RESUMO
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against endogenous antigens causing various clinical manifestations, chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Although the pathophysiology of SLE remains unknown, it is recognized that genetic, epigenetic, environmental and neuroendocrine factors are involved in the development of the disease and its complications. A notable proportion of patients with SLE also present obesity, and this dysmetabolic profile can cause renal, musculoskeletal and/or respiratory deterioration, fatigue, various pathophysiological alterations and functional deterioration. In this context, precision nutrition emerges as a promising tool in the inflammatory control of SLE, especially in patients with associated obesity. Various studies demonstrate the beneficial influence of balanced dietary patterns in macronutrients with foods rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and polyphenols on the inflammatory control of SLE and the most diverse pathologies, highlighting the Mediterranean diet and plant-based diets. Finally, the intestinal microbiota may play a relevant role in this clinical scenario, since dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory processes and immune deregulation. It is believed that precision nutrition can modulate inflammatory profiles and immune dysfunctions to ensure better quality of life and metabolic well-being of SLE patients with the support of precision omics technologies.
El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por la producción de autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra antígenos endógenos causando diversas manifestaciones clínicas, inflamación crónica y daño tisular. Aunque la fisiopatología del LES sigue siendo desconocida, se reconoce que factores genéticos, epigenéticos, ambientales y neuroendocrinos están implicados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones. Una proporción notable de pacientes con LES presenta también obesidad, y este perfil dismetabólico puede producir deterioro renal, musculoesquelético y/o respiratorio, fatiga, diversas alteraciones fisiopatológicas y deterioro funcional. En este contexto, la nutrición de precisión emerge como una herramienta prometedora en el control inflamatorio del LES, especialmente en pacientes con obesidad asociada. Diversos estudios demuestran la influencia beneficiosa de patrones dietéticos equilibrados en macronutrientes con alimentos ricos en fibra, vitaminas, minerales, antioxidantes y polifenoles en el control inflamatorio del LES y de las más diversas patologías, destacando la dieta Mediterránea y las dietas basadas en plantas/vegetales. Por último, la microbiota intestinal puede tener un papel relevante en este escenario clínico, ya que la disbiosis se asocia con procesos inflamatorios y desregulación inmune. Se cree que con la nutrición de precisión se pueden modular los perfiles inflamatorios y las disfunciones inmunitarias para garantizar una mejor calidad de vida y el bienestar metabólico de los pacientes con LES con el apoyo de las tecnologías de precisión ómicas.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. The aim of the present research was to investigate which and how (directly or indirectly) clinical and metabolic variables mediate the association between fat mass and the FTO gene and early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with T2D. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 236 participants with T2D (53.4% women, mean age 60 ± 10 years). DNA samples were genotyped for the rs7204609 polymorphism (C/T) in the FTO gene. Clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic data were collected. Path analysis was used to evaluate the associations. RESULTS: Of the sample, 78 individuals with T2D had CKD (33%). Presence of the risk allele (C) was higher among participants with CKD (21.8 vs. 10.8%; p = 0.023). This polymorphism was positively associated with higher waist circumference, which in turn was associated with higher glycated hemoglobin and higher blood pressure. A higher blood-pressure level was associated with higher urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and as expected, higher UAE was associated with CKD. Path analysis showed an indirect relationship between the FTO gene and early CKD, mediated by waist circumference, blood-pressure levels, and UAE. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the C allele may contribute to genetic susceptibility to CKD in individuals with T2D through the presence of central obesity, hypertension, and high albuminuria.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipertensão , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Idoso , Albuminúria/genética , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade Abdominal , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases arise as a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle primarily characterized by physical inactivity and unbalanced diets. Regular physical activity can improve health, and there is consistent evidence that these improvements may be the result of epigenetic modifications. OBJECTIVE: To identify epigenetic modificationsas outcomes of exercise interventions related to specific metabolic alterations. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) methodology for manuscript research and preparation was followed using PubMed and EBSCO databases for literature review. Out of 2,638 articles identified, only 34 articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The sections of the review were organized by metabolic alterations in which studies were grouped according to healthy, diseased, and trained individuals. Resistance exercise in humans induced epigenetic changes in pathways associated with energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, contributing to healthy skeletal muscle. Endurance exercise also caused modifications in biomarkers associated to metabolic alterations through changes in DNA methylation and the expression of specific miRNAs. However, both resistance and endurance exercise are necessary to obtain a better physiological adaptation and a combination of both seems to be needed to properly tackle the increasing prevalence of non-communicable pathologies. CONCLUSION: Given the heterogeneity and complexity of the existing literature, it is currently not possible to propose a specific recommendation about the type, intensity, or duration of exercise that could be beneficial for different subsets of the population (healthy, diseased, and/or trained). Nevertheless, this review highlights the importance of exercise for health and shows the need to perform more research in this emerging area to identify epigenetic biomarkers that could serve as indicators of exercise adaptations.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Epigênese Genética/fisiologia , Terapia por Exercício , Doenças Metabólicas/diagnóstico , Doenças Metabólicas/terapia , Biomarcadores/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Metilação de DNA/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Doenças Metabólicas/genética , Prognóstico , Comportamento Sedentário , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Weight loss can be influenced by genetic factors and epigenetic mechanisms that participate in the regulation of body weight. This study aimed to investigate whether the weight loss induced by two different obesity treatments (energy restriction or bariatric surgery) may affect global DNA methylation (LINE-1) and hydroxymethylation profile, as well as the methylation patterns in inflammatory genes. METHODS: This study encompassed women from three differents groups: 1. control group (n = 9), normal weight individuals; 2. energy restriction group (n = 22), obese patients following an energy-restricted Mediterranean-based dietary treatment (RESMENA); and 3. bariatric surgery group (n = 14), obese patients underwent a hypocaloric diet followed by bariatric surgery. Anthropometric measurements and 12-h fasting blood samples were collected before the interventions and after 6 months. Lipid and glucose biomarkers, global hydroxymethylation (by ELISA), LINE-1, SERPINE-1, and IL-6 (by MS-HRM) methylation levels were assessed in all participants. RESULTS: Baseline LINE-1 methylation was associated with serum glucose levels whereas baseline hydroxymethylation was associated with BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. LINE-1 and SERPINE-1 methylation levels did not change after weight loss, whereas IL-6 methylation increased after energy restriction and decreased in the bariatric surgery group. An association between SERPINE-1 methylation and weight loss responses was found. CONCLUSIONS: Global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation might be biomarkers for obesity and associated comorbidities. Depending on the obesity treatment (diet or surgery), the DNA methylation patterns behave differently. Baseline SERPINE-1 methylation may be a predictor of weight loss values after bariatric surgery.
Assuntos
Metilação de DNA/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/terapia , Adulto , Restrição Calórica , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Derivação Gástrica , Humanos , Hidroxilação , Interleucina-6/genética , Elementos Nucleotídeos Longos e Dispersos/genética , Metilação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/cirurgia , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Redução de Peso/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of two dietary patterns in which carbohydrates and proteins were eaten mostly at lunch or dinner on body weight and composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical markers in overweight/obese men. METHODS: Fifty-eight men (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 30.8 ± 2.4 kg/m(2)) followed a covert hypocaloric balanced diet (-10 % of daily energy requirements) during 8 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control diet (CT); diurnal carbohydrate/nocturnal protein (DCNP); and nocturnal carbohydrate/diurnal protein (NCDP). Main analyzed outcomes were weight loss, body composition, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose/lipid profile. RESULTS: In all groups, a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and fat mass (kg and %) was verified, without differences between groups. Interestingly, within group analyses showed that the fat-free mass (kg) significantly decreased in NCDP and