RESUMO
Breast milk is known to contain bioactive peptides that are released during digestion, being a major source of bioactive peptides to the new-born, some of which act against invading pathogens. However, the formation of bioactive peptides during digestion of human colostrum remains largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the formation of peptides during simulated digestion of human colostrum from adult women and to prospect antimicrobial peptides. For this purpose, we used high-resolution MS to monitor the release of peptides during in vitro digestion. Bioinformatics was used for the prospection of antimicrobial activity of peptides. During simulated digestion (oral, gastric and duodenal phases), 2318 peptide sequences derived from 112 precursor proteins were identified. At the end of simulated digestion, casein-derived peptide sequences were the most frequently observed. Among precursors, some proteins were seen for the first time in this study. The resulting peptides were rich in proline, glutamine, valine and leucine residues, providing characteristic traits of antimicrobial peptides. From bioinformatics analysis, seven peptides showed potentially high antimicrobial activity towards bacteria, viruses and fungi, from which the latter was the most prominent predicted activity. Antimicrobial peptides released during digestion may provide a defence platform with controlled release for the new-born.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Colostro , Adulto , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Proteólise , Colostro/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Peptídeos/química , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Caseínas/metabolismo , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos , Proteômica/métodos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , DigestãoRESUMO
Lipids in human colostrum provide the majority of energy intake and essential fatty acids for developing infants. The fatty acid composition of human colostrum is highly variable and influenced by multiple factors. Human colostrum is a complex sample bringing challenges to fatty acid profiling. This work aimed to optimize the use of ionic liquid (IL) columns and flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (FM-GC×GC-MS) for fatty acid profiling in human colostrum. Derivatization strategies were optimized and the elution behavior of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) on various 1D column phases (Solgel-WAX, SLB-IL60i, SLB-IL76i, and SLB-IL111i). Derivatization with sodium methoxide yielded a satisfactory recovery rate (90%) at milder conditions and reduced time. The use of IL60 as the 1D column provided superior separation, good peak shape, and better utilization of elution space. As a proof of concept, the developed method was applied to access the effects of the mode of neonatal delivery (vaginal vs. C-section) on the fatty acid profile of human colostrum samples. The integrated multidimensional gas chromatography strategy improved FAME detection and separation and can be a useful tool for accessing the effects of different factors on the fatty acid profiling of complex samples.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , Líquidos Iônicos , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Colostro/química , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease threatening pregnant women, which increases the possibility of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several recent studies have demonstrated the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect the mother enterocytes, disturbing the gut microbiota diversity. The aim of this study was to characterize the entero-mammary microbiota of women in the presence of the virus during delivery. Fifty mother−neonate pairs were included in a transversal descriptive work. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal, mother rectal swabs (MRS) and neonate rectal swabs (NRS) collected from the pairs, and human colostrum (HC) samples collected from mothers. The microbiota diversity was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of V3-16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from HC, MRS, and NRS. Data were analyzed with QIIME2 and R. Our results indicate that several bacterial taxa are highly abundant in MRS positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. These bacteria mostly belong to the Firmicutes phylum; for instance, the families Bifidobacteriaceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Microbacteriaceae have been previously associated with anti-inflammatory effects, which could explain the capability of women to overcome the infection. All samples, both positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2, featured a high abundance of the Firmicutes phylum. Further data analysis showed that nearly 20% of the bacterial diversity found in HC was also identified in MRS. Spearman correlation analysis highlighted that some genera of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla were negatively correlated with MRS and NRS (p < 0.005). This study provides new insights into the gut microbiota of pregnant women and their potential association with a better outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Anti-Inflamatórios , Bactérias/genética , Feminino , Firmicutes/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Gravidez , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , RNA Viral , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La incidencia de enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN), en Chile es de 0,3 a 2,4 por mil recién nacidos vi vos, siendo principalmente afectados los neonatos prematuros, y de 8 a 12 por ciento en prematuros menores a 1.500 gramos. OBJETIVO: Describir la percepción de profesionales de salud sobre el uso de calostro en recién nacidos prematuros, como factor protector de enterocolitis necrotizante. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo, mediante entrevista semiestructurada a 18 profesionales de la salud en tres hospitales públicos de la región de Valparaíso. La pauta de entrevista incluyó 3 temas: Conocimientos, percepción del suministro temprano de calostro y opinión acerca de la extensión de la medida, y 6 subtemas, 2 para cada tema respectivamente: Autopercepción del nivel de conocimiento y fuentes de información; Experiencia: aspectos positivos/eventos adversos y opinión del calostro como factor protector de enterocolitis; aspectos facilitadores u obstaculizadores y opinión acerca de la medida como política nacional. Procesamiento de datos mediante análisis de contenido cualitativo, temático. RESULTADOS: El uso de calostro en prematuros se da de modo protocolizado en dos de las tres unidades de alta complejidad neonatal de la región de Valparaíso. Los participantes opinan positivamente acerca de los resultados preventivos de esta medida. Aun cuando en un tercer estable cimiento no se aplique, hay una percepción favorable acerca de su potencial beneficio y su bajo costo de implementación. Se señala, no obstante, que ésta requiere de mayor evidencia y de un protocolo de aplicación. Otras limitantes serían la insuficiente dotación y formación del personal, y la necesidad de adquirir equipamiento e insumos. CONCLUSIONES: Profesionales que han aplicado un protocolo de administración de calostro en neonatos prematuros en la Región de Valparaíso, reportan buenos resultados de salud, y promueven la motivación del equipo hacia esta praxis. Sin embargo, se considera relevante la difusión y discusión de protocolos nacionales e internacionales, así como el desarrollo de investigación local. Dadas las experiencias en curso en Chile, y el debate internacional, se considera oportuno que el tema sea abordado y discutido en la comunidad sanitaria nacional.
