RESUMO
Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (PPV2 to PPV8) have been discovered in the last two decades. The last one reported was PPV8 in China in 2022, which was proposed to be a member of the genus Protoparvovirus. Here, we report the first detection of PPV8 outside China - in two provinces from Colombia. Six out of 146 (4.1%) pigs showing porcine respiratory disease (PRD) tested positive for PPV8. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of two Colombian PPV8 isolates (GenBank database accession numbers PP335559 and PP335560) showed them to be members of the genus Protoparvovirus. Furthermore, PPV8 was detected in coinfections with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which are associated with PRD.
Assuntos
Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Suíno , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Coinfecção/virologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Parvovirus Suíno/isolamento & purificação , Parvovirus Suíno/classificação , Filogenia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/virologia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/genética , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/classificação , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Salivary glands' neoplasms are hard to diagnose and present a complex etiology. However, several viruses have been detected in these neoplasms, such as HCMV, which can play a role in certain cancers through oncomodulation. The co-infections between HCMV with betaherpesviruses (HHV-6 and HHV-7) and polyomaviruses (JCV and BKV) has been investigated. The aim of the current study is to describe the frequency of HCMV and co-infections in patients presenting neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, including in the salivary gland. Multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for betaherpesvirus and polyomavirus quantification purposes after DNA extraction. In total, 50.7% of the 67 analyzed samples were mucocele, 40.3% were adenoma pleomorphic, and 8.9% were mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Overall, 20.9% of samples presented triple-infections with HCMV/HHV-6/HHV-7, whereas 9.0% were co-infections with HCMV/HHV-6 and HCMV/HHV-7. The largest number of co-infections was detected in pleomorphic adenoma cases. All samples tested negative for polyomaviruses, such as BKV and JCV. It was possible to conclude that HCMV can be abundant in salivary gland lesions. A high viral load can be useful to help better understand the etiological role played by viruses in these lesions. A lack of JCV and BKV in the samples analyzed herein does not rule out the involvement of these viruses in one or more salivary gland lesion subtypes.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Citomegalovirus , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares , Glândulas Salivares , Humanos , Coinfecção/virologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/virologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Idoso , Glândulas Salivares/virologia , Glândulas Salivares/patologia , Adenoma/virologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma/virologia , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/análise , Adulto Jovem , AdolescenteRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the comorbidity and coinfections presented by SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. COVID-19 impact our Mexican children. METHOD: Prospective and observational study that included the 2020-2021 peak influenza season. All patients with a diagnosis of infection by SARS-CoV-2 vs. COVID-19 who were admitted to the Hospital Infantil de Mexico were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in all patients, determining E, RdRp and RP genes and protein N, as well as RT-PCR for detection of respiratory viruses. RESULTS: The inclusion criteria were met by 163 patients. The group with the highest risk of becoming ill was adolescents (40.4%), followed by schoolchildren and preschoolers (21.4% and 19.6% of the cases, respectively). There were three cases with viral coinfection: two (1.2%) with parvovirus B-19 and one (0.6%) with herpes type I; another two (1.2%) showed bacterial coinfection. The main comorbidity were obesity, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and arterial hypertension. Regarding mortality, we only had four cases (2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, cancer, hypertension, heart disease and diabetes are comorbidity present in our patients, as referred to in literature, but not coinfections. In our study, we did not have any associated mortality related to comorbidity.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de la comorbilidad y de las coinfecciones presentadas por la infección por SARS-CoV-2 vs. COVID-19 en niños mexicanos. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo y observacional que comprendió la temporada alta de influenza 2020-2021, analizando todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de infección vs. enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 vs. COVID-19 que ingresaron al Hospital Infantil de México. Se realizó en todos RT-PCR en tiempo real para SARS-CoV-2, determinando gen E, gen RdRp, gen RP y proteína N, y RT-PCR multiplex para detección de virus respiratorios. RESULTADOS: Los criterios de inclusión los cumplieron 163 pacientes. El grupo con mayor riesgo de enfermar fueron los adolescentes (40.4%), seguidos de los escolares y preescolares (21.4% y 19.6% de los casos, respectivamente). Hubo tres casos con coinfección viral: dos (1.2%) con parvovirus B-19 y uno (0.6%) con herpes tipo I; hubo otros dos (1.2%) con coinfección bacteriana. La principal comorbilidad correspondió a obesidad, leucemia linfoblástica aguda e hipertensión arterial. En cuanto a mortalidad, solo hubo cuatro casos (2.4%). CONCLUSIONES: Obesidad, cáncer, hipertensión, cardiopatías y diabetes constituyen la comorbilidad en nuestros pacientes, como se refiere en la literatura, no así las coinfecciones. En nuestro estudio no hubo casos de mortalidad relacionada con la comorbilidad.