in CT after 8-week intervention, but not in DCNP. A detrimental increase in fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) was verified only in DCNP, while NCDP and CT groups presented a non-significant reduction. Moreover, significant differences between DCNP and the other groups were detected for fasting insulin and HOMAIR. After the adjustments, NCDP presented a significantly higher DIT and energy expenditure after lunch, compared with DCNP, but after dinner, there were no differences among groups. CONCLUSION: Eating carbohydrates mostly at dinner and protein mostly at lunch within a hypocaloric balanced diet had similar effect on body composition and biochemical markers, but higher effect on DIT compared with control diet. Moreover, eating carbohydrates mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner had a deleterious impact on glucose homeostasis.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Homeostase , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Refeições , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação Nutricional , Período Pós-Prandial , Método Simples-Cego , Redução de Peso , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The common polymorphism in the FTO gene (rs9939609) has been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and appetite regulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible associations of FTO rs9939609 with dietary factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 236 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 60.0 ± 10.3 years; diabetes duration 12.7 ± 8.2 years; 53.4% females) who were genotyped for FTO rs9939609. Patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations and 3-day weighed diet records. Data on dietary intake were categorized as high or low, based on median values. RESULTS: The AA genotype in the FTO gene was positively associated with high fat (>34% energy; OR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.02-4.63) and low fiber intakes (<16 g/day; OR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.05-5.57), adjusted for gender, BMI, total energy intake, systolic blood pressure, and HbA1c. When gender was taken into account, AA females had higher fat (37.4 ± 5.3 vs. 32.6 ± 7.5 and 32.2 ± 6.2% energy; p = 0.005) and lower fiber intakes (12.4 ± 4.4 vs. 15.1 ± 6.3 and 16.7 ± 5.6 g/day; p = 0.023) than patients with TT and AT genotypes. Multiple logistic regression models confirmed female associations for high fat (OR = 9.73; 95% CI 2.12-44.66) and low fiber intakes (OR = 4.28; 95% CI 1.14-16.06; p < 0.05 for all models). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes, who were carriers of the AA genotype of the FTO rs9939609, had increased fat and decreased fiber consumption, independently of BMI.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Polimorfismo Genético , Proteínas/genética , Idoso , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) has been linked to defects in LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1 and GBIHBP1 genes. However, a number of severe HTG cases are probably caused by as yet unidentified mutations. Very high triglyceride plasma levels (>112 mmol/L at diagnosis) were found in two sisters of a Chilean consanguineous family, which is strongly suggestive of a recessive highly penetrant mutation. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic locus responsible for the severe HTG in this family. METHODS: We carried out a genome-wide linkage study with nearly 300,000 biallelic markers (Illumina Human CytoSNP-12 panel). Using the homozygosity mapping strategy, we searched for chromosome regions with excess of homozygous genotypes in the affected cases compared to non-affected relatives. RESULTS: A large homozygous segment was found in the long arm of chromosome 11, with more than 2,500 consecutive homozygous SNP shared by the proband with her affected sister, and containing the APOA5/A4/C3/A1 cluster. Direct sequencing of the APOA5 gene revealed a known homozygous nonsense Q97X mutation (p.Gln97Ter) found in both affected sisters but not in non-affected relatives nor in a sample of unrelated controls. CONCLUSION: The Q97X mutation of the APOA5 gene in homozygous status is responsible for the severe hypertriglyceridemia in this family. We have shown that homozygosity mapping correctly pinpointed the genomic region containing the gene responsible for severe hypertriglyceridemia in this consanguineous Chilean family.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteínas A/genética , Consanguinidade , Hipertrigliceridemia/genética , Mutação , Apolipoproteína A-V , Chile , Feminino , Ligação Genética , Homozigoto , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , LinhagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, especially the common rs9939609 (A/T) SNP, are associated with body mass index (BMI), diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes and has been associated with chronic diabetic complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible associations of the scarcely investigated rs7204609 (C/T) polymorphism, as well as the rs9939609 (A/T) polymorphism, with MetS and chronic diabetic complications in type 2 diabetic patients from Southern Brazil. