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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experiences of maternal health workers in three Brazilian cities, located in the Northeast (São Luís), Southeast (Niterói), and South (Pelotas) regions during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Qualitative research carried out between December 2020 and February 2021. Interviews were conducted, in person or remotely, with 30 health workers, doctors and nurses, working in maternity hospitals of different degrees of complexity. RESULTS: Sociodemographic characteristics, employment relationships and professional qualification of the interviewees were described. Two thematic axes were identified: 1) changes in hospital organization and dynamics in the pandemic; 2) Illness and suffering of health workers. The majority of respondents were women. Most physicians had work relationships in the public and private sectors. In Niterói, health workers had better professional qualifications and more precarious work relationships (as temporary hires), compared to São Luís and Pelotas. In the context of the uncertainties resulting from the pandemic, this situation generated even more insecurity for those workers. The statements at the beginning of the pandemic covered topics such as changes in the organizational dynamics of services, healthcare, telemedicine, and interaction between health workers and users. In the health workers' perception, the initial period of the health emergency, which resulted in intense changes in the provision of services, was marked by an increase in preterm births, perinatal mortality, and fetal losses. Work overload, fear of contamination, concern for family members and uncertainties regarding the new disease caused intense suffering in health workers who had little institutional support in the cities studied. The suffering experienced by health workers went beyond the work dimension, reaching their private life. CONCLUSION: Changes caused by the pandemic required immediate adjustments in professional practices, generating insecurities in healthcare regardless of the location studied. The method of hiring health workers remained the same as the previously practiced one in each city. Due to the risk of disease transmission, measures contrary to humanization practices, and more restrictive in São Luís, were reported as harmful to obstetric care. The Covid-19 pandemic was a huge challenge for the Brazilian health system, aggravating the working conditions experienced by health workers. In addition to the work environment, it was possible to briefly glimpse its effects on private life.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted public and private health systems around the world, impairing good practices in women's health care. However, little is known about the experiences, knowledge, and feelings of Brazilian women in this period. The objective was to analyze the experiences of women, seen at maternity hospitals accredited by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, acronym in Portuguese), regarding health care during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum periods, their interpersonal relationships, and perceptions and feelings about the pandemic. This was a qualitative, exploratory research, carried out in three Brazilian municipalities with women hospitalized in 2020, during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum period, with COVID-19 or not. For data collection, semi-structured individual interviews (in person, by telephone, or by digital platform) were conducted, recorded and transcribed. The content analysis of thematic modalities was displayed as per the following axes: i) Knowledge about the disease; ii) Search for health care in prenatal, childbirth, and postpartum periods; iii) Experience of suffering from COVID-19; iv) Income and work; and v) Family dynamics and social support network. A total of 46 women were interviewed in São Luís-MA, Pelotas-RS, and Niterói-RJ. Use of media was important to convey information and fight fake news. The pandemic negatively impacted access to health care in the prenatal, childbirth, and postpartum periods, contributing to worsening of the population's social and economic vulnerabilities. Women experienced diverse manifestations of the disease, and psychic disorders were very frequent. Social isolation during the pandemic disrupted the support network of these women, who found social support strategies in communication technologies. Women-centered care-including qualified listening and mental health support-can reduce the severity of COVID-19 cases in pregnant, parturient, and postpartum women. Sustainable employment and income maintenance policies are essential to mitigate social vulnerabilities and reduce risks for these women.

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A síndrome do túnel do carpo é uma das patologias mais incidentes no membro superior; é a neuropatia compressiva mais comum, acarretando importante morbidade. Grande parcela dos acometidos necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico; desse modo, a técnica WALANT seria uma excelente opção para permitir maior celeridade do tratamento desses pacientes que o aguardam. Este estudo visa realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre a aplicação da técnica WALANT para tratamento cirúrgico da síndrome do túnel do carpo, ressaltando a eficácia e a segurança do procedimento. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa na literatura, utilizando o descritor "Wide Awake Local Anestesia No Tourniquet". Aplicando os critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados 16 estudos nas bases de dados PubMed e BVS. Os estudos selecionados não relatam complicações associadas à aplicação da técnica WALANT. A técnica WALANT apresenta evidente eficácia e segurança para o tratamento cirúrgico da síndrome do túnel do carpo, sem relatos de complicações.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common pathologies in the upper limb; it is the most common compressive neuropathy, causing significant morbidity. Many of those affected need surgical treatment; thus, the WALANT technique would be an excellent option to allow faster treatment of patients waiting for it. This study aims to carry out an integrative review on applying the WALANT technique for the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, emphasizing the efficacy and safety of the procedure. An integrative literature review was performed using the "Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet" descriptor. Sixteen studies were selected from the PubMed and VHL databases, applying the eligibility criteria. The selected studies do not report complications associated with applying the WALANT technique. The WALANT technique has evident efficacy and safety for the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, with no reports of complications.

