RESUMO
Undernutrition (UN) increases child vulnerability to illness and mortality. Caused by a low amount and/or poor quality of food intake, it impacts physical, cognitive, and social development. Modern types of food consumption have given highly processed food a higher cultural value compared to minimally processed food. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on growth, metabolism, physical activity (PA), memory, inflammation, and toxicity of an enriched black corn chip (BC) made with endemic ingredients on post-weaned UN mice. METHODS: A chip was made with a mixture of black corn, fava beans, amaranth, and nopal cactus. To probe the effects of UN, UN was induced in 3wo post-weaned male C57Bl/6j mice through a low-protein diet (LPD-50% of the regular requirement of protein) for 3w. Then, the BC was introduced to the animals' diet (17%) for 5w; murinometric parameters were measured, as were postprandial glucose response, PA, and short-term memory. Histological analysis was conducted on the liver and kidneys to measure toxicity. Gene expression related to energy balance, thermogenesis, and inflammation was measured in adipose and hypothalamic tissues. RESULTS: Treatment with the BC significantly improved mouse growth, even with a low protein intake, as evidenced by a significant increase in body weight, tail length, cerebral growth, memory improvement, physical activation, normalized energy expenditure (thermogenesis), and orexigenic peptides (AGRP and NPY). It decreased anorexigenic peptides (POMC), and there was no tissue toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: BC treatment, even with persistent low protein intake, is a promising strategy against UN, as it showed efficacy in correcting growth deficiency, cognitive impairment, and metabolic problems linked to treatment by adjusting energy expenditure, which led to the promotion of energy intake and regulation of thermogenesis, all by using low-cost, accessible, and endemic ingredients.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Desnutrição , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Zea mays , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Metabolismo Energético , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Fígado/metabolismo , Alimentos Fortificados , TermogêneseRESUMO
Dogs are considered to be the main domestic reservoir associated with the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi to humans in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in America. However, little is known about the role of canines as a source of infection in endemic areas of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of dogs as a possible reservoir of the parasite in Southern Honduras. Dogs (n = 107) living with individuals affected by NUCL were clinically examined and biological material was collected for parasitological and immunological diagnosis. Most animals showed a healthy appearance and a few presented slight weight loss (64%), alopecia (7%), onychogryphosis (5%) and skin lesions (1%). The overall seroprevalence of Leishmania infection based on the DDP ® quick test and/or in-house ELISA serological test was 41%. The presence of the parasite's DNA was confirmed in 94% of the dogs; however, the average parasite load in the buffy coat was low at 6.09 parasites/µL, ranging between 0.221 and 50.2. The skin of seropositive dogs examined by histopathology using paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and immunohistochemistry did not show cutaneous lesions or parasite amastigotes. Based on the absence of parasites in the skin and the low parasite load detected in the buffy coat, it seems that the dog does not represent a good source of infection for the vector in the endemic area of NUCL transmission in Southern Honduras. Other domestic and/or wild animals should be investigated.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Leishmaniose Visceral , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Honduras/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Leishmania infantum/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/veterinária , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Dogs are considered to be the main domestic reservoir associated with the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi to humans in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in America. However, little is known about the role of canines as a source of infection in endemic areas of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of dogs as a possible reservoir of the parasite in Southern Honduras. Dogs (n = 107) living with individuals affected by NUCL were clinically examined and biological material was collected for parasitological and immunological diagnosis. Most animals showed a healthy appearance and a few presented slight weight loss (64%), alopecia (7%), onychogryphosis (5%) and skin lesions (1%). The overall seroprevalence of Leishmania infection based on the DDP ® quick test and/or in-house ELISA serological test was 41%. The presence of the parasite's DNA was confirmed in 94% of the dogs; however, the average parasite load in the buffy coat was low at 6.09 parasites/µL, ranging between 0.221 and 50.2. The skin of seropositive dogs examined by histopathology using paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and immunohistochemistry did not show cutaneous lesions or parasite amastigotes. Based on the absence of parasites in the skin and the low parasite load detected in the buffy coat, it seems that the dog does not represent a good source of infection for the vector in the endemic area of NUCL transmission in Southern Honduras. Other domestic and/or wild animals should be investigated.