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 236 patients with type 2 diabetes (age: 60.0 ± 10.3 years; diabetes duration: 12.7 ± 8.2 years; 53.4% women) were genotyped for the FTO rs7204609 and rs9939609 polymorphisms (ABI PRISM 7000 Real-Time PCR System). Patients underwent clinical, laboratory, and nutritional evaluation. MetS was defined according to the 2009-Joint Interim Statement. RESULTS: Carriers of C allele of the rs7204609 polymorphism (CT/CC genotypes, n = 35) were at increased risk for the presence of MetS (odds ratio [OR] = 4.56; 95% CI: 1.04 to 19.9), elevated waist circumference (OR = 8.66; 95% CI: 1.12 to 66.7), BMI: ≥ 30 kg/m(2) (OR = 3.71; 95% CI: 1.71 to 8.02), and microalbuminuria (OR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.08 to 4.88), adjusted for gender and diabetes duration (P < .05 for all models). The rs9939609 polymorphism was not associated with MetS, elevated waist circumference or BMI, or diabetic complications. Daily energy and nutrient intakes did not differ according to the presence of the polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: The C allele of the rs7204609 polymorphism in the FTO gene increased the chance for the presence of MetS, especially central obesity, and microalbuminuria, independently of energy and nutrient intakes in this sample of type 2 diabetic patients from Southern Brazil.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/genética , Proteínas/genética , Idoso , Albuminúria/complicações , Albuminúria/fisiopatologia , Alelos , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Obesidade Abdominal/complicações , Obesidade Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
O estado inflamatório crônico e de baixo grau bem como o estresse oxidativo associados à síndrome metabólica são fatores de risco relevantes para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Neste contexto, o selênio é um mineral essencial que se encontra associado com o correto funcionamento dos principais processos metabólicos celulares. Estudos in vitro e in vivo em modelos experimentais de síndrome metabólica, bem como em humanos, tem investigado o efeito do selênio sobre a expressão e secreção de biomarcadores de inflamação e de estresse oxidativo. Para obtenção dos artigos sobre efeitos antioxidantes do selênio foram feitas pesquisas nos websites científicos. Na literatura encontramos numerosos artigos sobre os diferentes parâmetros modulados pelas concentrações plasmáticas de selênio, incluindo a proteína-C reativa, a interleucina-6, o fator de necrose tumoral-α, a interleucina-1β e a proteína transportadora de retinol-4. Esta revisão teve por objetivo discutir o papel do selênio nos processos inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo, associados à síndrome metabólica.
The mild chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with metabolic syndrome are relevant risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, selenium is an essential mineral associated with the correct functioning of the main metabolic processes of the cell. In vitro and in vivo studies in experimental metabolic syndrome models as well as in humans have investigated the effect of selenium on the expression and secretion of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. Articles on the antioxidant effects of selenium were sought in scientific websites. There are a great number of studies in the literature on the different parameters modulated by blood selenium levels, such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and retinol binding protein 4. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of selenium in inflammatory and oxidative stress processes associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Assuntos
Citocinas , Estresse Oxidativo , Inflamação/patologia , Selênio/farmacologia , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concerns a group of isomers of linoleic acid, which are characterized by having conjugated double bonds in several positions and conformations. CLA is found naturally in some foods, but since CLA was first held to cause beneficial effects on various health-related issues, many investigations have been conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary supplementation with CLA. The effects of CLA on lipid profiles on animals have been extensively studied, and there is sound evidence of its benefits in blood metabolic markers. However, clinical trials in humans have provided ambiguous results. The aim of this review was to gather up-to-date available data about the effects of CLA on human lipid profile. Although most studies did not show any significant effect in none of the studied variables, some trials reported both beneficial and detrimental effects on total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, atherogenic index, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a). This discrepancy could be due to differences in dosage, isomer composition, duration of the study, placebo and participating subjects, among others. However, studies with a duration of two weeks, carried out using a mix of equal amounts of the two main CLA isomers (9-cis, 11-trans and 10-trans, 12-cis) and with doses of 3 to 4 grams per day, seem to offer the most beneficial results.
Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/administração & dosagem , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Arteriosclerose/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Nutritional genomics evaluates the effects of genetic variation in the interaction between diet and chronic diseases. The aim of this manuscript was to review the most important genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dietary factors. The main interactions among genetic polymorphisms and diet were: for obesity: interleukin-6 (IL-6) with daily intake; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gama2) and fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) with fat intake; beta-adrenergic receptor 2 (ADRB2) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) with carbohydrate intake; or reduction in body weight: uncoupling proteins (UCPs) with restriction of energy; for leptinemia: leptin receptor (LEPR) with restriction of energy; for diabetes mellitus: PPAR-gama2 with fat intake; for hypertriglyceridemia: fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) with fat intake. The data demonstrated suggest that nutritional genomics is important for the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/genética , Nutrigenômica , Obesidade/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Doença Crônica , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , FenótipoRESUMO
Healthy dietary pattern, characterized by the consumption of fruits, vegetables, white meats, skim dairy products, nuts and moderate intake of vegetable oils and alcohol, is an important factor for a lower risk of chronic disease such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. This beneficial effect can be explained, at least partially, by its modulating role on biomarkers of insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis as well as of inflammation and endothelial function. On the other hand, the intake of specific dietary factors, such as unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and alpha-linolenic) and micronutrients with antioxidant properties (vitamins A, E and C; selenium, zinc) has been discussed, due to its potential protector action due to chronic disease occurrence and its possible profits in hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory regulations that these dietetic factors can provide within a nutritional treatment to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Hormônios/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/dietoterapia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Mediadores da Inflamação , Síndrome Metabólica/dietoterapia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
El término ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) hace referencia a un grupo de isómeros del ácido linoleico, caracterizados por tener enlaces dobles conjugados en varias posiciones y conformaciones. El CLA se encuentra de forma natural en algunos alimentos, aunque desde que se le atribuyen efectos beneficiosos sobre varios aspectos relacionados con la salud, numerosos grupos investigadores han estudiado los efectos de la suplementación con este ácido graso. En este sentido, el efecto del CLA sobre el perfil lipídico de los animales ha sido extensamente estudiado y existen evidencias confirmadas de beneficios sobre diversos marcadores metabólicos. Sin embargo, los resultados de los ensayos de intervención en humanos son ambiguos. El objetivo de esta revisión fue reunir los datos disponibles y más actuales acerca de los efectos del CLA en el perfil lipídico de humanos. Diversos estudios no hallaron efectos significativos en ninguna de las variables estudiadas; sin embargo, otros trabajos encontraron tanto efectos beneficiosos como desfavorables en el colesterol total, c-LDL, c-HDL, índice aterogénico, triglicéridos y lipoproteína(a). Esta discrepancia podría probablemente deberse a las diferencias en la dosis, composición de isómeros y placebo utilizado, así como a la duración del estudio y al estado nutricional de los sujetos incluidos, entre otros. No obstante, el análisis de los estudios de 12 semanas de duración, realizados con una mezcla en cantidades iguales de los dos isómeros principales del CLA (cis-9, trans-11 y trans-10, cis-12) y con dosis diarias de entre 3 y 4 g aproximadamente, parecen ofrecer los resultados más beneficiosos.
The term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concerns a group of isomers of linoleic acid, which are characterized by having conjugated double bonds in several positions and conformations. CLA is found naturally in some foods, but since CLA was first held to cause beneficial effects on various health-related issues, many investigations have been conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary supplementation with CLA. The effects of CLA on lipid profiles on animals have been extensively studied, and there is sound evidence of its benefits in blood metabolic markers. However, clinical trials in humans have provided ambiguous results. The aim of this review was to gather up-to-date available data about the effects of CLA on human lipid profile. Although most studies did not show any significant effect in none of the studied variables, some trials reported both beneficial and detrimental effects on total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, atherogenic index, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a). This discrepancy could be due to differences in dosage, isomer composition, duration of the study, placebo and participating subjects, among others. However, studies with a duration of two weeks, carried out using a mix of equal amounts of the two main CLA isomers (9-cis, 11-trans and 10-trans, 12-cis) and with doses of 3 to 4 grams per day, seem to offer the most beneficial results.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ácido alfa-Linolênico , Colesterol/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipoproteína(a) , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
