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The use of edible films has garnered significant interest in the food and environmental sectors due to their potential to prevent food deterioration and their biodegradability. This study aimed to develop and characterize edible films based on camu-camu residue, gelatin, and glycerol, evaluating their solubility, thermal, degradability, antioxidant, and water vapor permeability properties of the gelatin matrix. This is the first study incorporating camu-camu into a gelatin and glycerol matrix. The films produced with camu-camu residue were manageable and soluble, with some non-soluble residues, providing a shiny and well-presented appearance. In the biodegradation results, samples 3 and 4 appeared to degrade the most, being two of the three most affected samples in the triplicate. The films showed degradation modifications from the third day of the experiment. In the germination and plant growth analysis, sample 4 exhibited satisfactory development compared to the other samples, emerging as the sample with the best overall result in the analyses, attributed to a 13.84 cm increase in the growth of the upper part of the seedling. These results indicate that the produced materials have potential for food packaging applications.

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l-Ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is a pivotal dietary nutrient with multifaceted importance in living organisms. In plants, the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway is the primary route for AsA biosynthesis, and understanding the mechanistic details behind its component enzymes has implications for plant biology, nutritional science, and biotechnology. As part of an initiative to determine the structures of all six core enzymes of the pathway, the present study focuses on three of them in the model species Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu): GDP-d-mannose 3',5'-epimerase (GME), l-galactose dehydrogenase (l-GalDH), and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (l-GalLDH). We provide insights into substrate and cofactor binding and the conformational changes they induce. The MdGME structure reveals a distorted substrate in the active site, pertinent to the catalytic mechanism. Mdl-GalDH shows that the way in which NAD+ association affects loop structure over the active site is not conserved when compared with its homologue in spinach. Finally, the structure of Mdl-GalLDH is described for the first time. This allows for the rationalization of previously identified residues which play important roles in the active site or in the formation of the covalent bond with FAD. In conclusion, this study enhances our understanding of AsA biosynthesis in plants, and the information provided should prove useful for biotechnological applications.

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In plants, it is well-known that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can be synthesized via multiple metabolic pathways but there is still much to be learned concerning their integration and control mechanisms. Furthermore, the structural biology of the component enzymes has been poorly exploited. Here we describe the first crystal structure for an L-galactose dehydrogenase [Spinacia oleracea GDH (SoGDH) from spinach], from the D-mannose/L-galactose (Smirnoff-Wheeler) pathway which converts L-galactose into L-galactono-1,4-lactone. The kinetic parameters for the enzyme are similar to those from its homolog from camu camu, a super-accumulator of vitamin C found in the Peruvian Amazon. Both enzymes are monomers in solution and have a pH optimum of 7, and their activity is largely unaffected by high concentrations of ascorbic acid, suggesting the absence of a feedback mechanism acting via GDH. Previous reports may have been influenced by changes of the pH of the reaction medium as a function of ascorbic acid concentration. The structure of SoGDH is dominated by a (ß/α)8 barrel closely related to aldehyde-keto reductases (AKRs). The structure bound to NAD+ shows that the lack of Arg279 justifies its preference for NAD+ over NADP+, as employed by many AKRs. This favors the oxidation reaction that ultimately leads to ascorbic acid accumulation. When compared with other AKRs, residue substitutions at the C-terminal end of the barrel (Tyr185, Tyr61, Ser59 and Asp128) can be identified to be likely determinants of substrate specificity. The present work contributes toward a more comprehensive understanding of structure-function relationships in the enzymes involved in vitamin C synthesis.

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In plants, it is well-known that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can be synthesized via multiple metabolic pathways but there is still much to be learnt concerning their integration and control mechanisms. Furthermore, the structural biology of the component enzymes has been poorly exploited. Here we describe the first crystal structure for an L-galactose dehydrogenase (SoGDH from spinach), from the D-mannose/L-galactose (Smirnoff Wheeler) pathway which converts L-galactose into L-galactono-1,4-lactone. The kinetic parameters for the enzyme are similar to those from its homologue from camu-camu, a super-accumulator of vitamin C found in the Peruvian amazon. Both enzymes are monomers in solution, have a pH optimum of 7 and their activity is largely unaffected by high concentrations of ascorbic acid, suggesting the absence of a feedback mechanism acting via GDH. Previous reports may have been influenced by changes of the pH of the reaction medium as a function of ascorbic acid concentration. The structure of SoGDH is dominated by a (β/α)8 barrel closely related to aldehyde-keto reductases (AKRs). The structure bound to NAD+ shows that the lack of Arg279 justifies its preference for NAD+ over NADP+, as employed by many AKRs. This favours the oxidation reaction which ultimately leads to ascorbic acid accumulation. When compared with other AKRs, residue substitutions at the C-terminal end of the barrel (Tyr185, Tyr61, Ser59 and Asp128) can be identified to be likely determinants of substrate specificity. The present work contributes towards a more comprehensive understanding of structure-function relationships in the enzymes involved in vitamin C synthesis.