RESUMO
Diets high in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, have been used to mitigate metabolic syndrome (MetS). Polyphenols are a large group of naturally occurring bioactive compounds, classified into two main classes: non-flavonoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids are distributed in foods, such as fruits, vegetables, tea, red wine, and cocoa. Studies have already demonstrated the benefits of flavonoids on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as cancer cells. The present review summarizes the results of clinical studies that evaluated the effects of flavonoids on the components of the MetS and associated complications when offered as supplements over the long term. The results show that flavonoids can significantly modulate several metabolic parameters, such as lipid profile, blood pressure, and blood glucose. Only theaflavin and catechin were unable to affect metabolic parameters. Moreover, only body weight and body mass index were unaltered. Thus, the evidence presented in this systematic review offers bases in support of a flavonoid supplementation, held for at least 3 weeks, as a strategy to improve several metabolic parameters and, consequently, reduce the risk of diseases associated with MetS. This fact becomes stronger due to the rare side effects reported with flavonoids.
Assuntos
Flavonoides , Síndrome Metabólica , Antioxidantes , Dieta , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , PolifenóisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intraindividual agreement of the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) assay results to assess sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in men with infertility. DESIGN: Diagnostic test reliability study. SETTING: Andrology laboratories. PATIENT(S): A total of 219 men with infertility. INTERVENTION(S): Sperm DNA fragmentation assessment in two ejaculates of the same subjects within a 3-month interval, using the SCD assay performed and analyzed by the same observers under similar testing conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cohen's κ statistics to assess the degree of agreement between the pairs of results after converting the nominal SCD values into categorical data, that is, normal (<20%), intermediate (21%-29%), and high (≥30%) SDF rates. We also assessed the pairs of results using reliability measures for numerical variables (intraclass correlation coefficient for consistency using the two-way mixed-effects model and Bland-Altman plots). RESULT(S): The degree of agreement in classifying patients according to normal and pathological SDF classes was overall substantial (κ = 0.632; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.546-0.718). A total of 76.7% of individuals were classified under the same class using paired ejaculates. The agreement rate was highest (approximately 80%) in ejaculates initially classified as either normal or high and lowest (approximately 60%) among those with intermediate SDF levels. The frequency of intermediate SDF ejaculates downgraded to normal or upgrade to high SDF classes in the second test was similar (approximately 20%). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.856 (95% CI, 0.812-0.887), and the mean difference between the pairs of observations was 0.80% (95% CI, -0.72 to 2.23), indicating no systematic difference between paired observations. CONCLUSION(S): Our study indicates a substantial intraindividual agreement of paired SCD assay results to classify men with infertility into three SDF categories: normal, intermediate, and high. The reliability of the SCD assay was adequate and exceeded 0.80 using two ejaculates analyzed within a 3-month interval under similar conditions. Although this evidence overall supports a single SCD test for patient classification using predefined SDF thresholds, particularly when the first test shows normal or high SDF levels, one in four men will have discordant values in paired ejaculates. Clinicians should be judicious when using SDF test results in decision-making.
Assuntos
Fragmentação do DNA , Infertilidade Masculina/diagnóstico , Análise do Sêmen/métodos , Adulto , Andrologia/métodos , Brasil , Cromatina/química , Cromatina/metabolismo , DNA/análise , DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espanha , Espermatozoides/química , Espermatozoides/citologia , Espermatozoides/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is a rare, rapidly progressive clinical syndrome with significant morbidity and mortality. The phenotype of PALF manifests as abrupt onset liver dysfunction, which can be brought via disparate etiology. Management is reliant upon intensive clinical care and support, often provided by the collaborative efforts of hepatologists, critical care specialists, and liver transplant surgeons. The construction of an age-based diagnostic approach, the identification of a potential underlying cause, and the prompt implementation of appropriate therapy can be lifesaving; however, the dynamic and rapidly progressive nature of PALF also demands that diagnostic inquiries be paired with monitoring strategies for the recognition and treatment of common complications of PALF. Although liver transplantation can provide a potential life-saving therapeutic option, the ability to confidently determine the certainness that liver transplant is needed for an individual child has been hampered by a lack of adequately tested clinical decision support tools and accurate predictive models. Given the accelerated progress in understanding PALF, we will provide clinical guidance to pediatric gastroenterologists and other pediatric providers caring for children with PALF by presenting the most recent advances in diagnosis, management, pathophysiology, and associated outcomes.