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Comorbidade , Influenza Humana , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Feminino , Adolescente , México/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/complicações , Lactente , Estações do Ano , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/epidemiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Parasitic co-infections are common in developing countries and can interfere with leprosy treatment, leading to an increased risk of inflammatory leprosy reactions. This study assessed serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against Toxoplasma gondii and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) antigens in 270 leprosy patients from Brazilian states. Regarding the respective cut-offs, the prevalence of IgG seropositivity for T. gondii and VL were 21.05â¯% and 47.36â¯% in the leprosy-negative group, and 77.7â¯% and 52.6â¯% in the leprosy-positive group. Of the 270 leprosy patients, 158 (58.5â¯%) presented with inflammatory leprosy reactions. Of those, 72 (59.5â¯%) had neuritis, 35 (48.6â¯%) had reverse reactions, and 28 (38.9â¯%) had ENL in both Brazilian states. Leprosy patients with anti-Leishmania IgG seropositivity were 3.25 times more likely to develop neuritis (95â¯% C.I.: 1.187 - 9.154; p = 0.019). These findings are particularly relevant for clinical settings where both leprosy and parasitic diseases are prevalent and could provide essential guidance for detecting and addressing complications arising from parasitic co-infections in leprosy patients, thereby improving clinical management strategies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Coinfecção , Imunoglobulina G , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral , Hanseníase , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Leishmania infantum/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/complicações , Feminino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Masculino , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto , Hanseníase/epidemiologia , Hanseníase/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/complicações , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Idoso , CriançaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To report a case of coinfection of Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in a diabetic patient with rheumatoid arthritis and immunosuppressive biological therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 70-year-old female with a history of rheumatoid arthritis on therapy with corticosteroids, methotrexate, and abatacept presented bilateral granulomatous panuveitis associated with retinal necrosis and macular involvement. A diagnostic vitrectomy detected Tg and EBV. Treatment with clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and acyclovir was established, achieving improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy are at risk of developing opportunistic infections, often presenting with severe and atypical clinical manifestations. In such cases, multiplex polymerase chain reaction is an invaluable diagnostic tool that helps identify the specific pathogens involved. This enables healthcare professionals to make informed treatment decisions and provide targeted therapy for each identified pathogen.
RESUMO
Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (nPPVs) (PPV2 through PPV8) have been described, although their pathogenicity and possible effects on porcine reproductive failure (PRF) are undefined. In this study, these nPPVs were assessed in gilts from Colombia; their coinfections with PPV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4, and PRRSV and an association between the nPPVs and the reproductive performance parameters (RPPs) in sows were determined. For this, 234 serum samples were collected from healthy gilts from 40 herds in five Colombian regions, and the viruses were detected via real-time PCR. The results confirmed the circulation of PPV2 through PPV7 in Colombia, with PPV3 (40%), PPV5 (20%), and PPV6 (17%) being the most frequent. Additionally, no PCV4 or PPV8 was detected. PPV2 to PPV7 were detected in concurrence with each other and with the primary PRF viruses, and these coinfections varied from double to sextuple coinfections. Additionally, the association between nPPVs and PRF primary viruses was statistically significant for the presence of PPV6 in PCV3-positive (p < 0.01) and PPV5 in PPRSV-positive (p < 0.05) gilts; conversely, there was a significant presence of PPV3 in both PCV2-negative (p < 0.01) and PRRSV-negative (p < 0.05) gilts. Regarding the RPPs, the crude association between virus detection (positive or negative) and a high or low RPP was only statistically significant for PCV3 and the farrowing rate (FR), indicating that the crude odds of a low FR were 94% lower in herds with PCV3-positive gilts. This finding means that the detection of PCV3 in gilts (PCV3-positive by PCR) is associated with a higher FR in the farm or that these farms (with positive gilts) have lower odds (OR 0.06, p-value 0.0043) of a low FR. Additionally, a low FR tended to be associated with the detection of PPV4 and PPV5 (p-value < 0.20). This study is important for establishing the possible participation of nPPVs in PRF.