The prevalence of obesity has significantly increased during the last decades reaching epidemic proportions in many countries. Obesity has been described as a state of chronic oxidative stress. Furthermore, oxidative stress has been defined as the link between obesity and its major associated disorders such as insulin resistance, hypertension, etc. Because of this, recent studies have suggested the potential therapeutic role of dietary antioxidant supplementation in the reduction of body weight or its beneficial effect on several obesity related disorders. This review updates the data described during the last years (2002-2008) regarding the relationship between obesity and oxidative stress as well as the role of dietary antioxidant supplementation in the reduction of oxidative stress, obesity and its principal associated comorbidities. Despite the available data, here summarized, further studies are needed in order to deeply understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants on obesity and associated disorders.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Obesidade/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres , Radicais Livres , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Modelos Animais , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Vitaminas/farmacologia , Vitaminas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A genômica nutricional avalia o efeito da variação genética na interação entre dieta e doenças crônicas. O objetivo deste manuscrito foi revisar os principais polimorfismos associados à obesidade, ao diabetes melito e também aos fatores da dieta. As principais interações entre polimorfismos genéticos e dieta foram: para obesidade: interleucina-6 (IL-6) com consumo energético; receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma gama 2 (PPAR-gama2) e fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) com consumo de gorduras; receptor β-adrenérgico 2 (ADRB2) e receptor da melanocortina-4 (MCR4) com consumo de carboidratos; para perda de peso: proteínas desacopladoras (UCPs) com restrição calórica; para leptinemia: receptor da leptina (LEPR) com restrição calórica; para diabetes melito: PPAR-gama2 com consumo de gordura; para hipertrigliceridemia: proteína transportadora de ácidos graxos 2 (FABP2) com consumo de gordura. Os dados apresentados sugerem que a genômica nutricional é importante ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do diabetes melito.
Nutritional genomics evaluates the effects of genetic variation in the interaction between diet and chronic diseases. The aim of this manuscript was to review the most important genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dietary factors. The main interactions among genetic polymorphisms and diet were: for obesity: interleukin-6 (IL-6) with daily intake; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gama2) and fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) with fat intake; β-adrenergic receptor 2 (ADRB2) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) with carbohydrate intake; or reduction in body weight: uncoupling proteins (UCPs) with restriction of energy; for leptinemia: leptin receptor (LEPR) with restriction of energy; for diabetes mellitus: PPAR-gama2 with fat intake; for hypertriglyceridemia: fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) with fat intake. The data demonstrated suggest that nutritional genomics is important for the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
Assuntos
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus/genética , Nutrigenômica , Obesidade/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Doença Crônica , Predisposição Genética para Doença , FenótipoRESUMO
A adoção de um padrão alimentar saudável, caracterizado pelo consumo de frutas, hortaliças, carnes magras, lácteos desnatados, frutos secos e moderada ingestão de óleos vegetais e álcool, é um fator determinante para um menor risco de doenças crônicas como a obesidade, a síndrome metabólica e as doenças cardiovasculares. Esse efeito benéfico pode ser explicado, pelo menos em parte, por seu papel modulador sobre biomarcadores da sensibilidade insulínica, da aterogênese, bem como os de inflamação e de função endotelial. Por outra parte, a ingestão de componentes específicos da dieta como os ácidos graxos insaturados (oleico e alfa-linolênico) e os micronutrientes com propriedades antioxidantes (vitaminas A, E e C; selênio e zinco) vêm sendo discutida, em razão de sua potencial ação protetora perante a ocorrência das doenças crônicas e possíveis benefícios na regulação hormonal, metabólica e inflamatória que esses fatores dietéticos podem proporcionar dentro de um tratamento nutricional para a obesidade e a síndrome metabólica.
