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Objective: To investigate the association of the consumption of ultra-processed foods with the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in adults and the elderly. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022375944). Methods: This is a systematic review reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Observational studies were included without language or publication year restrictions. Studies assessing only other types of dementia as outcomes, not considering Alzheimer's disease, were excluded. The research was carried out in the Medline, Embase, Lilacs databases, and a survey of the gray literature between April and November 2023, in addition to citation search in the included studies. Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. The risk of bias and methodological quality of the included studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for cohort studies. Results: A total of 5 studies involving 617,502 adults and elderly people were included. All studies had a cohort design and were considered of high methodological quality. Of the included studies, 4 demonstrated a risk association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the development of Alzheimer's disease, while 1 study showed a risk association only with the development of cognitive decline. Discussion: The association between ultra-processed foods consumption and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is a recent topic in scientific studies, given that the oldest study identified by our review dates back to 2017. Of the four included studies, three showed a significant association between ultra-processed foods consumption and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

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Abstract Objectives: to analyze the consumption of ultra-processed food and its association with body image, physical activity, nutritional status and self-assessment on food of pregnant women enrolled in the Primary Health Care. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study carried out with pregnant women enrolled in the Family Health Strategy in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The dependent variable was the consumption of ultra-processed food, and the independent ones addressed body appearance, physical activity, nutritional status, self-assessment on food and food consumption. Descriptive analysis was carried out and for association of analysis, the linear regression model was used with crude and adjusted associations. Results: 1,185 pregnant women participated in the study. Caloric intake from ultra-processed food represented 32.0% of these women's daily diet. There was an association between consumption of ultra-processed food and physical activity (β=-0.08; p<0.01), pre-gestional nutritional status (β=-0,12; p<0.01) and body image (β =0.08; p=0.01). Conclusion: the pregnant women presented high consumption of ultra-processed food. Having a negative body image, the lowest level of physical activity, and high pre-gestational nutritional status are conditions that influenced the consumption of these food.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua associação com imagem corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional e autoavaliação alimentar de gestantes cadastradas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com gestantes cadastradas na Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário. A variável dependente foi consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, e as independentes abordaram aspecto corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional, autoavaliação alimentar e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se análise descritiva e para análise de associação, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear com associações brutas e ajustadas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 1.185 gestantes. O consumo calórico proveniente dos ultraprocessados representou 32,0% da dieta diária dessas mulheres. Verificou-se associação entre consumo de ultraprocessados com atividade física (β=-0,08; p<0,01), estado nutricional pré-gestacional (β=-0,12; p<0,01) e imagem corporal (β=0,08; p=0,01). Conclusão: as gestantes apresentaram alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Ter imagem corporal negativa, menor nível de atividade física, estado nutricional pré-gestacional elevado são condições que influenciaram o consumo desses alimentos.

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"Fast food" es un fenómeno económico que crece con ritmo acelerado en el mercado peruano, estos deben contar con alimentos seguros de ingesta y personal satisfecho que dé cumplimiento a las normativas higiénicas. Como objetivo, se propuso determinar la calidad microbiológica y satisfacción laboral en una empresa fast food, Arequipa, 2022, cuya muestra fue de 384 trabajadores distribuidos en 11 franquicia. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron tres actividades, 1) la aplicación de un cuestionario de 21 ítems la percepción de los trabajadores sobre las buenas prácticas y el cuidado de los alimentos, 3) la valoración microbiológica de las materias primas que ingresan a la empresa y 3) la valoración de la percepción de los trabajadores de la calidad y la satisfacción laboral. El análisis de datos se hizo mediante estadística descriptiva a través del paquete estadístico SPSS con aplicación de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Rho de Spearman para la correlacion entre la calidad y la satisfacción laboral. Como resultado, 81,51% en el aseo personal, 79,69% aseo diario, 78,91% prohibición de hábitos nocivos, 77,34% uso del uniforme y EPP y 50,78% limpieza de las manos, catalogándose como "muy buenas", el análisis microbiológico se encontró 35 UFC/ml de coliformes fecales y 31 UFC/ml de coliformes totales con 4 UFC/ml exarcebado en el agua. La satisfacción laboral fue "bueno" en la totalidad de las variables, las pruebas de normalidad fueron menor a <0,05, con un Rho de Spearman de 0,611, aceptándose la hipótesis alterna y rechazando la nula(AU)