RESUMO

Introducción: Streptococcus mutans participa en el origen y progreso de la caries dental, una de las enfermedades más prevalentes a nivel mundial. Su control requiere métodos seguros y accesibles para la población. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Myrtaceae) (camu camu) es un árbol nativo de la amazonía peruana. La capacidad antimicrobiana de los componentes de su fruto ya se ha comprobado. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto hidroetanólico de M. dubia contra S. mutans ATCC 35658. Métodos: Investigación experimental con posprueba y grupos controles. El extracto de la pulpa del fruto de M. dubia se obtuvo mediante maceración hidroetanólica. Las concentraciones evaluadas fueron 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL y 75 mg/mL. La capacidad antibacteriana se determinó mediante el método de difusión en disco. Gluconato de clorhexidina 0,12 por ciento fue el control positivo y el dimetilsulfóxido al 1 por ciento el control negativo. Resultados: La actividad antibacteriana se incrementó de manera directamente proporcional a la concentración del extracto. La concentración de 75 mg/mL mostró una media de inhibición de 18,2 ± 0,774 mm, seguido de la concentración de 50 mg/mL con una media de inhibición de 14,6 ± 1,055 mm y la concentración de 25 mg/mL con un halo de inhibición promedio de 10,1± 0,833 mm. La zona de inhibición del control positivo fue de 16,5 ± 0,516 mm. Existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la concentración de 75 mg/mL y el control positivo (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto hidroetanólico de M. dubia muestra actividad antibacteriana in vitro de tipo bactericida sobre S. mutans ATCC 35668(AU)

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is involved in the genesis and progress of dental caries, one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, whose control requires safe methods accessible to the population. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Myrtaceae) (camu camu) is a tree native to the Peruvian Amazon. The antimicrobial capacity of the components of its fruit has already been verified. Objective: Evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of M. dubia hydroethanolic extract against S. mutans ATCC 35658. Methods: An experimental study was conducted with post-test analysis and control groups. The extract from the pulp of the fruit of M. dubia was obtained by hydroethanolic maceration. The concentrations evaluated were 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 75 mg/mL. Antibacterial capacity was determined by the disc diffusion method. The positive control was 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate, whereas the negative control was 1 percent dimethyl sulfoxide. Results: The antibacterial activity increased directly proportional to the concentration of the extract. The concentration of 75 mg/mL showed a mean inhibition of 18.2 ± 0.774 mm, followed by the concentration of 50 mg/mL with a mean inhibition of 14.6 ± 1.055 mm and the concentration of 25 mg/mL with an average inhibition halo of 10.1 ± 0.833 mm. The zone of inhibition of the positive control was 16.5 ± 0.516 mm. There is a statistically significant difference between the concentration of 75 mg / mL and the positive control (p< 0.05). Conclusions: The M. dubia hydroethanolic extract displays in vitro antibacterial bactericidal activity against S. mutans ATCC 35668(AU)

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The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of cold plasma excitation frequency on camu-camu juice processing. Different levels of frequency (200, 420, 583, 698 and 960 Hz) were applied on camu-camu juice to measure the contents of ascorbic acid and anthocyanins, as well as to evaluate the antioxidant compounds (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and phenolic compounds), peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymatic activity and color. Furthermore, the juice bioaccessibility was evaluated after simulated digestion. The ascorbic acid concentration was increased when higher excitation frequencies were employed, increasing their bioavailability. Anthocyanins, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase presented considerable degradation with increasing the plasma excitation frequency. For this reason, the juice processing proposed herein represents an alternative to enhance its nutritional quality. Moreover, the use of cold plasma reduced the activity concentration of endogenous enzymes, presenting considerable degradation for higher excitation frequency.

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BACKGROUND: A viable possibility for the best use of bioactive compounds present in camu-camu, fruit native to the Amazonian rainforest, is the preparation of microcapsules using different biopolymers by the spray-drying technique, which would increase the possibilities for innovation in the food industry, as well as facilitate the application in different food matrices. In this context, the chemical, physicochemical, and morphological properties and stability of camu-camu extract (peel and pulp) spray-dried using maltodextrin, inulin, and oligofructose as encapsulating agents were investigated, as well as lyophilized camu-camu extract (CEL). Different relative humidities (22%, 51%, and 75%) and temperatures (25 °C and 45 °C) were evaluated. RESULTS: The moisture, water activity, and solubility values varied from 18.4 to 107.9 g water per kilogram dry powder, 0.06 to 0.27, and 950.80 to 920.28 g microparticles per kilogram of water respectively. Retention of the bioactive compounds varied in the ranges 5.5-7.1 g per kilogram ascorbic acid fresh weight and 7.2-9.0 g per kilogram anthocyanins fresh weight. The increase in temperature and relative humidity during storage provided a significant decrease in the stability of the bioactive compounds for all treatments. However, the CEL presented higher water adsorption kinetics and degradation under all storage conditions, indicating the importance of the use of encapsulating agents. CONCLUSION: In general, the prebiotic biopolymers used as encapsulating agents in the microencapsulation of extracts of camu-camu by spray-drying presented satisfactory results, suggesting that this technique is an effective strategy to increase the stability of bioactive compounds contained in fruits and vegetables. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

