiores teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho, ocorreram devido ao [...].
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Dietoterapia/veterinária , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Ração Animal/economiaRESUMO
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da casca de soja e da casca de arroz sobre o desempenho zootécnico, parâmetros somáticos e composiçãocentesimal dos peixes inteiros de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Para isso, foram utilizados 216 juvenis de pacu, com peso médio de 6 ± 0,81 gramas, distribuídos em 18 caixas dágua, em sistema de recirculação. Foram formuladas seis dietas contendo os níveis de 10, 13 e 15% de inclusão de FDN para cada fonte de fibra, com 30% de proteína bruta e 3.000 Kcal Kg-1de energia digestível. Foi observado que os níveis de 10 e 13% de FDN promoveram os melhores resultados para as variáveis de desempenhocomo peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e comprimento final. Também foi possível observar que os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 10% de FDN apresentaram um maior rendimento de carcaça, porém não foi observada diferença entreos índices,digestivo somático, hepatossomático e quociente intestinal. Já, para as variáveis de composição centesimal dos peixes inteiros, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que até 13% de FDN não prejudica o desempenho zootécnico, qualidade de carcaça e os parâmetros somáticos dos peixes.
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of soybean husk and rice husk on the performance, somatic parameters and proximate composition of whole fish of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). For this, 216 juveniles of pacu were used, with an average weight of 6 ± 0.81 grams, distributed in 18 water tanks, in a recirculation system. Six diets were formulated containing levels of 10, 13 and 15% of NDF inclusion for each fiber source, with 30% of crude protein and 3,000 Kcal Kg-1of digestible energy. It was observed that the levels of 10 and 13% of NDF promoted the best results for performance variables such as final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and final length. It was also possible to observe that fish fed a diet containing 10% NDF had a higher carcass yield, but no difference was observed between the somatic, hepatosomatic and intestinal quotient digestive indexes. However, no significant differences were observed for the proximate composition variables of whole fish. Thus, it can be concluded that up to 13% of NDF does not affect the zootechnical performance, carcass quality,and somatic parameters of the fish.