"Fast food" is an economic phenomenon that is growing rapidly in the Peruvian market, these must have safe food to eat and satisfied staff that comply with hygienic regulations. As an objective, it was proposed to determine the microbiological quality and job satisfaction in a fast food company, Arequipa, 2022, whose sample was 384 workers distributed in 11 franchises. For the data collection, three activities were carried out, 1) the application of a 21-item questionnaire, the perception of workers about good practices and food care, 3) the microbiological evaluation of the raw materials that enter the company. and 3) the assessment of workers' perception of quality and job satisfaction. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics through the SPSS statistical package with the application of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman's Rho for the correlation between quality and job satisfaction. As a result, 81.51% in personal hygiene, 79.69% daily hygiene, 78.91% prohibition of harmful habits, 77.34% use of uniform and PPE and 50.78% hand cleaning, being classified as " very good", the microbiological analysis found 35 CFU/ml of fecal coliforms and 31 CFU/ml of total coliforms with 4 CFU/ml exacerbated in the water. Job satisfaction was "good" in all the variables, the normality tests were less than <0.05, with a Spearman's Rho of 0.611, accepting the alternate hypothesis and rejecting the null(AU)

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The high consumption of ultra-processed products is a concern because it is positively associated with the incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases, as metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim is to evaluate the effects of three different interventions to modify lifestyle on the consumption of ultra-processed foods in adults with MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a randomized clinical trial, in which the participants were divided into three groups: Standard Intervention (SI), Group Intervention (GI) and Individual Intervention (II). The interventions were carried out over a three-month period and the data was collected in a 24-h food record, taken at the beginning and end of the intervention. The food they ate was classified into four groups according to the degree of processing (unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods) in accordance with the NOVA food classification. Seventy adults took part in the study with a mean age of 51.2 ± 6.6 years old; most of whom were female (55.7%). The amount of ultra-processed food consumed by the three groups (SI, GI and II) was significantly reduced (46%, 34%, and 33%, respectively). The amount of processed food consumed only reduced in the II group. The Total Energy Value (TEV) consumed by the SI and II groups decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The interventions that were intended to alter lifestyles were able to reduce the amount of ultra-processed food consumed, which can have an impact on the prevention and treatment of MetS. REGISTRATION: registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, ReBEC, under number: RBR-9wz5fc.

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INTRODUCTION: There is a worldwide increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods, including among preschoolers. The screen exposure time demands attention to the consequences of this habit. Studies on the consumption of ultra-processed and the screen exposure time are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of consumption of soft drinks, industrialized juice, sweets, and fast foods and the screen exposure time of preschoolers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 218 children (mean age 2.5±0.9 years), attending a Non-Governmental Organization, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected using a semi-structured form filled out by the person responsible for the preschoolers. Social and environmental data, food frequency consumption, and exposure to screens were systematized to perform statistical analyses. RESULTS: More than 30.0% of children consume sugar-sweetened beverages more than once a week, 35.8% consume sweets daily and 42.7% consume fast foods monthly. Half of the preschoolers are exposed to distractions at mealtime and 70.0% have a contact for more than an hour/day. Screen exposure time was significantly related (p<0.0001) to children's age, consumption of soft drinks, and frozen foods. CONCLUSION: Among preschoolers, there is a high exposure to ultra-processed foods and screens, the latter associated with the consumption of soft drinks and frozen foods. This information reinforces the need for careful look and actions directed at families with preschoolers and residents of socially vulnerable regions.

INTRODUÇÃO: Há, a nível mundial, um aumento no consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, inclusive entre crianças pré-escolares. O tempo de exposição a telas demanda atenção quanto às consequências desse hábito. Estudos sobre o consumo de ultraprocessados e o tempo de exposição a telas são escassos na literatura. OBJETIVO: Analisar a frequência de consumo de refrigerantes, suco industrializado, doces e alimentos fast food e o tempo de exposição a telas de pré-escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com 218 crianças (idade média 2,5±0,9 anos), frequentadoras de uma Organização Não Governamental, no município de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados através de um formulário semiestruturado preenchido pelos responsáveis dos pré-escolares. Dados socioambientais, de frequência alimentar e de exposição a telas foram sistematizados para a realização das análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: Mais de 30,0% das crianças consomem bebidas açucaradas mais de uma vez por semana, 35,8% consomem doces diariamente e 42,7% alimentos fast food com frequência mensal. Metade dos pré-escolares é exposto a distrações no momento das refeições e 70,0% tem contato por mais de uma hora/dia. O tempo de exposição a telas teve relação significativa (p<0,0001) com a idade das crianças e o consumo de refrigerantes e de alimentos congelados. CONCLUSÃO: Há entre os pré-escolares alta exposição à alimentos ultraprocessados e a telas, esse último associado com o consumo de refrigerantes e congelados. Essa informação reforça a necessidade de um olhar cuidadoso e ações direcionadas a famílias com pré-escolares e residentes de regiões vulneráveis socialmente.