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Resumo: Introdução: A atual pandemia da Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19) deixou ainda mais evidentes a desigualdade social e o impacto dos determinantes sociais nos indicadores de saúde. Por conta disso, os profissionais de saúde, para cuidar das pessoas e populações, devem desenvolver ações que promovam a equidade, papel que também cabe às instituições de ensino e saúde. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os Cursos de Graduação em Medicina trazem em seu artigo 3º que a formação do(a) graduando(a) deverá ocorrer com "responsabilidade social e compromisso com a defesa da cidadania". Relato de Experiência: Este relato mostra como o debate da determinação social do processo de saúde e doença vem ocorrendo ao longo dos eventos nacionais de educação médica, especificamente nos Congressos Brasileiros de Educação Médica (Cobem), e como isso resultou na construção coletiva e colaborativa do grupo de trabalho Populações (In)Visibilizadas e Diversidades da Abem (GT-PIVD). Discussão: Os Cobems têm ampliado as oportunidades para debates sobre determinantes sociais por meio de atividades relacionadas às questões LGBTI+, racial, da mulher e indígena. O GT-PIVD, criado em 2019, reúne um coletivo de educandos(as) e educadores(as) com o objetivo de promover esse debate na formação médica e nos eventos da Abem, além de ser uma comunidade de trocas de experiências sobre as populações (in)visibilizadas e diversidades. Conclusão: Algumas iniciativas, como a "Carta de Porto Alegre", sobre equidade de gênero e diversidade sexual, e a criação do GT-PIVD, são produtos dos Cobem. O GT-PIVD, por meio de sua comunidade de práticas virtuais, tem se tornando um espaço importante de trocas de experiências entre educandos(as) e educadores(as) sobre racismo, sexismo, LGBTIfobia e outras violências, inclusive durante a pandemia da Covid-19.

Abstract: Introduction: The current SARS-COV 2 pandemic (Covid-19) has made social inequality and the impact of social determinants on health indicators even more explicit. It is evident that health professionals, as well as educational and health institutions, must develop actions to promote equity in order to care for people and populations. The National Curricular Guidelines for Undergraduate Courses in Medicine bring in their third article that the training of the undergraduate student must occur with "social responsibility and commitment to promote citizenship". Experience Report: This report presents how the debate on the social determination of the health and disease process has been taking place throughout the national Medical Education events, specifically in the Brazilian Medical Education Congress ("Cobem"), and how this resulted in the collective and collaborative initiative of the (In)Visible Populations and Diversities of the ABEM Working Group ("GT-PIVD"). Discussion: The "Cobems" have expanded opportunities for debates on social determinants through activities related to LGBTI+, race, women and indigenous issues. The "GT-PIVD", created in 2019, gathers students and educators with the aim of promoting this debate in medical settings and at ABEM events, constituting a community for exchanging experiences about (in)visible populations and diversities. Conclusion: Some initiatives, such as the Porto Alegre Letter, on gender equality and sexual diversity, and the creation of the GT - PIVD, are products of the "COBEMs". The GT-PIVD, through its community of virtual practices, has become an important space for exchanging experiences between students and educators on racism, sexism, LGBTIphobia and other violence, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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ABSTRACT The More Doctors Program is a strategic set of actions for the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) aiming at improvements in medical education, professional qualification and retention of doctors in unassisted areas. Among these actions, we highlight the Project More Doctors for Brazil (PMMB), responsible for the emergency supply of doctors. It was conceived as a response to the shortage of professionals in primary care across the country, an extremely important aspect in this set of strategies for SUS. The professional improvement proposed by PMMB has mobilized public higher education institutions to participate as supervisory institutions. They are responsible for supervising the activities developed by doctors and for strengthening the continuing education policy through teaching-service integration actions. This article aims to report on the experience of managing academic supervision in light of the challenge of the implementation of PMMB.