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RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto nefroprotector del extracto de camu camu en un modelo de nefrotoxicidad inducida por la gentamicina. Estudio de tipo experimental formado por 50 ratas Sprague Dawley que se dividieron aleatoriamente en cinco grupos de estudio: Al grupo control se le administró la solución salina, al grupo gentamicina se le indujo la nefrotoxicidad y a los grupos experimentales 1, 2 y 3 se les protegió con el extracto alcohólico de camu camu a diferentes dosis. La actividad nefroprotectora se evaluó por la cuantificación de la creatinina sérica, el peso y análisis histopatológico de los riñones. Los resultados evidenciaron una disminución significativa del nivel de creatinina en los grupos protegidos con el extracto alcohólico de camu camu con respecto al grupo gentamicina (p<0,05). Los grupos que recibieron camu camu presentaron un aumento gradual del peso de los riñones en una relación directa a la dosis del extracto (p<0,05). El análisis histológico evidenció pérdida epitelial, infiltrado inflamatorio intenso y congestión vascular en el grupo gentamicina, mientras que los grupos que recibieron camu camu con el extracto disminuyeron la gravedad del daño. Se concluye que el extracto de camu camu presentó una actividad nefroprotectora significativa en un modelo de nefrotoxicidad inducida por gentamicina.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the nephroprotective effect of camu camu extract on a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model. The study design was experimental using 50 Sprague Dawley rats randomly allocated into 1 of 5 five groups: a control group that was administered a saline solution, a gentamicin group in which nephrotoxicity was induced and experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 that were provided different doses of Camu Camu alcoholic extract. Nephroprotective activity was evaluated via quantification of seric creatinine, histopathological analysis and weighing of the kidneys. Results showed a significant decrease in creatinine levels between the group administered camu camu alcoholic extract and the gentamicin group (p<0.05). Groups who received camu camu presented a gradual increase in kidneys weight which corresponded directly to the extract dose (p<0.05). The histopathological analysis showed epithelial loss, intense inflammatory infiltrate and vascular congestion in the gentamicin group, while the groups who received the extract had a lower level of damage. Camu Camu extract provided a significant nephroprotective activity on a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model.

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BACKGROUND: Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) is a typical Amazonian fruit and has high antioxidant capacity due to its high levels of vitamin C and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the phytochemicals, antioxidant capacity and antimutagenic effects of camu-camu fruits with different maturity stages grown in dry (commercial cultivation) or flooded environments (native cultivation, Amazon). RESULTS: Total polyphenols, ascorbic acid and in vitro antioxidant capacity levels were higher in ripe fruits grown in a commercial cultivation. The extracts from ripe camu-camu grown in a commercial cultivation exerted antioxidant effects and high percentage of protection against doxorubicin and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in all tested systems (liver, bone marrow and gut), for three camu-camu extract concentrations (17, 85 and 170 mg kg-1 body weight), as follows: bone marrow minocronucleus (37.91%, 41.75%, 43.95%); micronucleus gut test (61.01%, 64.40%, 50.28%); apoptosis index (60.26%, 62.44%, 58.22%); comet assay through the tail moment (71.64%, 72.31%, 70.70%), percent DNA in the tail (64.54%, 68.75%, 76.79%) and tail intensity (76.43%, 81.02%, 68.33%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study contribute to increasing the production of camu-camu fruits grown in dry environments and their use as a health-promoting food. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The physiological responses of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed commercial feed supplemented with different concentrations of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) were evaluated. The design was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in a factorial design with three proportions of camu camu (15%, 30% and 45%) and a control treatment (100% commercial diet), with four replicates per treatment. A total of 96 tambaqui specimens were used, with a mean initial weight of 11.69 ± 2.68 g and a mean length of 7.06 ± 0.44 cm. After 30 days, hematological parameters, metabolic variables, growth and fish swimming performance were evaluated. The different proportions of camu camu in the diet did not cause significant changes to the tambaqui's hematological parameters during the feeding period, except for hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) after the 30th day, and hematocrit (Ht) after the swimming stress test, which increased significantly (p <0.05). The significant increases in metabolic variables, such as cortisol, glucose, proteins and triglycerides, and in hematologic variables after the Ucrit test reflect, respectively, biochemical adaptations for maintenance of the energy mobilization process and a regulatory necessity in tissue oxygen demand during intense exercise. Fish fed 15% and 30% camu camu gained the most weight and achieved the best swimming performance, respectively. The results for camu camu concentrations above 30% suggest a saturation of its intrinsic properties in the diet at this level and a loss of nutrients from the commercial feed replaced by the fruit, reducing productive performance and nutritional assimilation.(AU)