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Sugar-sweetened beverages and fast-food consumption have been associated with non-communicable diseases. Objective. Was to analyze consumption of non-alcoholic beverage and fast-food consumption among first- and fourth-year nursing students. Materials and methods. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among first-and fourth-year nursing students in Madrid, Spain. Anthropometric data (weight and height) and demographic data were collected, as were data on consumption of specific foods and beverages. Results. The survey was completed by 436 students. Mean (SD) age was 22.0 (6.8) years, 84.1 % of were women.26.2 % of the students were underweight; 6.3 % were overweight. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and diet drinks was moderate. Slightly more than three-quarters of the students (75.5 %) purchased fast food in the previous month. Burger bars were the most frequently visited fast-food outlet (77.2 %). A direct relationship was observed between BMI and fast-food consumption (rho = 0.099; p = 0.042) and between BMI and consumption of diet cola or carbonated drinks (rho = 0.120; p = 0.013). Conclusion. We provide new epidemiological data from a specific university population that could be useful to promote more studies that help design appropriate strategies to increase a healthy lifestyle(AU)

Las bebidas azucaradas y el consumo de comida rápida se han asociado con enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo. Analizar el consumo de bebidas no alcohólicas y el consumo de comida rápida entre estudiantes universitarios de primer y cuarto curso de enfermería. Materiales y métodos. Cuestionario validado entre estudiantes de enfermería de primer y cuarto año en Madrid, España. Se recopilaron datos antropométricos (peso y altura) y demográficos, así como datos sobre consumo de alimentos y bebidas específicos. Resultados. La encuesta fue completada por 436 estudiantes. La edad media (DE) fue de 22,0 (6,8) años, el 84,1 % eran mujeres; el 26,2 % de los estudiantes tenían bajo peso y el 6,3% mostraban sobrepeso. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas y bebidas dietéticas fue moderado. Más de tres cuartas partes de estudiantes (75,5%) compraron comida rápida en el mes anterior. Las hamburgueserías fueron el restaurante de comida rápida más visitado (77,2%). Se observó una relación directa entre el IMC y el consumo de comida rápida (rho = 0,099; p = 0,042) y entre el IMC y el consumo de refrescos dietéticos o bebidas gaseosas (rho = 0,120; p = 0,013). Conclusión. Aportamos nuevos datos epidemiológicos de una población universitaria concreta, que podrían ser de utilidad para promover más estudios que ayuden a diseñar estrategias adecuadas para incrementar un estilo de vida saludable(AU)

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Studies indicate that eating locations can influence food choices. However, the relationship with ultra-processed foods has been little explored. The objective was to assess the association between eating locations and ultra-processed foods consumption in the UK in 2014-2016. Data from 2,449 individuals aged 4 years or older from the NDNS were analysed cross-sectionally. Food consumption information was collected through 4-day food diaries. Recorded foods were classified into NOVA system. The eating locations were grouped into nine categories (home, institutional places, sit-down restaurants, on the go, coffee shops, leisure and sports clubs, fast food, friends and relatives' house, and other places). Linear regression models were carried out. The coefficients represent the increment in the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake for each percentage point increase in the contribution of each eating location to total energy intake. Among children, consumption at home was inversely associated with ultra-processed foods consumption (ß: -0.10; 95% CI -0.17, -0.03), while in leisure and sports places (0.47; 0.20, 0.73) directly associated. For adolescents, eating at home (-0.12; -0.19, -0.05) was inversely associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods, as well as sit-down restaurants (-0.21; -0.38, -0.03). Fast food (0.29; 0.12, 0.47) were directly associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods for adolescents. Finally, for adults, sit-down restaurants (-0.13; -0.22, -0.03) showed to be inversely associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods while in fast food restaurants (0.77; 0.38, 1.17) it was directly associated. Our results showed that the eating locations have different impacts on diet quality.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the advertising patterns on the posts of a fast-food chain in Brazil on three social media platforms in 2019. DESIGN: An exploratory cross-sectional study. SETTING: Advertising strategies on the posts of a major fast-food chain on their official Facebook, Instagram and YouTube accounts. The strategies were investigated according to the INFORMAS protocol for food promotion monitoring. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify advertising patterns in each platform. PARTICIPANTS: 305 advertisements. RESULTS: Four advertising patterns were identified in the PCA of Facebook and Instagram. In both platforms, the components for kids and product exaltation were similar. On Facebook, a pattern corresponding to economic appeal was identified as price and discount, while on Instagram, this pattern also included a practical approach. On Facebook, the fourth component was named celebrity, while on Instagram it was celebrity/innovation since on this second social media the component also included the 'new brand development' variable. On YouTube, three advertising patterns were identified in PCA. Similar to the other platforms, the first and the second patterns were called for kids and price and discount, and the third component referred to both celebrity and commemorative dates. CONCLUSIONS: The advertising patterns of the fast-food chain on three social media platforms were commonly directed to children and addressed price, discounts and the celebrities' universe. The findings of this study corroborate other data in the literature regarding unhealthy food advertising on social media. This study discusses the urgency of regulating food advertising content on this medium.