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The last five decades have seen a surge in viral outbreaks, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions like Brazil, where endemic arboviruses such as Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) pose significant threats. However, current diagnostic strategies exhibit limitations, leading to gaps in infection screening, arbovirus differential diagnoses, DENV serotyping, and life-long infection tracking. This deficiency impedes critical information availability regarding an individual's current infection and past infection history, disease risk assessment, vaccination needs, and policy formulation. Additionally, the availability of point-of-care diagnostics and knowledge regarding immune profiles at the time of infection are crucial considerations. OBJECTIVES: This review underscores the urgent need to strengthen diagnostic methods for arboviruses in Brazil and emphasizes the importance of data collection to inform public health policies for improved diagnostics, surveillance, and policy formulation. METHODS: We evaluated the diagnostic landscape for arboviral infections in Brazil, focusing on tailored, validated methods. We assessed diagnostic methods available for sensitivity and specificity metrics in the context of Brazil. RESULTS: Our review identifies high-sensitivity, high-specificity diagnostic methods for arboviruses and co-infections. Grifols transcription-mediated amplification assays are recommended for DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV screening, while IgG/IgM ELISA assays outperform Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). The Triplex real-time RT-PCR assay is recommended for molecular screening due to its sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: Enhanced diagnostic methods, on-going screening, and tracking are urgently needed in Brazil to capture the complex landscape of arboviral infections in the country. Recommendations include nationwide arbovirus differential diagnosis for DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV, along with increased DENV serotyping, and lifelong infection tracking to combat enduring viral threats and reduce severe presentations.
Assuntos
Infecções por Arbovirus , Arbovírus , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Arbovirus/epidemiologia , Arbovírus/imunologia , Arbovírus/classificação , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Saúde Pública , Coleta de Dados , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/epidemiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/diagnóstico , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Infection and clinical cases of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in cats have been increasingly reported in several countries, including Brazil. In this study, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunochromatographic test (ICT) based on a recombinant antigen (rKDDR-plus) to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies in cats from an animal shelter in northeastern Brazil. We compared the results with an ELISA using L. infantum crude antigen (ELISA-CA). We also investigated the presence of Leishmania DNA in blood or ocular conjunctival samples as well as the association between Leishmania PCR positivity and serological positivity to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Toxoplasma gondii. Concerning serological assays, a higher positivity was detected using the ICT-rKDDR-plus (7.5%; 7/93) as compared to ELISA-rKDDR-plus (5.4%; 5/93) and ELISA-CA (4.3%; 4/93). Upon PCR testing, 52.7% (49/93) of the ocular conjunctival swabs and 48.3% (44/91) of the blood samples were positive. Together, PCR and serological testing revealed overall positivities of 73.1% (68/93) and 12.9% (12/93), respectively. Among PCR-positive samples, 45.5% (31/68) showed co-infection with FIV, 17.6% (12/68) with FeLV, and 82.3% (56/68) with T. gondii. More than half of the PCR-positive cats showed at least one clinical sign suggestive of leishmaniasis (58.8%; 40/68) and dermatological signs were the most frequent ones (45.5%; 31/68). Both tests employing the recombinant antigen rKDDR-plus (i.e., ICT-rKDDR-plus and ELISA-rKDDR-plus) detected more positive cats than the ELISA-CA but presented low overall accuracy. PCR testing using either blood or ocular conjunctival samples detected much more positive cats than serological tests.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Coinfecção , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Leishmania infantum , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Proteínas Recombinantes , Gatos , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/virologia , Doenças do Gato/sangue , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Leishmania infantum/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/genética , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/imunologia , Masculino , Feminino , Toxoplasma , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Toxoplasmose Animal/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/sangueRESUMO