As respostas fisiológicas de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) alimentados com ração comercial suplementada com diferentes concentrações de camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) foram avaliados. As amostras analisadas foram inteiramente casualizadas, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial com três proporções de camu camu (15%, 30% e 45%) e um tratamento controle (ração comercial 100%), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Um total de 96 amostras de tambaqui foram utilizadas, com um peso médio inicial de 11,69 ± 2,68 g e um comprimento médio de 7,06 ± 0,44 cm. Após 30 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos, variáveis metabólicas, crescimento e desempenho natatório de peixes. As diferentes proporções de camu camu na dieta não causou alterações significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos dos tambaquis durante o período de alimentação, com exceção de hemoglobina (Hb) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), após o 30º dia, e hematócrito (Ht), após o teste de natação de estresse, que aumentou de forma significativa (p<0,05). Os aumentos significativos nas variáveis metabólicas, como o cortisol, glicose, proteínas e triglicerídeos, e nas variáveis hematológicas após o teste Ucrit reflete, respectivamente, adaptações bioquímicas para a manutenção do processo de mobilização de energia e uma necessidade de regulamentação na demanda de oxigênio nos tecidos durante o exercício intenso. Os peixes alimentados com 15% e 30% de camu camu obtiveram mais peso e melhor desempenho natatório, respectivamente. Os resultados para as concentrações camu camu superiores a 30% indicam uma saturação das suas propriedades intrínsecas na dieta, a este nível e uma perda de nutrientes a partir da ração comercial substituído pelo fruto, reduzindo o desempenho produtivo e assimilação nutricional.(AU)

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Por se tratar de um fruto climatérico, o camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) apresenta uma curta vida útil pós-colheita, principalmente quando armazenado em temperatura ambiente (>25 ºC), observando excessiva perda de umidade e aumento na atividade respiratória e na produção de etileno que aceleram a senescência. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de radiação gama e ultravioleta C sobre a fisiologia e a qualidade pós-colheita do camu-camu. Os frutos foram tratados com radiação gama (1,0 e 2,0 KGy) e radiação ultravioleta C (1,0 e 2,0 kJ / m2), em seguida, os mesmos foram armazenados sob refrigeração por 21 dias a 10°C e avaliados a cada três dias sobre a: perda de massa fresca, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e antocianinas totais. O tratamento pós-colheita do camu-camu com radiação gama e ultravioleta C (UV-C), especialmente nas doses de 1,0 kGy e 1,0 kJ/m2, respectivamente é eficiente em preservar a qualidade dos frutos por até 21 dias em ambiente refrigerado e, a exposição às doses de 1,0 kGy e 2,0 kJ/m2 estimula a síntese de antocianinas durante o armazenamento dos frutos.(AU)

Because it is a climacteric fruit, camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh) has a short post-harvest shelf life, especially when stored at room temperature (> 25ºC), observing excessive moisture loss and increased activity respiratory and ethylene production that accelerate senescence. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma and ultraviolet C radiation on the physiology and post-harvest quality of camu-camu. The fruits were treated with gamma radiation (1.0 and 2.0 KGy) and ultraviolet radiation C (1.0 and 2.0 kJ / m2), then they were stored under refrigeration for 21 days at 10 ° C and evaluated every three days on: fresh weight loss, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C and total anthocyanins. The post-harvest treatment of camu-camu with gamma and ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation, especially at 1.0 kGy and 1.0 kJ / m2, respectively, is efficient in preserving fruit quality for up to 21 days in a refrigerated environment, and exposure to the 1.0 kGy and 2.0 kJ / m2 doses stimulates anthocyanin synthesis during fruit storage.(AU)

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Por se tratar de um fruto climatérico, o camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) apresenta uma curta vida útil pós-colheita, principalmente quando armazenado em temperatura ambiente (>25 ºC), observando excessiva perda de umidade e aumento na atividade respiratória e na produção de etileno que aceleram a senescência. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de radiação gama e ultravioleta C sobre a fisiologia e a qualidade pós-colheita do camu-camu. Os frutos foram tratados com radiação gama (1,0 e 2,0 KGy) e radiação ultravioleta C (1,0 e 2,0 kJ / m2), em seguida, os mesmos foram armazenados sob refrigeração por 21 dias a 10°C e avaliados a cada três dias sobre a: perda de massa fresca, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e antocianinas totais. O tratamento pós-colheita do camu-camu com radiação gama e ultravioleta C (UV-C), especialmente nas doses de 1,0 kGy e 1,0 kJ/m2, respectivamente é eficiente em preservar a qualidade dos frutos por até 21 dias em ambiente refrigerado e, a exposição às doses de 1,0 kGy e 2,0 kJ/m2 estimula a síntese de antocianinas durante o armazenamento dos frutos.