RESUMO O Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) consagra-se como um conjunto estratégico de ações para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), visando ao aprimoramento da formação médica, à qualificação profissional e à fixação de médicos em regiões desassistidas. Destacamos, dentre essas ações do programa, o Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB), responsável pelo provimento emergencial de médicos. Este foi concebido como resposta à carência de profissionais na Atenção Básica em Saúde do país, aspecto de destaque nesse conjunto de estratégias para o SUS. O aperfeiçoamento proposto pelo PMMB mobilizou as instituições públicas de educação superior a atuar como instituições supervisoras (IS). Essas instituições atuam na supervisão das atividades desenvolvidas pelos médicos e no fortalecimento da política de educação permanente com ações de integração ensino-serviço. Este estudo objetiva relatar a experiência na gestão da supervisão acadêmica diante do desafio de implantação do PMMB.

RESUMEN El Programa Más Médicos se consagra como un conjunto estratégico de acciones para el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) teniendo como objetivo el perfeccionamiento de la formación médica, de la calificación profesional y el establecimiento de médicos en regiones no asistidas. Entre esas acciones del Programa, subrayamos el Proyecto Más Médicos para Brasil (PMMB), responsable por la provisión de médicos en situación de emergencia. El mismo fue concebido como respuesta a la carencia de profesionales en la Atención Básica de Salud del país, aspecto de destaque en ese conjunto de estrategias para el SUS. El perfeccionamiento propuesto por el PMMB movilizó a las instituciones públicas de educación superior para que actuaran como Instituciones Supervisoras (IS). Estas instituciones actúan en la supervisión de las actividades desarrolladas por los médicos y en el fortalecimiento de la política de educación permanente con acciones de integración enseñanza-servicio. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de relatar la experiencia en la gestión de la Supervisión Académica ante el desafío de implantación del PMMB.

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Low birth weight is related to morbidity and mortality and sequelae during infant development, thereby impacting health system costs. It is thus important to evaluate factors that influence low birth weight and to estimate their impact on the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This was a nested prospective study in a cohort of pregnant women who received prenatal care and gave birth in the National Health System in hospitals with ICUs in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Gestational depression was associated with a fourfold risk of low birth weight (PR = 3.94; CI: 1.49-10.36). Based on the population-attributable fraction, in the overall population an estimated 36.17% of low birth weight infants are born to mothers with an episode of depression during pregnancy, with an estimated cost of more than R$76 million (U$38 million) in Brazil. The study recommends the expansion of preventive and therapeutic mental health care measures for pregnant women and the adequate use of resources in the Unified National Health System to improve neonatal outcomes.

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O baixo peso ao nascer está relacionado com morbimortalidade e sequelas no desenvolvimento infantil, impactando nos custos dos sistemas de saúde, por isso é importante avaliar fatores que o influenciam, estimando seu impacto no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Este é um estudo prospectivo aninhado a uma coorte de gestantes que realizaram pré-natal e parto exclusivamente pelo SUS nos hospitais com UTI da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entre os resultados, concluiu-se que mães com episódios de depressão gestacional apresentam quase quatro vezes mais chances de ter um filho com baixo peso ao nascer (RP = 3,94; IC: 1,49-10,36). Valendo-se do cálculo da fração atribuível na população, estima-se que, na população geral, 36,17% dos bebês com baixo peso ao nascer são filhos de mães que tiveram episódio depressivo, estimando-se um custo que pode chegar a mais de R$ 76 milhões no Brasil. Sugere-se que se ampliem as ações preventivas e curativas para as gestantes na área da saúde mental, possibilitando melhor desfecho de saúde dos recém-nascidos, e que se utilizem adequadamente os recursos do SUS.