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The communication of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of a sample of eight restaurant and fast food companies is analyzed. An exploratory and descriptive method, based on the content analysis technique, is used to analyze the formal and informal CSR communication channels used to promote healthy eating on their respective websites and Twitter profiles. This study is complemented by a survey (n = 383) applied to a sample of young Spaniards to investigate their interest in healthy eating information, their assessment of CSR actions carried out in this area as well as the communication channels used for this purpose. The results confirm that the CSR policies of the companies include actions aimed at guaranteeing and promoting healthy eating. It is concluded about the convenience of using their own social networks and influencers to encourage healthy eating habits more effectively in their publics. (AU)

É analisada a comunicação de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) de uma amostra de oito empresas de restaurantes e fast food. Um método exploratório e descritivo, baseado na técnica de análise de conteúdo é usado para analisar os canais de comunicação formais e informais de RSC usados para promover uma alimentação saudável nos seus respectivos sites e perfis no Twitter. Este estudo é complementado por uma pesquisa para descobrir o interesse na alimentação dos jovens espanhóis (n = 383), sua avaliação da RSC nessa área e os canais de informação usados para esse fim. Os resultados verificam a integração em suas políticas de RSE de ações relacionadas à promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Conclui-se sobre a conveniência de utilizar redes sociais próprias e influenciadores para estimular esse tipo de hábitos, dentro de suas políticas de RSE de maneira mais eficaz. (AU)

Se analiza la comunicación de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) de una muestra de ocho empresas de restauración y fast food. Se sigue una metodología exploratoria y descriptiva para analizar mediante un análisis de contenido la comunicación formal e informal de RSC respecto de la promoción de una alimentación saludable en sus respectivas webs y perfiles en Twitter. Este estudio se complementa con una encuesta (n = 383) sobre el interés por la alimentación de los jóvenes españoles, su valoración de la RSC en este ámbito y los canales de información utilizados al respecto. Los resultados verifican la integración en sus políticas de RSC de acciones relativas a la promoción de hábitos alimenticios saludables. Se concluye acerca de la conveniencia de uso de sus propias redes sociales y de influencers, para incentivar este tipo de hábitos, dentro de sus políticas de RSC. (AU)

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This research aimed to investigate relationships between the recognition of children's characters, and the association of logos and brands of tobacco products, fast-food, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages in 90 children, aged 4-9 years, from the city of Rio de Janeiro, most of whom are male (56.7%). Age range was chosen based on McNeal's model of consumer behavior which says the consumer is fully formed by the age of 8. The Instrument for assessing Cartoon and Movie Characters (IACMC, α = 0.80, M=0.75, SD=0.16), the Instrument for assessing Cartoon and Movie Logos (IACML α =0.80, M=0.58, SD=0.21) and the Instrument for Assessing Logos and Trademarks Association (IALTA, α=0.74, M=0.53, SD = 0.14) were used. The global scores for recognition of logos correlated significantly with the global scores for recognition of children's characters (r = 0.38, p< 0.01). The model path was drawn from characters to logos and from logos to fast food associations. A direct effect was drawn from fast food over soda and alcohol. Fit was X² (df = 736) = 782.97 (p = 0.112), RMSEA = 0.03 (90% C.I. [0.00, 0.04]) (p = 0.996), CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94. The research demonstrated the need for stricter regulations for the advertising of alcoholic beverages, soft drinks and fast-food. (AU)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar relações entre o reconhecimento de personagens infantis e a associação de logos e marcas de produtos de tabaco, fast-food, refrigerantes e bebidas alcoólicas em 90 crianças, entre 4-9 anos, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (56,7%). A escolha da faixa etária se baseou no modelo de comportamento consumidor proposto por McNeal, o qual diz que o consumidor se encontra plenamente formado aos 8 anos de idade. Utilizou-se o Instrumento de Avaliação de Personagens de Desenho Animado e Filme (IACMC, α = 0.80, M=0.75, DP= 0.16), o Instrumento de Avaliação de Logos de Desenho Animado e Filme (IACML α = 0.80, M = 0.88, DP = 0.21) e o Instrumento de Avaliação da Associação de Logos e Marcas (IALTA, α = 0.74, M = 0.53, DP = 0.14). As pontuações globais para reconhecimento de logos correlacionaram-se significativamente com as pontuações globais para reconhecimento de personagens infantis (r = 0.38, p<0.01). O modelo foi desenhado a partir de personagens para logotipos e destes para associações de fast-food. Um efeito direto foi extraído de fast-food com refrigerante e álcool. O ajuste foi X² (df = 736) = 782.97 (p = 0.112), RMSEA = 0.03 (90% de CC [0.00, 0.04]) (p = 0.996), CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94. A pesquisa demonstrou a necessidade de regulamentação mais rígida para a publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas, refrigerantes e fast-food. (AU)