A total of 14â973 alleles in 29â661 sequenced samples collected between March 2021 and January 2023 by the Mexican Consortium for Genomic Surveillance (CoViGen-Mex) and collaborators were used to construct a thorough map of mutations of the Mexican SARS-CoV-2 genomic landscape containing Intra-Patient Minor Allelic Variants (IPMAVs), which are low-frequency alleles not ordinarily present in a genomic consensus sequence. This additional information proved critical in identifying putative coinfecting variants included alongside the most common variants, B.1.1.222, B.1.1.519, and variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. A total of 379 coinfection events were recorded in the dataset (a rate of 1.28â%), resulting in the first such catalogue in Mexico. The most common putative coinfections occurred during the spread of Delta or after the introduction of Omicron BA.2 and its descendants. Coinfections occurred constantly during periods of variant turnover when more than one variant shared the same niche and high infection rate was observed, which was dependent on the local variants and time. Coinfections might occur at a higher frequency than customarily reported, but they are often ignored as only the consensus sequence is reported for lineage identification.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Alelos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Abstract Background The last five decades have seen a surge in viral outbreaks, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions like Brazil, where endemic arboviruses such as Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) pose significant threats. However, current diagnostic strategies exhibit limitations, leading to gaps in infection screening, arbovirus differential diagnoses, DENV serotyping, and life-long infection tracking. This deficiency impedes critical information availability regarding an individual's current infection and past infection history, disease risk assessment, vaccination needs, and policy formulation. Additionally, the availability of point-of-care diagnostics and knowledge regarding immune profiles at the time of infection are crucial considerations. Objectives This review underscores the urgent need to strengthen diagnostic methods for arboviruses in Brazil and emphasizes the importance of data collection to inform public health policies for improved diagnostics, surveillance, and policy formulation. Methods We evaluated the diagnostic landscape for arboviral infections in Brazil, focusing on tailored, validated methods. We assessed diagnostic methods available for sensitivity and specificity metrics in the context of Brazil. Results Our review identifies high-sensitivity, high-specificity diagnostic methods for arboviruses and co-infections. Grifols transcription-mediated amplification assays are recommended for DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV screening, while IgG/IgM ELISA assays outperform Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). The Triplex real-time RT-PCR assay is recommended for molecular screening due to its sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion Enhanced diagnostic methods, on-going screening, and tracking are urgently needed in Brazil to capture the complex landscape of arboviral infections in the country. Recommendations include nationwide arbovirus differential diagnosis for DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV, along with increased DENV serotyping, and lifelong infection tracking to combat enduring viral threats and reduce severe presentations.
RESUMO
Dentro de los problemas de salud pública se encuentran las infecciones por Malaria y por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). Dado el considerable solapamiento epidemiológico entre estas infecciones, puede producirse un número considerable de coinfecciones. Objetivo: Señalar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio en pacientes con coinfección por VIH - Malaria en servicios de Medicina, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Ruiz y Páez, Ciudad Bolívar - Estado Bolívar; 2011 - 2021. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, correlacional, de corte transversal, no experimental. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial según el requerimiento, haciendo uso del software estadístico Rstudio 4.1.1, además, para comparar y correlacionar las variables se aplicó Test exacto de Fisher (bilateral). Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 63 individuos. La edad promedio 34,5 años; predominó el sexo masculino 50,79 % (n=32). La ocupación más frecuente fue amas de casa 46,02 % (n=29), procediendo la mayoría del Estado Bolívar. Educación primaria culminada en 61,90 % (n=39) y heterosexuales 88,89 % (n=56). Plasmodium vivax fue la especie principalmente involucrada con 61,91 % (n=39). La infección oportunista predominante fue candidiasis orofaríngea 26,23 % (n=16). El 39,68 % (n=25) presentaron malaria complicada; 43,14 % (n=22) tuvieron anemia moderada, el 33,33 % (n=17) leve y el 23,53 % (n=12) grave. En 72,09 % (n=31) de todos los pacientes coinfectados se encontró contaje de linfocitos T CD4+ <200 cél/µL. El 96,82 % (n=61) respondieron satisfactoriamente al tratamiento de la malaria y tuvieron una curación sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con VIH en nuestro medio se coinfectan con malaria principalmente ocasionada por P. vivax, un alto porcentaje puede presentar malaria complicada, la anemia era frecuente.