Because it is a climacteric fruit, camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh) has a short post-harvest shelf life, especially when stored at room temperature (> 25ºC), observing excessive moisture loss and increased activity respiratory and ethylene production that accelerate senescence. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma and ultraviolet C radiation on the physiology and post-harvest quality of camu-camu. The fruits were treated with gamma radiation (1.0 and 2.0 KGy) and ultraviolet radiation C (1.0 and 2.0 kJ / m2), then they were stored under refrigeration for 21 days at 10 ° C and evaluated every three days on: fresh weight loss, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C and total anthocyanins. The post-harvest treatment of camu-camu with gamma and ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation, especially at 1.0 kGy and 1.0 kJ / m2, respectively, is efficient in preserving fruit quality for up to 21 days in a refrigerated environment, and exposure to the 1.0 kGy and 2.0 kJ / m2 doses stimulates anthocyanin synthesis during fruit storage.

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Abstract The physiological responses of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed commercial feed supplemented with different concentrations of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) were evaluated. The design was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in a factorial design with three proportions of camu camu (15%, 30% and 45%) and a control treatment (100% commercial diet), with four replicates per treatment. A total of 96 tambaqui specimens were used, with a mean initial weight of 11.69 ± 2.68 g and a mean length of 7.06 ± 0.44 cm. After 30 days, hematological parameters, metabolic variables, growth and fish swimming performance were evaluated. The different proportions of camu camu in the diet did not cause significant changes to the tambaqui's hematological parameters during the feeding period, except for hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) after the 30th day, and hematocrit (Ht) after the swimming stress test, which increased significantly (p < 0.05). The significant increases in metabolic variables, such as cortisol, glucose, proteins and triglycerides, and in hematologic variables after the Ucrit test reflect, respectively, biochemical adaptations for maintenance of the energy mobilization process and a regulatory necessity in tissue oxygen demand during intense exercise. Fish fed 15% and 30% camu camu gained the most weight and achieved the best swimming performance, respectively. The results for camu camu concentrations above 30% suggest a saturation of its intrinsic properties in the diet at this level and a loss of nutrients from the commercial feed replaced by the fruit, reducing productive performance and nutritional assimilation.

Resumo As respostas fisiológicas de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) alimentados com ração comercial suplementada com diferentes concentrações de camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) foram avaliados. As amostras analisadas foram inteiramente casualizadas, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial com três proporções de camu camu (15%, 30% e 45%) e um tratamento controle (ração comercial 100%), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Um total de 96 amostras de tambaqui foram utilizadas, com um peso médio inicial de 11,69 ± 2,68 g e um comprimento médio de 7,06 ± 0,44 cm. Após 30 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos, variáveis ​​metabólicas, crescimento e desempenho natatório de peixes. As diferentes proporções de camu camu na dieta não causou alterações significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos dos tambaquis durante o período de alimentação, com exceção de hemoglobina (Hb) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), após o 30º dia, e hematócrito (Ht), após o teste de natação de estresse, que aumentou de forma significativa (p <0,05). Os aumentos significativos nas variáveis ​​metabólicas, como o cortisol, glicose, proteínas e triglicerídeos, e nas variáveis ​​hematológicas após o teste Ucrit reflete, respectivamente, adaptações bioquímicas para a manutenção do processo de mobilização de energia e uma necessidade de regulamentação na demanda de oxigênio nos tecidos durante o exercício intenso. Os peixes alimentados com 15% e 30% de camu camu obtiveram mais peso e melhor desempenho natatório, respectivamente. Os resultados para as concentrações camu camu superiores a 30% indicam uma saturação das suas propriedades intrínsecas na dieta, a este nível e uma perda de nutrientes a partir da ração comercial substituído pelo fruto, reduzindo o desempenho produtivo e assimilação nutricional.

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Brazilian berries present great nutritional, functional and economic characteristics comparable to temperate berries. They constitute an important innovation domain for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, due to their positive health effects and market potential. The main objective of this review was to describe the physicochemical, nutritional and biological aspects of six Brazilian small native wild fruits from the Arecaceae (açaí, buriti and pupunha), Mirtaceae (camu-camu and jaboticaba) and Malpighiaceae (murici) families, highlighting their antioxidant, anti-lipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antigenotoxic potential among others. It also discussed some relevant topics for new studies that could be of benefit to industry and improve the local economy where these fruits are found. Thus, the dissemination of the works already carried out with these fruits strategically relevant can stimulate new lines of research to consolidate this new field for the food industries.