Healthy dietary pattern, characterized by the consumption of fruits, vegetables, white meats, skim dairy products, nuts and moderate intake of vegetable oils and alcohol, is an important factor for a lower risk of chronic disease such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. This beneficial effect can be explained, at least partially, by its modulating role on biomarkers of insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis as well as of inflammation and endothelial function. On the other hand, the intake of specific dietary factors, such as unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and alpha-linolenic) and micronutrients with antioxidant properties (vitamins A, E and C; selenium, zinc) has been discussed, due to its potential protector action due to chronic disease occurrence and its possible profits in hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory regulations that these dietetic factors can provide within a nutritional treatment to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Hormônios/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/dietoterapia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Mediadores da Inflamação , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Síndrome Metabólica/dietoterapia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
In order to evaluate the effect of polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 and beta2-adrenergic genes and diet lipids on body composition, energy expenditure and eating behavior of obese women, 60 subjects were submitted to anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, molecular, basal and postprandial metabolism (indirect calorimetry) and eating behavior (visual analog scale) evaluation. Fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) high diet was used to assess postprandial metabolism. The frequency of Pro12Pro/Gln27Gln, Pro12Pro/Gln27Glu, Pro12Pro/Glu27Glu and Pro12Ala/Gln27Glu genotypes was 35.71%, 30.37%, 23.21% and 10.71%, respectively. These values were not significant (p>0.05) for the dietary, anthropometric, biochemical and metabolic parameters. The Pro12Ala/Gln27Glu group was found to present greater energy used in postprandial period (EUPP). The presence of the PPARgamma2 gene variant, independent of beta2-adrenergic gene polymorphism, resulted in fat oxidation increase. Also, this group presented higher satiety, compared to the Pro12Pro/Gln27Gln group. The presence of the variant alleles in the PPARgamma2 gene suggests benefits in food intake control.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Alimentos/genética , Obesidade/genética , PPAR gama/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Antropometria , Análise Química do Sangue , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Composição Corporal/genética , Índice de Massa Corporal , Calorimetria Indireta , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Consumo de Oxigênio , Período Pós-Prandial , Resposta de Saciedade , UrináliseRESUMO
Electrophilic amination is an appealing synthetic strategy to construct carbon-nitrogen bonds. The authors explore the use of the quantum Monte Carlo method and a proposed variant of the electron pair localization function--the electron pair localization function density--as a measure of the nucleophilicity of nitrogen lone pairs as a possible screening procedure for electrophilic reagents.
RESUMO
This review focuses on methodological aspects and main results of different family studies that have been conducted to assess the existence of a genetic contribution in human obesity. A genetic component in the etiology of obesity has been elucidated through specific study designs answering different research questions such as: a) Do obesity aggregate in families? b) Is there a genetic contribution to familial clustering? c) Is it possible to localize chromosomal regions that contain susceptibility genes to obesity? d) Is it possible to estimate the risk for developing obesity depending on the genotype profile in candidate genes? There are sufficient evidences indicating the existence of a moderate familial clustering of obesity defined as body mass index >/=30 with a stronger aggregation with more extreme values of body mass index. Twin studies have demonstrated that the familial aggregation of obesity has a genetic component and is not only due to cultural or environmental factors clustered in families. Linkage studies have identified markers and genes related to obesity in virtually all human chromosomes. However, some of these linkage studies have produced conflicting results. Discordant results are even more pronounced in case-control studies that evaluate the association between alleles at candidate genes and obesity. Topics related to study design will acquire increasing importance in order to avoid methodological problems related to trait definition, sample sizes, population stratification by ethnicity and other confounding factors.
Assuntos
Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/genética , Índice de Massa Corporal , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Humanos , Doenças em Gêmeos/genética , Saúde da Família , Ligação Genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Fenótipo , Estudos em Gêmeos como AssuntoRESUMO
el descubrimiento de la leptina, además de revolucionar los conocimientos fisiológicos sobre la regulación del peso corporal, ha despertado el interés por el tejido graso como órgano endocrino y por su activa contribución al establecimiento de los depósitos energéticos. La leptina, secretada principalmente por los adipocitos, interacciona con receptores hipotalámicos, siendo capaz de activar diversas rutas neuroendocrinas encargadas de controlar el balance entre la ingesta y el gasto energético. Como otras citoquinas, la leptina es también capaz de intervenir en la compleja regulación de diversos aspectos metabólicos. Desde el hallazgo de que la placenta, la mucosa gástrica o las células estelares del hígado son lugares de producción de leptina, un gran abanico de funciones se atribuyen a esta hormona; ya que parece favorecer el desarrollo fetal y en el estómago podría actuar como factor de saciedad o participar en las señales aferentes mediadas por el vago. La leptina interviene además en las respuestas inmune e inflamatoria, en la reproducción, en procesos relacionados con la angiogénesis, control de la presión arterial, lipólisis, etc. El presente artículo revisa el papel de la leptina en la regulación del peso corporal, así como diversos aspectos relacionados con la obesidad