Este estudio investigó las relaciones entre el reconocimiento de personajes infantiles y la asociación de logos y marcas de productos de tabaco, fast-food, refrescos y bebidas alcohólicas en 90 niños, de entre 4 y 9 años, de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, la mayoría de los cuales son hombres (56,7%). El rango de edad se eligió según el modelo de comportamiento del consumidor de McNeal que dice que el consumidor está completamente formado a la edad de 8 años. Se utilizó el Instrumento de Evaluación de Personajes de Dibujo Animado y Película (IACMC, α = 0.80, M = 0.75, DE = 0.16), el Instrumento de Evaluación de Logos de Dibujo Animado y Película (IACML α = 0.80, M= 0.88, DE = 0.21) y el Instrumento de Evaluación de la Asociación de Logos y Marcas (IALTA, α = 0.74, M = 0.53, DE = 0.14). Las puntuaciones globales para el reconocimiento de logos se correlacionaron significativamente con el reconocimiento de personajes infantiles (r = 0.38, p<0.01). El modelo fue diseñado a partir de personajes para logotipos y de éstos para fast-food. Un efecto directo fue extraído de fast-food con refrigerante y alcohol. El ajuste fue X² (df = 736) = 782.97 (p = 0.112), RMSEA =0.03 (90% de CC [0.00, 0.04]) (p = 0.996), CFI =0.95, TLI = 0.94. La investigación demostró la necesidad de reglamentación más rígida para la publicidad de bebidas alcohólicas, refrescos y fast-food. (AU)

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Resumen Objetivos: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de comida chatarra, actividad física y estado nutricional en pacientes con colelitiasis a la ecografía (casos), comparados con controles aparentemente sanos sin colelitiasis a la ecografía, en consulta externa del Hospital EsSalud II Huánuco. Materiales y Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron 107 casos y 107 controles. El consumo de comida "chatarra" se valoró con la encuesta validada por RSEQ (Red deportiva estudiantil de Québec), la frecuencia del consumo (días por semana); la actividad física por el cuestionario IPAQ (Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física) y el estado nutricional mediante el índice de masa corporal. En el análisis estadístico se empleó el χ2, U de Mann Whitney y Odds Ratio (p < 0,05). Resultados: La edad y la procedencia no fueron significativos. El consumo de comida "chatarra" estuvo asociado a la colecistitis (OR 10,30; IC 95% 5,48-19,37). La actividad física moderada-vigorosa (≥ 600 MET) promovió el diagnóstico de colecistitis (OR 8,38; IC 95% 4,54-15,48) y el estado nutricional (sobrepeso o mayor), en forma significativa, promovía la colecistitis (OR 11,38; IC 95% 6,01-21,55). Ser femenino estuvo asociado al desarrollo de colecistitis (OR 2,06; IC 95% 1,19-3,55). Conclusión: El consumo de comida "chatarra", la actividad física moderada-vigorosa (≥ 600 MET), el estado nutricional (sobrepeso o mayor) y el género (femenino) fueron asociados al desarrollo de colelitiasis diagnosticados mediante ecografía.

Aim: To determine the association between junk food consumption, physical activity and nutritional status in patients with cholelithiasis on ultrasound (cases), compared with apparently healthy controls without cholelithiasis on ultrasound, in an outpatient EsSalud II Hospital, Huánuco Hospital, 2017. Materials and Method: Case-control study. 107 cases and 107 controls were included. The consumption of junk food was assessed with the survey validated by RSEQ (Québec Student Sports Network), the frequency of consumption (days per week); Physical activity through the IPAQ questionnaire (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and nutritional status through the Body Mass Index. The chi-square, Mann Whitney U and Odds Ratio (p < 0.05) were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Gender, age and origin were not significant. None or low consumption of "junk" food were associated with cholecystitis (OR 0.097; 95% CI 0.052-0.182). Low physical activity (< 600 MET) did not promote the diagnosis of cholecystitis (OR 0.119; 95% CI 0.064-0.22) and the nutritional status (normal weight), significantly, did not promote cholecystitis (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.05-0.167). Being male was associated with the non-development of cholecystitis (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.281-0.838). Conclusión: Low or no consumption of "junk" food, low physical activity (< 600 MET), nutritional status (normal) and gender (male) were associated for the non-development of cholelithiasis diagnosed by ultrasound.