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Abstract The physiological responses of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed commercial feed supplemented with different concentrations of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) were evaluated. The design was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in a factorial design with three proportions of camu camu (15%, 30% and 45%) and a control treatment (100% commercial diet), with four replicates per treatment. A total of 96 tambaqui specimens were used, with a mean initial weight of 11.69 ± 2.68 g and a mean length of 7.06 ± 0.44 cm. After 30 days, hematological parameters, metabolic variables, growth and fish swimming performance were evaluated. The different proportions of camu camu in the diet did not cause significant changes to the tambaqui's hematological parameters during the feeding period, except for hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) after the 30th day, and hematocrit (Ht) after the swimming stress test, which increased significantly (p 0.05). The significant increases in metabolic variables, such as cortisol, glucose, proteins and triglycerides, and in hematologic variables after the Ucrit test reflect, respectively, biochemical adaptations for maintenance of the energy mobilization process and a regulatory necessity in tissue oxygen demand during intense exercise. Fish fed 15% and 30% camu camu gained the most weight and achieved the best swimming performance, respectively. The results for camu camu concentrations above 30% suggest a saturation of its intrinsic properties in the diet at this level and a loss of nutrients from the commercial feed replaced by the fruit, reducing productive performance and nutritional assimilation.

Resumo As respostas fisiológicas de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) alimentados com ração comercial suplementada com diferentes concentrações de camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) foram avaliados. As amostras analisadas foram inteiramente casualizadas, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial com três proporções de camu camu (15%, 30% e 45%) e um tratamento controle (ração comercial 100%), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Um total de 96 amostras de tambaqui foram utilizadas, com um peso médio inicial de 11,69 ± 2,68 g e um comprimento médio de 7,06 ± 0,44 cm. Após 30 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos, variáveis metabólicas, crescimento e desempenho natatório de peixes. As diferentes proporções de camu camu na dieta não causou alterações significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos dos tambaquis durante o período de alimentação, com exceção de hemoglobina (Hb) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), após o 30º dia, e hematócrito (Ht), após o teste de natação de estresse, que aumentou de forma significativa (p 0,05). Os aumentos significativos nas variáveis metabólicas, como o cortisol, glicose, proteínas e triglicerídeos, e nas variáveis hematológicas após o teste Ucrit reflete, respectivamente, adaptações bioquímicas para a manutenção do processo de mobilização de energia e uma necessidade de regulamentação na demanda de oxigênio nos tecidos durante o exercício intenso. Os peixes alimentados com 15% e 30% de camu camu obtiveram mais peso e melhor desempenho natatório, respectivamente. Os resultados para as concentrações camu camu superiores a 30% indicam uma saturação das suas propriedades intrínsecas na dieta, a este nível e uma perda de nutrientes a partir da ração comercial substituído pelo fruto, reduzindo o desempenho produtivo e assimilação nutricional.

RESUMO

Abstract The physiological responses of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed commercial feed supplemented with different concentrations of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) were evaluated. The design was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in a factorial design with three proportions of camu camu (15%, 30% and 45%) and a control treatment (100% commercial diet), with four replicates per treatment. A total of 96 tambaqui specimens were used, with a mean initial weight of 11.69 ± 2.68 g and a mean length of 7.06 ± 0.44 cm. After 30 days, hematological parameters, metabolic variables, growth and fish swimming performance were evaluated. The different proportions of camu camu in the diet did not cause significant changes to the tambaqui's hematological parameters during the feeding period, except for hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) after the 30th day, and hematocrit (Ht) after the swimming stress test, which increased significantly (p 0.05). The significant increases in metabolic variables, such as cortisol, glucose, proteins and triglycerides, and in hematologic variables after the Ucrit test reflect, respectively, biochemical adaptations for maintenance of the energy mobilization process and a regulatory necessity in tissue oxygen demand during intense exercise. Fish fed 15% and 30% camu camu gained the most weight and achieved the best swimming performance, respectively. The results for camu camu concentrations above 30% suggest a saturation of its intrinsic properties in the diet at this level and a loss of nutrients from the commercial feed replaced by the fruit, reducing productive performance and nutritional assimilation.

Resumo As respostas fisiológicas de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) alimentados com ração comercial suplementada com diferentes concentrações de camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) foram avaliados. As amostras analisadas foram inteiramente casualizadas, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial com três proporções de camu camu (15%, 30% e 45%) e um tratamento controle (ração comercial 100%), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Um total de 96 amostras de tambaqui foram utilizadas, com um peso médio inicial de 11,69 ± 2,68 g e um comprimento médio de 7,06 ± 0,44 cm. Após 30 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos, variáveis metabólicas, crescimento e desempenho natatório de peixes. As diferentes proporções de camu camu na dieta não causou alterações significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos dos tambaquis durante o período de alimentação, com exceção de hemoglobina (Hb) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), após o 30º dia, e hematócrito (Ht), após o teste de natação de estresse, que aumentou de forma significativa (p 0,05). Os aumentos significativos nas variáveis metabólicas, como o cortisol, glicose, proteínas e triglicerídeos, e nas variáveis hematológicas após o teste Ucrit reflete, respectivamente, adaptações bioquímicas para a manutenção do processo de mobilização de energia e uma necessidade de regulamentação na demanda de oxigênio nos tecidos durante o exercício intenso. Os peixes alimentados com 15% e 30% de camu camu obtiveram mais peso e melhor desempenho natatório, respectivamente. Os resultados para as concentrações camu camu superiores a 30% indicam uma saturação das suas propriedades intrínsecas na dieta, a este nível e uma perda de nutrientes a partir da ração comercial substituído pelo fruto, reduzindo o desempenho produtivo e assimilação nutricional.