Among the public health problems are Malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections. Given the considerable epidemiological overlap between these infections, a considerable number of coinfections may occur. Objective: To point out the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics in patients with HIV - Malaria co-infection in Medicine services, Ruiz y Páez University Hospital Complex, Ciudad Bolívar - Bolívar State; 2011 - 2021. Methodology: Retrospective, descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional, non-experimental study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied according to the requirement, using the Rstudio 4.1.1 statistical software. In addition, to compare and correlate the variables, Fisher's exact test (bilateral) was applied. Results: The sample was made up of 63 individuals. The average age 34.5 years. The male sex predominated 50.79 % (n=32). The most frequent occupation was housewives 46.02 % (n=29), the majority coming from the state of Bolívar. Primary education completed by 61.90 % (n=39) and heterosexuals by 88.89 % (n=56). Plasmodium vivax was the species mainly involved with 61.91 % (n=39). The predominant opportunistic infection was oropharyngeal candidiasis 26.23 % (n=16). 39.68 % (n=25) had complicated malaria; 43.14 % (n=22) had moderate anemia, 33.33 % (n=17) mild, and 23.53 % (n=12) severe. A CD4+ T lymphocyte count <200 cells/µL was found in 72.09 % (n=31) of all coinfected patients. 96.82 % (n=61) responded satisfactorily to malaria treatment and had an uncomplicated cure. Conclusions: Patients with HIV in our environment are coinfected with malaria mainly caused by P. vivax, a high percentage may present complicated malaria, anemia was common.
RESUMO
Parvoviruses (PVs) affect various animal species causing different diseases. To date, eight different porcine parvoviruses (PPV1 through PPV8) are recognized in the swine population, all of which are distributed among subfamilies and genera of the Parvoviridae family. PPV1 is the oldest and is recognized as the primary agent of SMEDI, while the rest of the PPVs (PPV2 through PPV8) are called novel PPVs (nPPVs). The pathogenesis of nPPVs is still undefined, and whether these viruses are putative disease agents is unknown. Structurally, the PPVs are very similar; the differences occur mainly at the level of their genomes (ssDNA), where there is variation in the number and location of the coding genes. Additionally, it is considered that the genome of PVs has mutation rates similar to those of ssRNA viruses, that is, in the order of 10-5-10-4 nucleotide/substitution/year. These mutations manifest mainly in the VP protein, constituting the viral capsid, affecting virulence, tropism, and viral antigenicity. For nPPVs, mutation rates have already been established that are similar to those already described; however, within this group of viruses, the highest mutation rate has been reported for PPV7. In addition to the mutations, recombinations are also reported, mainly in PPV2, PPV3, and PPV7; these have been found between strains of domestic pigs and wild boars and in a more significant proportion in VP sequences. Regarding affinity for cell types, nPPVs have been detected with variable prevalence in different types of organs and tissues; this has led to the suggestion that they have a broad tropism, although proportionally more have been found in lung and lymphoid tissue such as spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Regarding their epidemiology, nPPVs are present on all continents (except PPV8, only in Asia), and within pig farms, the highest prevalences detecting viral genomes have been seen in the fattener and finishing groups. The relationship between nPPVs and clinical manifestations has been complicated to establish. However, there is already some evidence that establishes associations. One of them is PPV2 with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), where causality tests (PCR, ISH, and histopathology) lead to proposing the PPV2 virus as a possible agent involved in this syndrome. With the other nPPVs, there is still no clear association with any pathology. These have been detected in different systems (respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, urinary, and nervous), and there is still insufficient evidence to classify them as disease-causing agents. In this regard, nPPVs (except PPV8) have been found to cause porcine reproductive failure (PRF), with the most prevalent being PPV4, PPV6, and PPV7. In the case of PRDC, nPPVs have also been detected, with PPV2 having the highest viral loads in the lungs of affected pigs. Regarding coinfections, nPPVs have been detected in concurrence in healthy and sick pigs, with primary PRDC and PRF viruses such as PCV2, PCV3, and PRRSV. The effect of these coinfections is not apparent; it is unknown whether they favor the replication of the primary agents, the severity of the clinical manifestations, or have no effect. The most significant limitation in the study of nPPVs is that their isolation has been impossible; therefore, there are no studies on their pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. For all of the above, it is necessary to propose basic and applied research on nPPVs to establish if they are putative disease agents, establish their effect on coinfections, and measure their impact on swine production.
