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Introducción: Las Mucopolisacaridosis (MPS) son enfermedades de depósito lisosomal que se caracterizan por la acumulación excesiva de sulfato de Glucosaminoglicanos (GAGs) en órganos y tejidos, debido a la alteración en los genes que codifican para enzimas involucradas en la degradación lisosomal de glucosaminoglicanos. Se reconocen siete tipos distintos de trastornos de MPS (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII y IX) con 11 deficiencias específicas de enzimas lisosomales. El país no tiene datos exactos sobre la carga de la enfermedad, ni datos de frecuencia alélica que permita conocer la presencia de variantes poblacionales y posibles individuos afectados y portadores. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia alélica poblacional de las variantes del complejo MPS en una población sin diagnóstico clínico y molecular de esta patología. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional donde se determinó la frecuencia alélica de variantes presentes en los genes IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, GLB1, ARSB ,GUSB ,HYAL1, asociados a MPS por medio de la secuenciación de 320 exomas completos de pacientes sin diagnóstico clínico de MPS del Suroccidente Colombiano; los resultados fueron tabulados y fueron utilizadas fórmulas de frecuencia alélica para determinar los valores asociados a cada uno de los genes. Resultados: Se reportaron 509 alelos asociadas al complejo MPS, de las cuales 262 no se habían informado previamente. Los genes con presencia alélica más frecuentes fueron IDUA, GLB1 y GALNS, involucrados en MPS I y MPS IV A / B. Las frecuencias totales oscilaron entre 0,00393 (2 alelos) y 0,47937 (248 alelos). Estos estudios nos permiten conocer la frecuencia poblacional de cada una de las variantes asociadas al complejo MPS, lo que facilita la identificación oportuna de posibles pacientes, y portadores, realizar intervenciones oportunas que incluya además asesoramiento genético. Conclusiones: Con el avance en los métodos diagnósticos genómicos es posible ampliar el conocimiento sobre el impacto de presencia de variantes de los genes asociados al complejo MPS en nuestra población, identificación e instauración de programas integrales que nos acerca a la medicina de precisión.

Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycan sulfate (GAGs) in organs and tissues, due to the alteration in the genes that code for enzymes involved in the lysosomal degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Seven different types of MPS disorders (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and IX) are recognized with 11 specific lysosomal enzyme deficiencies. Colombia does not have exact data on the burden of the disease, nor data on the allelic frequency that allows knowing the presence of population variants and possible affected individuals and carriers. Objective: To determine the population allelic frequency of the variants of the MPS complex in a population without a clinical and molecular diagnosis of this pathology. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was carried out where the allelic frequency of variants present in the IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, GLB1, ARSB, GUSB, HYAL1 genes associated with MPS was determined by means of the sequencing of 320 exomes from patients without a clinical diagnosis of MPS from the Southwest of Colombia; the results were tabulated and allelic frequency formulas were used to determine the values associated with each of the genes. Results: 509 alleles associated with the MPS complex were reported, of which 262 have not been previously reported. The genes with the most frequent allelic presence were IDUA, GLB1 and GALNS, involved in MPS I and MPS IV A. These studies allow us to know the population frequency of each of the variants associated with the MPS complex, which facilitates the timely identification of possible patients and carriers, and to carry out timely interventions that also include genetic counseling. Conclusions: With the advancement in genomic diagnostic methods, it is possible to expand the knowledge about the impact of the presence of variants of the genes associated with the MPS complex in our population, identification and establishment of comprehensive programs that bring us closer to precision medicine.

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A study published in 2012 estimated incidence of MPS IVA, in 0.68 cases per 100, 000 live births in Colombia, and according to the Colombian Fund for High-Cost Diseases, in 2014 there were 15 people diagnosed with MPS IV. To enhance the knowledge of the disease in the country, we aimed to characterize clinical and molecular findings in 12 MPS IVA patients. Twelve patients were included in the study, with most patients of female gender (n = 7, 58,3%), age range 2 to 28 years, average weight 26 kg (17.6-43 kg), average height 97 cm (92-104 cm), average BMI 27.6 kg/m2 (19.92-47.65 kg/m2). Clinical findings were similar to those described in the literature. GALNS gene molecular analysis showed five homozygous missense mutations in exon 11 c.1156C > T or p.R386C, a single nonsense mutation in the heterozygous state c.974G > A p.W325, and heterozygous in exon 9 mutation of exon 3 c.280C > T p.R94C, missense variant reported by Ogawa in 1995 [17]. There was only one patient that presented a homozygous missense mutation in exon 9 c.901G > T p.G301C and four patients showed the heterozygous form. A heterozygous missense mutation in exon 5 c.425A > T p.H142L, which has not been previously reported, was found in a female patient, 2 years 11 months of age. The diagnosis algorithms that include molecular analysis, bioinformatic predictive tools, pharmacogenomics, and proteomics helps to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients affected by MPS IVA.

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The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second-most prevalent class of drinking water disinfection by-products formed by chemical disinfectants. Previous studies have determined DNA damage and repair of HAA-induced lesions in mammalian and human cell lines; however, little is known of the genomic DNA and chromosome damage induced by these compounds in primary human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and clastogenic effects of the monoHAA disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes. All monoHAAs were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes, the rank order of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA. After 6 h of repair time, only 50% of the DNA damage (maximum decrease in DNA damage) was repaired compared to the control. This demonstrates that primary human lymphocytes are less efficient in repairing the induced damage by monoHAAs than previous studies with mammalian cell lines. In addition, the monoHAAs induced an increase in the chromosome aberration frequency as a measurement of the clastogenic effect of these compounds. These results coupled with genomic technologies in primary human cells and other mammalian non-cancerous cell lines may lead to the identification of biomarkers that may be employed in feedback loops to aid water chemists and engineers in the overall goal of producing safer drinking water.

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Organic solvents are widely used as diluents or thinners for oil-paints, gasoline and other organic mixtures. We evaluated chromosome aberrations (CAs) in lymphocytes of 200 workers exposed to organic solvents and 200 referents and the influence of polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolism (CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1) and in DNA repair genes (XRCC1(194) Arg/Trp, XRCC1(280) Arg/His, XRCC1(399) Arg/Gln and XRCC3(241) Thr/Met). Polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP. Poisson regression analysis indicates a significant CA frequency increase in exposed workers, representing a higher risk in relation to the matched referent (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.21-1.53, p<0.001). The CA frequency in exposed workers was influenced by the polymorphic genotypes: GSTM1 null (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.31-1.69, p<0.001), XRCC1(194) Arg/Trp, Trp/Trp (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.08-1.40, p<0.001) and by the wild genotypes CYP2E1 C1/C1 (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05-1.37, p<0.001), GSTT1 positive (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.31-1.69, p<0.001), XRCC1(280) Arg/Arg (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.26-1.64, p<0.001) and XRCC1(241) Thr/Thr (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.34-1.76, p=0.001). We contribute to the follow-up predictive value of individual susceptibility biomarkers and their CA frequency influence during occupational organic solvent exposure. We provide tools for surveillance and prevention strategies to reduce potential health risks in countries with a large population of car painters not using protection devices and limited organic solvents use control.

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