RESUMO

Camu-camu, a fruit found in the Amazon Basin river banks and lake shores, is known for its high ascorbic acid content together with, other antioxidants. This feature shows high potential for being exploited in agribusiness industry and pharmaceutical processes. However, its high acidity, as well as peel bitterness associated with the phenolic substances content, has discouraged its consumption while still fresh. The development of alternative forms for consuming this fruit, while still preserving its ascorbic acid and polyphenol content, in addition to its great potential for maintaining human health, has become a major economic activity in coastal communities. The present study evaluated the ascorbic acid stability found in camu-camu capsules. Lyophilization was performed with the fruit pulp and peel. Both freeze-dried fruit and powder-flled capsules were stored at 5° C. Ascorbic acid stability was monitored for 90 days using HPLC assay technique. The encapsulation process of freezedried pulp was considered satisfactory in the ascorbic acid conservation, since there was only a loss of 10% of its initial concentration throughout the study period for 60 days.(AU)

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RESUMO

A incidência da obesidade e do diabetes do tipo 2 tomou proporções epidêmicas nos últimos anos, atingindo bilhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. A descoberta de formas inovadoras capazes de reduzir as alterações metabólicas associadas a estas doenças é fundamental para minimizar o seu impacto na qualidade de vida da população e na economia dos países. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado que os compostos bioativos de alimentos possuem efeitos benéficos à saúde. O camu-camu e o cupuaçu são frutas nativas da região amazônica com potencial agroeconômico ainda inexplorado, que contêm um grande número de compostos fitoquímicos que podem atuar sobre o metabolismo corporal. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos dos compostos fenólicos de extratos do camu-camu e do cupuaçu no desenvolvimento da obesidade e do diabetes tipo 2 em ensaios in vivo e in vitro, e identificar os possíveis metabólitos envolvidos nestes efeitos. Os extratos ricos em compostos fenólicos da polpa comercial destes frutos foram extraídos em fase sólida, caracterizados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE/DAD) e avaliados quanto à inibição da atividade de enzimas digestivas in vitro. Os extratos obtidos foram então testados em duas diferentes concentrações (2,25 e 4,5 mg de equivalentes de catequina/Kg de peso corporal para o cupuaçu; 7 e 14 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico/Kg de peso corporal para o camu camu) em um modelo animal de obesidade e resistência insulínica induzida por dieta com alto teor de lipídios e sacarose em camundongos C57BL/6J. Foram investigados os efeitos destes compostos sobre as homeostases glicídica e lipídica através de análises séricas, testes de tolerância à insulina e à glicose e conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos e fecais. O extrato do camu camu apresentou flavonóis, ácido elágico e elagitaninos em sua composição. A suplementação com o extrato de compostos fenólicos do camu camu reduziu o ganho de peso corporal e diminuiu a intolerância à glicose e à insulina, independente da dose administrada. No entanto, a administração destes extratos não apresentou efeitos sobre o metabolismo lipídico. Estes resultados foram associados a um possível efeito de saciedade, com consequente redução da ingestão da dieta e da glicolipotoxicidade, e com um efeito anti-inflamatório devido à diminuição dos níveis de proteína C reativa. Já o extrato de cupuaçu apresentou flavanóis, flavonas e proantocianidinas em sua composição. A suplementação com o extrato de cupuaçu na maior dose testada melhorou a homeostase da glicose e principalmente dos lipídios, protegendo o tecido hepático dos danos causados pela dieta com alto teor de lipídios e sacarose. Estes efeitos foram associados à inibição de enzimas digestivas, com consequente menor absorção de lipídios provenientes da dieta, reduzindo assim a resistência à insulina no fígado, a hiperglicemia e a dislipidemia. Ainda, foi avaliada a distribuição de metabólitos no trato gastrointestinal de camundongos após a administração aguda do extrato de cupuaçu. Foi possível identificar a complexa mistura de polifenóis presentes no extrato de cupuaçu ao longo do trato gastrointestinal, que posteriormente foi metabolizada pela microbiota. Entre os metabólitos encontrados estão as agliconas hipolaetina e isoscutelareína, e os metabolitos microbianos da epicatequina como o 3,4-diHPP-2-ol e a 5-(3,4-dihidroxiphenil)-γ-valerolactona. De acordo com estes resultados, as diferenças na composição de compostos fenólicos encontradas entre os extratos das duas frutas foram responsáveis pelos diferentes resultados nos protocolos in vivo e a identificação dos metabólitos microbianos possibilita o conhecimento dos compostos possivelmente implicados nos efeitos benéficos. Novos estudos podem contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos, bem como quais metabólitos estão associados aos efeitos benéficos que os compostos presentes nestas duas frutas apresentaram neste estudo