Assuntos
Circovirus , Coinfecção , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Suíno , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Doenças dos Suínos , Suínos , Animais , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Sus scrofa , Circovirus/genéticaRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide, with popular screening methods including the Papanicolaou test and HPV genotyping. However, in clinical practice, coinfections with other pathogens are often underestimated. Therefore, our study aims to describe the prevalence of STIs and vaginosis in urogenital samples from patients who had been tested exclusively for HPV genotyping. METHODS: This analytical, prospective, cross-sectional study included 408 males and females. Eligible participants had positive and negative HPV genotyping test results and agreed to early detection or had HPV antecedents. They provided the same urogenital samples used for HPV detection and, through our multiplex in-house PCR assay, we screened for Candida spp., Ureaplasma spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV), Mycoplasma spp., molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella spp. The subsequent statistical analysis aimed to reveal correlations between HPV genotypes and the identified pathogens. RESULTS: Of the participants, 72.1% (n = 294) tested positive for HPV genotypes. HR-HPV (high-risk HPV) genotypes comprised 51 (8.1%), 66 (7.1%), and 58 (6.1%). Haemophilus spp., Ureaplasma spp., Candida spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma spp. frequently co-occurred with HPV infection (p < 0.05). Gender-based variations were notorious for Ureaplasma spp., Mycoplasma spp., and MCV (p < 0.05). Coinfections were prevalent (43.9%), with a positive HPV result elevating the risk for Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma spp., Staphylococcus aureus, HSV, and MCV (OR > 1, p < 0.05). HPV 16 correlated with HSV and Ureaplasma spp., while HPV 6 was linked with HSV and MCV (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This screening strategy uncovered significant coinfections and associations between HPV genotypes and pathogens, underscoring the importance of routine screening to explore clinical implications in urogenital health.
RESUMO
Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii pneumonitis could persist asymptomatically for indefinite periods, resolve, or progress to symptomatic dissemination, mainly in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., treated with corticosteroids). The symptoms of COVID-19 may range from a self-limiting illness with general symptoms, such as fever, to more severe complications, such as pneumonitis. The glucocorticoids emerged as potential for treatment of COVID-19, mainly those patients who required ventilator therapy. However, although treatment with glucocorticoids has shown benefits in patients with COVID-19, they can be dangerous due to increased risk of coinfections and superinfections caused by opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptococcus ssp. Some patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia treated with glucocorticoids developed cryptococcal infection and died. Therefore, immunomodulatory therapy could increase the susceptibility to acute infection or reactivation of Cryptococcus ssp in COVID-19 patients, and this could be complicated once pulmonary cryptococcosis has symptoms similar to COVID-19 becomes difficult to distinguish between the two disease states and treatment.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Criptococose , Cryptococcus gattii , Cryptococcus neoformans , Humanos , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Criptococose/diagnóstico , Criptococose/tratamento farmacológico , Cryptococcus gattii/fisiologiaRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on healthcare systems around the world, including in Latin America. In Colombia, there have been over 23,000 confirmed cases and 100 deaths since 2022, with the highest number of cases occurring in females and the highest number of deaths in males. The elderly and those with comorbidities, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory diseases, have been particularly affected. Coinfections with other microorganisms, including dengue virus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have also been a significant factor in increasing morbidity and mortality rates in COVID-19 patients. It is important for surveillance systems to be improved and protocols to be established for the early detection and management of coinfections in COVID-19. In addition to traditional treatments, alternatives such as zinc supplementation and nanomedicine may have potential in the fight against COVID-19. It is also crucial to consider the social, labor, educational, psychological, and emotional costs of the pandemic and to address issues such as poverty and limited access to potable water in order to better prepare for future pandemics.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Superinfecção , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Idoso , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Superinfecção/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A methodological approach based on reverse transcription (RT)-multiplex PCR followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was implemented to identify multiple respiratory RNA viruses simultaneously. A convenience sampling from respiratory surveillance and SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in 2020 and 2021 in Montevideo, Uruguay, was analyzed. The results revealed the cocirculation of SARS-CoV-2 with human rhinovirus (hRV) A, B and C, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) B, influenza A virus, and metapneumovirus B1. SARS-CoV-2 coinfections with hRV or hRSV B and influenza A virus coinfections with hRV C were identified in adults and/or children. This methodology combines the benefits of multiplex genomic amplification with the sensitivity and information provided by NGS. An advantage is that additional viral targets can be incorporated, making it a helpful tool to investigate the cocirculation and coinfections of respiratory viruses in pandemic and post-pandemic contexts.