Low birth weight is related to morbidity and mortality and sequelae during infant development, thereby impacting health system costs. It is thus important to evaluate factors that influence low birth weight and to estimate their impact on the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This was a nested prospective study in a cohort of pregnant women who received prenatal care and gave birth in the National Health System in hospitals with ICUs in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Gestational depression was associated with a fourfold risk of low birth weight (PR = 3.94; CI: 1.49-10.36). Based on the population-attributable fraction, in the overall population an estimated 36.17% of low birth weight infants are born to mothers with an episode of depression during pregnancy, with an estimated cost of more than R$76 million (U$38 million) in Brazil. The study recommends the expansion of preventive and therapeutic mental health care measures for pregnant women and the adequate use of resources in the Unified National Health System to improve neonatal outcomes.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre abuso de álcool durante a gestação e baixo peso ao nascer. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional aninhado a uma coorte de 957 gestantes que realizaram acompanhamento pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde da cidade de Pelotas, RS, e deram à luz entre setembro de 2007 e setembro de 2008. As mães foram entrevistadas em dois momentos distintos: no período de pré-parto e após o parto. Para verificar o abuso do álcool foi utilizada a escala Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas e regressão logística múltipla, ajustada pelas variáveis prematuridade e abuso de álcool. O nível de significância adotado foi de 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: Das mulheres que participaram do estudo, 2,1 por cento abusaram de álcool na gestação e, entre essas, 26,3 por cento tiveram filhos com baixo peso. Houve associação entre o abuso de álcool e baixo peso ao nascer (p < 0,038). CONCLUSÕES: Os achados indicam que o abuso de álcool durante a gestação está associado ao baixo peso ao nascer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between alcohol abuse during gestation and low birth weight. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based nested study from a cohort of 957 pregnant women who received prenatal assistance through Sistema Único de Saúde (National Health System) in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and delivered their babies between September 2007 and September 2008. The mothers were interviewed at two distinct moments: prenatal and postpartum periods. In order to verify alcohol abuse, the CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener) scale was used. Bivariate analyses were carried out, as well as multiple logistic regression adjusted by the variables prematurity and alcohol abuse. The level of significance that was adopted was 95 percent. RESULTS: Of the women who participated in the study, 2.1 percent abused alcohol during pregnancy and, among these, 26.3 percent had low birth weight children. There was an association between alcohol abuse and low birth weight (p<0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight.

OBJETIVO: Verificar la asociación entre abuso de alcohol durante la gestación y bajo peso al nacer. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional anidado a una cohorte de 957 gestantes que realizaron acompañamiento prenatal en el Sistema Único de Salud de la ciudad de Pelotas, Sur de Brasil, y dieron a luz entre septiembre de 2007 y septiembre de 2008. Las madres fueron entrevistadas en dos momentos distintos: en el período de preparto y posterior al parto. Para verificar el abuso de alcohol fue utilizada la escala Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty y Eye-opener. Se realizaron análisis bivariados y regresión logística múltiple, ajustado por las variables prematuridad y abuso de alcohol. El nivel de significancia adoptado fue de 95 por ciento. RESULTADOS: De las mujeres que participaron del estudio, 2,1 por ciento abusaron de alcohol en la gestación y, entre ellas, 26,3 por ciento tuvieron bebés con bajo peso. Hubo asociación entre el abuso de alcohol y bajo peso al nacer (p<0,038). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican que el abuso de alcohol durante la gestación está asociado al bajo peso al nacer.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between alcohol abuse during gestation and low birth weight. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based nested study from a cohort of 957 pregnant women who received prenatal assistance through Sistema Único de Saúde (National Health System) in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and delivered their babies between September 2007 and September 2008. The mothers were interviewed at two distinct moments: prenatal and postpartum periods. In order to verify alcohol abuse, the CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener) scale was used. Bivariate analyses were carried out, as well as multiple logistic regression adjusted by the variables prematurity and alcohol abuse. The level of significance that was adopted was 95%. RESULTS: Of the women who participated in the study, 2.1% abused alcohol during pregnancy and, among these, 26.3% had low birth weight children. There was an association between alcohol abuse and low birth weight (p<0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence of dyspepsia and distribution of dyspepsia and frequent dyspepsia in subgroups of adults (20 years and older) according to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out comprising 3,934 subjects living in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, from October 1999 to January 2000. Data was collected through household interviews. Dyspepsia was defined as epigastric pain or discomfort associated or not with nausea in the previous year, according to Rome I and Rome II criteria. Frequent dyspepsia was defined as more than six dyspepsia episodes in the previous year and/or nausea, at least once a month. These outcomes were analyzed according to age, gender, skin color, educational level, per capita income and marital status. Data analysis was carried out through Pearson Chi-square test for categorical variables and linear trend test, when applicable. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyspepsia was 44.4% and frequent dyspepsia, 27.4%. The prevalences of reflux-like, ulcer-like, dysmotility-like and unspecific dyspepsia subtypes were 19.4%, 6.3%, 13.9%, and 16.6%, respectively. The prevalences of these subtypes of frequent dyspepsia were 14.7%, 4.9%, 11.2% and 6.8%, respectively. Prevalences among women were 50% higher. Low-income young people seemed to be more affected by dyspeptic symptoms. The analysis according to Rome II criteria showed prevalences of 15.9% and 7.5% for dyspepsia and frequent dyspepsia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dyspepsia and frequent dyspepsia were prevalent problems in the studied population. Most people could be classified in more than one subgroup of dyspepsia.