INTRODUCTION: In Chile, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) mainly affects preterm infants, with an incidence of 0.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births, and 8 to 12% in preterm infants weighing less than 1,500 grams. OBJECTIVE: To describe health professionals perceptions on the use of human colostrum as a preventive measu re against necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm newborns. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Qualitative study, using 18 semi-structured individual interviews of health professionals in three public hospitals of the Valparaíso Region. The interview included 3 topics: Knowledge, Perception of early colostrum supply and Opinion about the extent of the measure, and 6 subtopics, 2 for each topic respectively: Self-perception of knowledge level and Sources of information; Experience: positive aspects/adverse events and Opinion of colostrum as a protective factor for enterocolitis; Facilitating or hindering aspects and Opinion about the measure as national policy. Data were processed through qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Two of the three high-complexity neonatal units of the Valparaíso Re gion have a protocol for administrating colostrum in premature infants. Participants have a positive opinion about the preventive results of this measure. Even in the third hospital where there is no protocol, they have a favorable perception of its potential benefit and its low cost of implementa tion. However, we observed that this procedure requires more evidence and an application protocol. Other limitations would be the lack of staffing and training and the need for equipment and supplies. CONCLUSIONS: Professionals who have applied a colostrum administration protocol in preterm infants in the Valparaíso Region report good health outcomes and promote team motivation towards this practice. However, it is relevant to the dissemination and discussion of national and international protocols, as well as the development of local research. Given the ongoing experiences in Chile and the international debate, we considered appropriate to address and discuss the topic within the na tional health community.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Recursos Humanos em Hospital , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Colostro , Enterocolite Necrosante/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Chile , Protocolos Clínicos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Resultado do Tratamento , Competência Clínica , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Política de Saúde , Hospitais PúblicosRESUMO
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin E on the concentration of α-tocopherol in colostrum and its supply to the newborn. Method: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 99 healthy adult pregnant women; of these, 39 were assigned to the control group and 60 to the supplemented group. After an overnight fast, 5 mL of blood and 2 mL of colostrum were collected. After the first sampling (0 h milk), the supplemented group received 400 IU of supplementary vitamin E. Another 2 mL milk aliquot was collected in both groups 24 h after supplementation (24 h milk). The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The α-tocopherol content provided by colostrum was calculated by considering a daily intake of 396 mL of milk and comparing the resulting value to the recommended daily intake for infants aged 0-6 months (4 mg/day). Results: The initial mean concentration of α-tocopherol in colostrum was 1509.3 ± 793.7 µg/dL in the control group and 1452.9 ± 808.6 µg/dL in the supplemented group. After 24 h, the mean α-tocopherol concentration was 1650.6 ± 968.7 µg/dL in the control group (p > 0.05) and 2346.9 ± 1203.2 µg/dL in the supplemented group (p < 0.001), increasing the vitamin E supply to the newborn to 9.3 mg/day. Initially, 18 women in the supplemented group provided colostrum α-tocopherol contents below 4 mg/day; after supplementation only six continued to provide less than the recommended amount. Conclusion: Maternal vitamin E supplementation increases the supply of the vitamin to the infant by providing more than twice the Recommended Daily Intake.
Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação materna com vitamina E sobre a concentração de α-tocoferol no colostro e o fornecimento dessa para o recém-nascido. Método: O estudo clínico randomizado foi feito com 99 parturientes adultas e saudáveis, 39 alocadas no grupo controle e 60 no grupo suplementado. Após jejum noturno, foram coletados 5 mL de sangue e 2 mL de colostro das parturientes. Após a primeira coleta (leite 0 h), o grupo suplementado recebeu suplementação com 400 UI de vitamina E. Foi feita nova coleta de 2 mL de colostro, em ambos os grupos, 24 h após a suplementação (leite 24 h). As amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A quantidade de α-tocoferol fornecida pelo colostro foi considerada para uma ingestão diária de 396 mL de leite e comparada com a ingestão diária recomendada para crianças de 0 a 6 meses (4 mg/dia). Resultados: A concentração média inicial de α-tocoferol no colostro foi de 1.509,3 ± 793,7 µg/dL no grupo controle e 1.452,9 ± 808,6 µg/dL no grupo suplementado. Após 24 horas a concentração média de α-tocoferol no grupo controle foi de 1.650,6 ± 968,7 µg/dL (p > 0,05) e de 2.346,9 ± 1203,2 µg/dL (p < 0,001) no grupo suplementado. Aumentou-se assim a oferta de vitamina E para o recém-nascido para 9,3 mg/dia. Inicialmente 18 mulheres do grupo suplementado forneciam valores inferiores a 4 mg/dia de α-tocoferol em seu colostro, após suplementação apenas seis continuaram a fornecer quantidade inferior ao recomendado. Conclusão: A suplementação materna com vitamina E promove o aumento do fornecimento da vitamina para o recém-nascido e fornece mais do que o dobro da ingestão diária recomendada.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Vitamina E/análise , Vitaminas/análise , Colostro/química , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , Leite Humano/química , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , Lactação , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição MaternaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin E on the concentration of α-tocopherol in colostrum and its supply to the newborn. METHOD: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 99 healthy adult pregnant women; of these, 39 were assigned to the control group and 60 to the supplemented group. After an overnight fast, 5mL of blood and 2mL of colostrum were collected. After the first sampling (0h milk), the supplemented group received 400IU of supplementary vitamin E. Another 2mL milk aliquot was collected in both groups 24h after supplementation (24h milk). The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The α-tocopherol content provided by colostrum was calculated by considering a daily intake of 396mL of milk and comparing the resulting value to the recommended daily intake for infants aged 0-6 months (4mg/day). RESULTS: The initial mean concentration of α-tocopherol in colostrum was 1509.3±793.7µg/dL in the control group and 1452.9±808.6µg/dL in the supplemented group. After 24h, the mean α-tocopherol concentration was 1650.6±968.7µg/dL in the control group (p>0.05) and 2346.9±1203.2µg/dL in the supplemented group (p<0.001), increasing the vitamin E supply to the newborn to 9.3mg/day. Initially, 18 women in the supplemented group provided colostrum α-tocopherol contents below 4mg/day; after supplementation only six continued to provide less than the recommended amount. CONCLUSION: Maternal vitamin E supplementation increases the supply of the vitamin to the infant by providing more than twice the Recommended Daily Intake.
Assuntos
Colostro/química , Leite Humano/química , Vitamina E/análise , Vitaminas/análise , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , Adulto , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Many cells in the organism besides pinealocytes, synthesize melatonin. Here, we evaluate both the mechanism of zymosan-induced melatonin synthesis and its autocrine effect in human colostral mononuclear cells. The synthesis of melatonin was induced by activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as either the blockade of the proteasome or the binding of NF-κB to DNA inhibits zymosan-induced melatonin synthesis. As observed in RAW 264.7 lineage cells, the dimer involved is RelA/c-Rel. Melatonin plays a direct role in mononuclear cell activity, increasing zymosan-induced phagocytosis by stimulating MT2 melatonin receptors and increasing the expression of dectin-1. This role was confirmed by the blockade of melatonin receptors using the competitive antagonist luzindole and the MT2 -selective partial agonist 4P-PDOT. In summary, we show that melatonin produced by immune-competent cells acts in an autocrine manner, enhancing the clearance of pathogens by increasing phagocyte efficiency. Given that these cells are present in human colostrum for 4 or 5 days after birth, this mechanism may be relevant for the protection of infant health.
Assuntos
Colostro/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Melatonina/biossíntese , Fagocitose/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Colostro/citologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Melatonina/antagonistas & inibidores , Camundongos , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-rel , Tetra-Hidronaftalenos/farmacologia , Fator de Transcrição RelA/metabolismo , Triptaminas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A vitamina A é um composto essencial devido à sua atuação nos processos de diferenciação celular, desenvolvimento e manutenção tissular e resposta imune. O leite materno é a única fonte de vitamina A do recém-nascido alimentado exclusivamente ao seio. Entretanto, alguns autores afirmam que o consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional materno adequado podem favorecer a transferência de vitamina A para o leite, enquanto outros estudos revelam que a concentração de vitamina A no leite não é influenciada pela dieta materna. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os níveis de retinol no colostro humano e a sua relação com o estado nutricional materno em vitamina A. Participaram deste estudo 53 mulheres atendidas na Maternidade Escola da UFRN. Foram coletadas amostras de colostro e sangue e ambas analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Os níveis médios de retinol no colostro e soro materno corresponderam a 87,8 ± 55,6 mg/100 mL e 24,2 ± 9,5 mg /100 mL. Como média de consumo de vitamina A detectou-se uma quantidade adequada (1737,6 ± 1785,1 mg RAE/dia), porém houve elevado percentual de inadequação quando realizada a avaliação individual. Observou-se que o nível de retinol no colostro não apresentou associação com níveis de retinol no soro ou com consumo dietético do grupo total, entretanto, em situações de consumo elevado foi observada a influência da ingestão dietética. Os resultados sugerem que o colostro não é um bom indicador do estado nutricional materno em vitamina A em populações com níveis marginais de retinol sérico ou com deficiência de retinol subclínica.