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Vírus da Influenza A , Influenza Humana , Vírus de RNA , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano , Infecções Respiratórias , Criança , Adulto , Humanos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , RNA , Teste para COVID-19 , Coinfecção/diagnóstico , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Vírus de RNA/genética , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Respiratory viral infections represent a significant global health burden. Historically, influenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus have been the prevalent viruses; however, the landscape shifted with the widespread emergence of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of viral respiratory infections in Jalisco, Mexico. Methods: Data encompassing individuals with flu-like symptoms from July 2021 to February 2023 was scrutinized for viral diagnosis through PCR multiplex. The effect of social mobility on the increase in respiratory viral diagnosis infection was considered to estimate its impact. Additionally, sequences of respiratory viruses stored in public databases were retrieved to ascertain the phylogenetic classification of previously reported viruses in Mexico. Results: SARS-CoV-2 was the most detected virus (n = 5,703; 92.2%), followed by influenza (n = 479; 7.78%). These viruses were also found as the most common co-infection (n = 11; 50%), and for those with influenza, a higher incidence of severe disease was reported (n = 122; 90.4%; p < 0.001). Regarding comorbidities and unhealthy habits, smoking was found to be a risk factor for influenza infection but a protective factor for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 2.62; IC 95%: 1.66-4.13; OR = 0.65; IC 95%: 0.45-0.94), respectively. Furthermore, our findings revealed a direct correlation between mobility and the prevalence of influenza infection (0.214; p < 0.001). Discussion: The study presents evidence of respiratory virus reemergence and prevalence during the social reactivation, facilitating future preventive measures.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Influenza Humana , Infecções Respiratórias , Vírus , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Filogenia , COVID-19/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Leishmania parasites present astonishing adaptative abilities that represent a matter of life or death within disparate environments during the heteroxenous parasite life cycle. From an evolutionary perspective, organisms develop methods of overcoming such challenges. Strategies that extend beyond the genetic diversity have been discussed and include variability between parasite cells during the infections of their hosts. The occurrence of Leishmania subpopulation fluctuations with variable structural genomic contents demonstrates that a single strain might shelter the variability required to overcome inconsistent environments. Such intrastrain variability provides parasites with an extraordinary ability to adapt and thus survive and propagate. However, different perspectives on this evolution have been proposed. Strains or species living in the same environment can cooperate but also compete. These interactions might increase the replication rate of some parasites but cause the loss of more aggressive competitors for others. Adaptive responses to intra- and interspecific competition can evolve as a fixed strategy (replication is adapted to the average genetic complexity of infections) or an optional strategy (replication varies according to the genetic complexity of the current infection). This review highlights the complexity of interspecies and intrastrain interactions among Leishmania parasites as well as the different factors that influence this interplay.
RESUMO
The rates of syphilis and viral co-infections among people who use crack-cocaine (PWUCC) were assessed in this study. This cross-sectional study relied on biological and self-reported socio-behavioral data from a convenience sample of 990 PWUCC from twenty-six municipalities in the states of Amapá and Pará, northern Brazil. Blood samples were collected to assess the presence of Treponema pallidum using the Rapid Qualitative Test (RQT) and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL). Reactive samples by RQT were used to assess the presence of HBV, HCV, and HIV-1 using Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of variables assessed with syphilis. In total, 287 (29.0%) of the PWUCC sample had reactive results for syphilis. HBV (15.7%), HCV (5.9%), and HIV-1 (9.8%) were detected among PWUCC with syphilis. Young age, low monthly income and education level, long duration of crack-cocaine use, condomless sex, multiple sex partners, and exchange of sex for money/drugs were associated with syphilis. The present study provides unique insights on the epidemiological status of syphilis among PWUCC in northern Brazil, with multiple implications for improving urgent interventions for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation may become aggravated with a secondary respiratory infection. The aim of this study was to describe secondary respiratory infections, their predictive factors, and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A cohort study was carried out in a single tertiary hospital in Santiago, Chile, from 1st June to 31st July 2020. All patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit that required mechanical ventilation were included. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients were enrolled, of which 71 (40.6%) developed at least one secondary respiratory infection during follow-up. Early and late secondary infections were diagnosed in 1.7% and 31.4% respectively. Within late secondary infections, 88% were bacterial, 10% were fungal, and 2% were of viral origin. One-third of isolated bacteria were multidrug-resistant. Bivariate analysis showed that the history of corticosteroids used before admission and the use of dexamethasone during hospitalization were associated with a higher risk of secondary infections (p = 0.041 and p = 0.019 respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that for each additional day of mechanical ventilation, the risk of secondary infection increases 1.1 times (adOR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.13, p = 0.008) CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit and requiring mechanical ventilation had a high rate of secondary infections during their hospital stay. The number of days on MV was a risk factor for acquiring secondary respiratory infections.