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Obesity is considered a global pandemic. Different countries have worked to implement front-of-package (FOP) labeling systems that define thresholds for critical nutrients (CN) as part of their public health policies. The objective of this study is to identify the proportion of Processed (PF) and Ultra-Processed (UPF) Foods marketed in Honduras, which meet or fall short of the criteria of three Nutrient Profile Models (NPM): PAHO (2016), Chile (2017) and the Central American Technical Regulation Proposal-Nutritional Warning Front Labeling (CATRP-NWFL 2017). This study is descriptive; 1009 products from 206 brands were collected nationwide. Descriptive statistics were performed. The mean CN compliance with the three models was 49.3% for sodium, 30.6% for sugars, 63.1% and 96% for saturated and trans fats. The PAHO and Chilean (NPM) similarly concentrated on the lower compliance with the established criteria, unlike the CATRP, which has less stringent criteria. This is the first assessment of CN content in PF and UPF in Honduras under three different NPMs. We highlight the importance of defining or adopting criteria for the implementation of NWFL as information for the consumer and thereby contribute to reducing the risks of obesity and related diseases.

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RESUMEN La alimentación es un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo de cáncer. El consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados se ha asociado a mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar sistemáticamente la evidencia publicada sobre la relación entre el consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados con el desarrollo de distintos tipos de cáncer. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos de Pubmed en los últimos 10 años. Se incluyeron estudios de cohorte, caso control o transversales que evaluaran riesgo de cáncer, no recidiva, en adultos y midieron la alimentación a través de encuestas o patrones dietarios. Dos autores revisaron de forma independiente títulos y resúmenes para seleccionar los artículos, posteriormente ambos realizaron una revisión de texto completo, extrajeron los datos y analizaron la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos. Los resultados contemplan las conclusiones de 18 estudios, cuatro estudios de cohorte, 13 caso-control y uno transversal. Catorce de los estudios incluidos asocian positivamente la ingesta de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados con el desarrollo de algunos tipos de cáncer.

ABSTRACT Diet is a modifiable risk factor for the development of cancer. Consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods has been associated with an increased risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective of this review is to systematically evaluate the published evidence on the relationship between the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods with the development of different types of cancer. A systematic review of the Pubmed database was carried out for articles published in the last 10 years. Cohort, case-control or cross-sectional studies that evaluated cancer risk in adults, no cancer recurrence, and studies that evaluated diet through surveys or dietary patterns were included. Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts to select articles, and subsequently carried out a text review. Data was extracted and the methodological quality was analyzed of the included studies. The results contemplate the conclusions of 18 studies, four cohort studies, 13 case-control and one cross-sectional. Fourteen of the included studies showed a positive association between the intake of processed and ultra-processed foods and the development of cancer.

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A high-fat fast-food meal negatively impacts postprandial metabolism even in healthy young people. In experimental studies, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive compound present in green tea, has been described as a potent natural inhibitor of fatty acid synthase. Thus, we sought to evaluate the effects of acute EGCG supplementation on postprandial lipid profile, glucose, and insulin levels following a high-fat fast-food meal. Fourteen healthy young women 21 ± 1 years and body mass index 21.4 ± 0.41 kg/m2 were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Participants ingested capsules containing 800 mg EGCG or placebo immediately before a typical fast-food meal rich in saturated fatty acids. Blood samples were collected at baseline and then at 90 and 120 min after the meal. The EGCG treatment attenuated postprandial triglycerides (p = 0.029) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p = 0.016) at 120 min. No treatment × time interaction was found for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), and glucose or insulin levels. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose was decreased by EGCG treatment (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in the iAUC for triglycerides and HDL-c. In healthy young women, acute EGCG supplementation attenuated postprandial triglycerides and glucose but negatively impacted HDL-c following a fast-food meal.

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Online food delivery services like Just Eat and Grubhub facilitate online ordering and home delivery of food prepared away-from-home. It is poorly understood how these services are used and by whom. This study investigated the prevalence of online food delivery service use and sociodemographic characteristics of customers, in and across Australia, Canada, Mexico, the UK, and the USA. We analyzed online survey data (n = 19,378) from the International Food Policy Study, conducted in 2018. We identified respondents who reported any online food delivery service use in the past 7 days and calculated the frequency of use and number of meals ordered. We investigated whether odds of any online food delivery service use in the past 7 days differed by sociodemographic characteristics using adjusted logistic regression. Overall, 15% of respondents (n = 2929) reported online food delivery service use, with the greatest prevalence amongst respondents in Mexico (n = 839 (26%)). Online food delivery services had most frequently been used once and the median number of meals purchased through this mode of order was two. Odds of any online food delivery service use were lower per additional year of age (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.95) and greater for respondents who were male (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.66), that identified with an ethnic minority (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.78), were highly educated (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.90), or living with children (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.44, 3.01). Further research is required to explore how online food delivery services may influence diet and health.