The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes reached epidemic proportions in recent years, arriving to billions of people around the world. The discovery of innovative ways that can reduce the metabolic abnormalities associated with these diseases is essential to minimize its impact on the population's quality of life and the economy of the countries. Many studies have demonstrated that food bioactive compounds have beneficial health effects. Camu-camu and cupuassu are native fruits of the Amazon region with unexplored agroeconomic potential, which contain a large number of phytochemical compounds that can act on body metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was verify the effects of phenolic compounds of camu-camu and cupuassu extracts on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in vivo and in vitro, and identfy the possible metabolites involved in these effects. The phenolic compound-rich extracts were obtained from commercial frozen fruit pulps by solid phase extraction, characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/DAD) and evaluated for inhibition of digestive enzymes activities in vitro. Then, the extracts were tested at two different doses (2.25 and 4.5 mg catechin equivalents/kg body weight for cupuassu; 7 and 14 mg of gallic acid equivalents/kg body weight for camu camu) in an animal model (C57BL/6J mice) of obesity and insulin resistance induced by high fat high sucrose diet. The effects of extract supplementation on glucose and lipid homeostasis were assessed by serum analysis, insulin and glucose tolerance tests in mice, and contents of fat in liver and fecal samples. Camu camu extract presented flavonols, ellagic acid and ellagitannins in its composition. Supplementation with camu camu phenolic extract reduced weight gain and decreased glucose and insulin intolerance independent of the dose administered. However, no effects on lipid metabolism were found. These findings were associated with a possible effect of satiety with a consequent reduction in energy intake and glicolipotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory properties. Cupuassu extract presented flavanols, flavones and proanthocyanidins in its composition. Supplementation with cupuacu extract at the highest dose improved glucose homeostasis and plasmatic lipid levels, protecting the liver tissue from damage caused by diet rich in lipids and sucrose. These effects were associated with inhibition of digestive enzymes, with consequent lower absorption of lipids from the diet, thereby reducing the insulin resistance in the liver, the hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the distribution of metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of mice was evaluated after acute administration of cupussu extract by HPLC-ESI-QTOF. We identified the complex mixture of polyphenols present in cupuassu extract along the gastrointestinal tract, which was subsequently metabolized by the intestinal microbiota. Among detected metabolites are hypolaetin and isoscutellarein aglycones and microbial metabolites of epicatechin as 3,4-diHPP-2-ol and 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-γvalerolactone. According to these results, the differences in the composition of phenolic compounds found between the two fruit extracts were responsible for the different effects in vivo and identification of microbial metabolites enables the knowledge of the compounds potentially implicated in the beneficial effects. New studies can contribute to a better understanding of the metabolism and mechanisms of action

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Las hierbas medicinales son usadas ampliamente a lo largo de todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha promocionado la medicina tradicional y ha dado pautas para su control de calidad de manera que estos medicamentos herbarios sean seguros y eficaces. La contaminación natural y la proveniente de las actividades humanas hicieron necesario monitorear los niveles de metales pesados en las hierbas medicinales. En el presente trabajo se realizó la determinación y cuantificación de plomo y cadmio en las hojas de las especies Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc. Vaugh y Cajanus cajan (L) Huth comercializados ambos en la ciudad de Iquitos por su uso etnomedicinal. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y la muestra se adquirió por conveniencia en el mercado herbolario "Psje. Paquito", al costado del mercado de Belén, las concentraciones de los metales se determinaron por absorción atómica de flama. En los resultados obtenidos, ninguna de las especies estudiadas supero los limites de plomo de 10µg/g para hierbas medicinales sugerida por la OMS. En las tres muestras de Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc. Vaugh, presenta un promedio de concentraciones por debajo de los limites de detección < 0,05 ug/g y Cajanus cajan (L) Huth presenta un promedio de concentraciones de 0,310 µg/g . En el caso de los limites permisibles de cadmio para hierbas medicinales de 0,30 µg/g sugeridas por la OMS se observo: el promedio de concentraciones de cadmio en Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc. Vaugh, se encontraron por debajo de los límites de detección < 0,001 µg/g; sin embargo los resultados de la especie Cajanus cajan (L) Huth no supero estos limites con un promedio de concentraciones de 0,156 µg/g.

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