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OBJETIVO: Medir a prevalência e distribuição de dispepsia e dispepsia freqüente por subtipos na população com 20 anos ou mais segundo características socioeconômicas e demográficas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 3.934 indivíduos moradores na cidade de Pelotas (RS), entrevistados em seus domicílios, de outubro de 1999 a janeiro de 2000. Dispepsia foi definida como dor ou desconforto no andar superior do abdome e/ou náuseas no ano anterior à entrevista (conforme critérios Roma I e II). Dispepsia freqüente incluiu o registro de dispepsia mais de seis vezes e/ou náuseas, uma vez por mês ou mais. Esses desfechos foram analisados por idade, sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, renda e estado civil. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson de associação para variáveis categóricas e teste de tendência linear, quando aplicável. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de dispepsia foi de 44,4 por cento e de dispepsia freqüente, 27,4 por cento. A prevalência de dispepsia tipo refluxo, úlcera, dismotilidade e não especificada foi, respectivamente, 19,4 por cento, 6,3 por cento, 13,9 por cento e 16,6 por cento; para dispepsia freqüente foram 14,7 por cento, 4,9 por cento, 11,2 por cento e 6,8 por cento, respectivamente. As mulheres apresentaram cerca de 50 por cento mais dispepsia freqüente. Indivíduos mais jovens e de menor renda apresentaram maiores prevalências de dispepsia e dispepsia freqüente. Análise de acordo com critérios de Roma II mostrou prevalências de 15,9 por cento e 7,5 por cento para dispepsia e dispepsia freqüente, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A dispepsia constitui um problema prevalente na população estudada. A maioria dos indivíduos apresentaram mais de um subtipo de dispepsia.

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BACKGROUND: O gastroesophageal reflux is a high prevalent disease with prevalence rates ranging from 21 to 56% in different countries. OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology and the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease among adult population (20 years and old) at the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Household interviews were done between October 1999 and January 2000. Association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and age, sex, skin color, years of formal education, income per capita, marital status, psychological variables (insomnia, stressful psychosocial events in the last year, psychological distress), body mass index, smoking and weekly consumption of alcoholic beverages was assessed through logistic regression. RESULTS: Three thousands and nine-hundred thirty four (3,934) individuals were interviewed. A prevalence of 31,3% (CI 95% 29.9%-32.8%). After allowing for confounding gastroesophageal reflux disease was significantly associated with female sex, living without partner, low level of formal education, insomnia, psychological distress, reported stressful psychosocial events in the last year, obesity and overweight. CONCLUSION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a high prevalent disease and its main associated factors are sex, anthropometric variables and psychological characteristics.

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RACIONAL: A doença de refluxo gastroesofágico é uma patologia de elevada prevalência, variando entre 21 por cento e 56 por cento em diferentes países. OBJETIVO: Estudar a epidemiologia e a prevalência da doença de refluxo gastroesofágico na população adulta (20 anos ou mais de idade) da cidade de Pelotas, RS. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com entrevistas domiciliares entre outubro de 1999 e janeiro de 2000. Analisou-se por regressão logística a associação da doença de refluxo gastroesofágico com idade, sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, renda per capita, estado civil, variáveis emocionais (insônia, eventos estressantes negativos e mal-estar psicológico), índice de massa corporal, tabagismo e consumo semanal de bebidas alcoólicas. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 3.934 indivíduos, encontrando-se prevalência de 31,3 por cento (IC 95 por cento 29,9 por cento - 32,8 por cento). Após análise ajustada para controle de confusão encontrou-se associado com a doença de refluxo gastroesofágico o sexo feminino, viver sem companheiro(a), baixa escolaridade, presença de insônia, baixos índices de bem-estar psicológico, ocorrência de eventos estressantes e obesidade ou sobrepeso. CONCLUSÃO: A doença de refluxo gastroesofágico é uma patologia de elevada prevalência na população estudada, sendo o sexo, as variáveis antropométricas e as características emocionais, seus principais fatores associados.

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