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AIMS: We analyzed the joint association of high ultra-processed food ingestion and sedentary behavior (SB) with anxiety-induced sleep disturbance among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Data from the Brazilian Scholar Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of 9th grade adolescents [mean: 14.28 years (range: 11-18 years)] conducted in 2015 (n = 100,648) were used. Self-reported anxiety-induced sleep disturbance, SB (TV viewing and total sitting time), and frequency of ingestion of different ultra-processed foods were collected. Age, ethnicity, type of city (capital or interior), region of the country, and habitual physical activity (global scholar survey questionnaire) were covariates. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations. RESULTS: High ultra-processed food ingestion plus low SB [boys:OR:1.44(99%CI:1.16-1.79), girls:OR:1.41(99%CI:1.22-1.63)] were risk factors for anxiety-induced sleep disturbance. The highest risk of anxiety-induced sleep disturbance was observed among those who joint high ultra-processed food ingestion with high SB [boys:OR:1.85(99%CI:1.46-2.35), girls:OR:1.62(99%CI:1.39-1.89)]. In addition, the interaction of high ultra-processed food ingestion with TV-viewing substantially increased the odds of anxiety-induced sleep disturbance [boys:OR:2.03(99%CI:1.61-2.56), girls:OR:2.04(99%CI:1.76-2.36)]. CONCLUSIONS: Both the high consumption of ultra-processed foods and SB (especially TV-viewing) appear to be independently associated with anxiety-induced sleep disturbance in both sexes. However, the co-occurrence of both negative lifestyle behaviors is associated with a substantial increase in the risk of anxiety-induced sleep disturbance. Future longitudinal research is required to confirm/refute our findings and explore potential mechanisms.

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Salt consumption in many countries of the world exceeds the level recommended by WHO (5 g/day), which is associated with negative effects on health. Public health strategies to achieve the WHO's objectives include salt content monitoring, improved nutritional labelling and product reformulation. This study aimed to determine the sodium content in street food (SF), fast foods (FF) and artisanal foods (AF) of the Northwest of Argentina, which is not regulated. Moisture, ash and sodium were determined according to the Official Methods of Analysis (AOAC) in 189 samples from each of the three categories. The average and range values were: SF 520 (R: 74-932); FF 599 (R: 371-1093) and AF 575 (R: 152-1373) mg Na/100 g. Thus, general sodium content is high, which means that the consumption of a serving from most of the studied foods leads to an individual exceeding the recommended daily intake values. This study contributes to the knowledge of sodium content in evaluated foods and its contribution to the population intake. This reinforces the importance of implementing new public policies and regulations, advising consumers to check food nutritional labels andselect foods lower in salt content, raising food manufacturers' awarenessabout the importance of reducing sodium content in foods they produce and in public health.

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BACKGROUND: Food source and eating location are important factors associated with the quality of dietary intake. In Chile the main food sources and eating locations of preschool children and adolescents and how these relate to dietary quality are unknown. METHODS: We analyzed 24 h dietary recalls collected in 2016 from low- and middle-income Chilean preschool children (3-6 years, n = 839) and adolescents (12-14 years, n = 643) from southeastern Santiago. Surveys collected the food source and eating location for each food reported during the recall. We estimated the mean intake of calories and key nutrients of concern, such as saturated fats, total sugars, and sodium, by food source and eating location. RESULTS: Foods obtained and eaten at home contributed the greatest proportion of total calories and the key nutrients of concern. Foods obtained at home tended to have lower caloric densities but higher sugar and sodium densities than foods obtained away from home in both age groups. With regard to location, for preschool children foods consumed at home had lower caloric and sugar densities than foods eaten at school, while for adolescents foods consumed at home had lower caloric, saturated fat, and sugar densities than foods eaten at school. For both children and adolescents, home was the primary source of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) calories. SSBs were important calorie contributors among foods across all settings, but the highest absolute amount of calories from these beverages was consumed at home. CONCLUSIONS: While most of Chilean youths' calories and key nutrients of concern are obtained and consumed at home, these foods tended to have lower caloric densities than foods obtained and consumed away from home. Home was the main food source for SSBs, but the relative consumption of these beverages was high in all eating locations. More research will be needed to inform and evaluate policies and interventions to improve children's dietary quality across settings.

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Las ensaladas crudas juegan un papel importante en las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, sobre todo si durante su procesamiento no se cumplen con las condiciones higiénicas necesarias para impedir su contaminación. El objetivo es determinar la calidad microbiológica de ensaladas crudas que se expenden en puestos ambulantes de comida rápida de Maracaibo, Venezuela. 15 establecimientos fueron estudiados mediante el doble muestreo con intervalo de un mes. Para el estudio microbiológico, las muestras fueron preparadas según la Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales (COVENIN N°1126-89). Del homogenizado, se determinó el contaje Aerobios Mesόfilos, Salmonella, Coliformes Totales, Fecales y Escherichia coli. En relación a Aerobios Mesofilos, de las 30 muestras, 2 (6,67%) mostraron contajes de 225.000 UFC/g; y 28 (93, 33%) con recuentos incontables. Para Coliformes Totales, 28 (93.3%) mostraron contajes que oscilaron entre 350 x 107 hasta 730 x 107 y en 2 (6.6%) el contaje promedio fue 197 UFC/g. En el 93,3% (28) de las muestras se observó recuentos elevados para Escherichia coli, y en 2 (6,6%) fue menor a 1 UFC/g. Salmonella se detectó en 4 (13,3%) muestras. Las ensaladas estudiadas no son aptas para el consumo humano, por no cumplir con los requerimientos mínimos de inocuidad, según las normativas establecidas.

Raw salads play an important role in foodborne, especially during processing is not necessary meet to prevent its contamination hygienic conditions. The objective is to determine the microbiological quality of raw salads that are sold in fast food stalls Maracaibo, Venezuela. 15 establishments were studied by double sampling interval of one month. For microbiological study, samples were prepared according to the Venezuelan Industrial Standards Commission (COVENIN No. 1126-1189). Homogenate, counting mesophilic aerobics, Salmonella, Total and Fecal Coliforms and Escherichia coli by the method most probable number and rehydratable plate with dry films was determined. Regarding mesophilic aerobics, of the 30 samples, 2 (6.67%) showed counts of 225,000 CFU/g; and 28 (93, 33%) had countless counts. For Total Coliforms, 28 (93.3%) showed counts ranging from 350 to 730 x107 x 107 and 2 (6.6%) the average count was 197 CFU/g. Escherichia coli in 93.3% (28) of the samples was observed high counts, and in 2 (6.6%) counting was less than 1 CFU/g. Salmonella was detected in 4 (13.3%) samples. The salads studied are unfit for human consumption, not to meet the minimum safety requirements, according to established regulations.

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Resumen Introducción: La dispepsia funcional (DF) comprende trastornos crónicos y recurrentes del tracto digestivo superior y no tiene origen orgánico. Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados con DF en trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en un centro comercial de Huancayo, Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico, se encuestó a 128 trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en una ciudad de la serranía peruana. Se usó la prueba "A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia" para el diagnóstico de DF, esto se cruzó con variables sociales, de consumo y de hábitos alimenticios; se obtuvieron estadísticas de asociación. Resultados: El 40 % tuvo DF. Estuvo asociado con una menor frecuencia de DF el sexo femenino (razones de prevalencias ajustadas [RPa]: 0,64; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 0,41-0,99; valor p = 0,044); en cambio, los que tenían dificultad para conciliar el sueño o padecían de despertares nocturnos (RPa: 1,89; IC 95 %: 1,37-2,61; valor p <0,001) y los que tomaban alcohol regularmente tenían mayor frecuencia de DF (RPa: 3,28; IC 95 %: 1,02-10,6; valor p = 0,047); ajustadas por 5 variables. Según los hábitos de alimentación, se encontró que estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia de dispepsia quien omitiera comer el almuerzo (RPa: 1,88; IC 95 %: 1,22-2,90; valor p = 0,004), quien omitiera la cena (RPa: 3,44; IC 95 %: 2,72-4,35; valor p <0,001) y quien se alimentase regularmente en otros restaurantes (RPa: 1,87; IC 95 %: 1,22-2,88; valor p = 0,004); ajustadas por 3 variables. Conclusiones: se encontraron algunas características asociadas con la DF en esta población que comparte características con otras similares, lo que puede ser útil para generar estrategias de detección y diagnóstico oportunos.

Abstract Introduction: Functional dyspepsia includes chronic and recurrent disorders of the upper digestive tract and which have no organic origin. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine factors associated with functional dyspepsia among the workers of fast food establishments at a mall in Huancayo, Perú. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of 128 fast food workers in a city in the Peruvian highlands. "A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia" was used to diagnose functional dyspepsia and record social variables, consumption and eating habits. From this information statistical measures of association were obtained. Results: Forty percent of those surveyed had functional dyspepsia. There was a lower frequency of functional dyspepsia among women than men (Prevalence ratio: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41-0.99, p-value = 0.044). Those who had difficulty falling asleep and/or suffered from nighttime awakening (Prevalence ratio: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.37-2.61, p value <0.001) and those who drank alcohol regularly (Prevalence ratio: 3.28, 95% CI: 1, 02-10.6, p value = 0.047) had a higher frequency of functional dyspepsia. This was adjusted by five variables. According to eating habits, it was found that a higher frequency of dyspepsia was associated with skipping lunch (Prevalence ratio: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.22-2.90, p-value = 0.004), skipping dinner (Prevalence ratio: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.72-4.35, p value <0.001) and eating regularly in other restaurants (Prevalence ratio: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.22-2.88; p = 0.004). This was adjusted by three variables. Conclusions: We found some characteristics associated with functional dyspepsia in this population shares characteristics with similar populations which could be useful for developing strategies for detection and timely diagnosis.

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