Assuntos
Gastroenterologia , Falência Hepática Aguda , Transplante de Fígado , Criança , Humanos , Falência Hepática Aguda/diagnóstico , Falência Hepática Aguda/etiologia , Falência Hepática Aguda/terapia , América do Norte , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
Antecedentes: En Honduras, 28% de los niños con discapacidad presenta alguna alteración en la función relacionada con la voz y el habla. La Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad (RBC) es una estrategia para mejorar el acceso a los servicios de rehabilitación. Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad de terapias de lenguaje con enfoque RBC versus terapia convencional en niños con Retraso en el Lenguaje Expresivo (RLE) en el Centro Especializado de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, (IHSS), Honduras, junio 2019 - enero 2020. Metodología: Estudio ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Se diagnosticaron niños de 2-5 años con RLE aleatorizados en grupo de intervención (RBC) y en grupo control; 28 niños participaron en terapias RBC y 20 en terapia convencional. La intervención consistió en capacitar a los padres para que realizaran terapias con sus hijos en casa. Se caracterizó la población y se realizaron modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados: 48 pacientes completaron dos evaluaciones. La mediana de edad fue 3 años, 77.1% entre 2-3 años, sexo masculino predominó con 79.2%, procedencia urbana con 82.9%, madres con nivel educativo superior 47.9%. Los niños en RBC tuvieron 4.7% más probabilidad de mejorar Hazard Ratio (HR) crudo (1.047, p=0.889; IC 95% 0.5434 2.0194); al ajustar la probabilidad de mejorar fue de 10.2% (HR ajustado 1.1016, p= 0.783; IC95% 0.552.1966). Ninguno de los modelos alcanzó significancia estadística. Discusión: No se identificó diferencia en la efectividad entre los grupos del estudio; utilizar terapias RBC puede disminuir costos para el derechohabiente y para el IHSS...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Fonoterapia/métodos , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/terapia , Crianças com Deficiência/reabilitação , Transtorno Específico de LinguagemRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La depresión cardiorrespiratoria neonatal es un problema clínico que, en dependencia de su etiología, conduce a una alta morbilidad neurológica y elevada mortalidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar al recién nacido con depresión cardiorrespiratoria en el servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Ginecobstétrico "Fé del Valle Ramos", de Manzanillo, Granma. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se seleccionaron 88 neonatos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión de recién nacido con depresión cardiorrespiratoria. Los datos se recolectaron durante el período de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: puntaje de Apgar, años de estudio, sexo, tipo de depresión cardiorrespiratoria, peso al nacer, factores maternos, edad gestacional y afecciones asociadas. Resultados: La depresión severa al nacer predominó en la mayoría de los neonatos (56,8 %). Prevalecieron los recién nacido de buen peso (73,9 %), nacidos a término (77,2 %). Las infecciones maternas (45,5 %) durante la gestación, el tiempo de rotura de membranas prolongado (31,8 %) y la presencia de líquido amniótico meconial (30,7 %), constituyeron los factores maternos que mayor vínculo guardaron con el neonato deprimido. Conclusiones: Las infecciones maternas, la rotura prematura de membranas, la presencia de líquido amniótico meconial, los nacimientos por cesárea, la nuliparidad, prematuridad y el embarazo en la adolescencia, son algunos de los factores de riesgo relacionados en este estudio que guardan vínculo estrecho con el predominio de estas afecciones en los neonatos deprimidos.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The cardiorespiratory depression in neonates is a clinical complication that, depending on its etiology, leads to high neurological morbidity and mortality. Objective: To characterize neonates with cardiorespiratory depression treated in the neonatology service at the Hospital Ginecobstétrico "Fé del Valle Ramos" in Manzanillo, Granma. Method: A retrospective, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 88 neonates with cardiorespiratory depression criteria were selected in the study. All information gathered includes the period January 2017 throughout December 2018. Variables assessed were as follow: Apgar score, years of study, sex, type of cardiorespiratory depression, birth weight, maternal factors, gestational age and associated conditions. Results: Severe depression at birth was predominant in most of neonates (56.8%). Newborn infants with a normal birth weight (73.9%), and born at term (77.2%) were predominant. Maternal infections during gestation (45.5%), prolonged rupture of membranes (31.8%) and the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid (30.7%) were the maternal factors most associated with depressed neonate. Conclusions: The maternal infections, premature rupture of membranes, the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid, cesarean birth, nulliparous status, premature and adolescent pregnancy are some of the risk factors assessed in this study that are closely linked to the prevalence of arising conditions in depressed neonates.
RESUMO Introdução: A depressão cardiorrespiratória neonatal é um problema clínico que, dependendo de sua etiologia, leva a alta morbidade neurológica e alta mortalidade. Objetivo: Caracterizar o recém-nascido com depressão cardiorrespiratória no serviço de Neonatologia do Hospital Gineco-obstétrico "Fé del Valle Ramos", Manzanillo, Granma. Método: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, observacional, descritivo e transversal. Foram selecionados oitenta e oito lactentes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão de um recém-nascido com depressão cardiorrespiratória. Os dados foram coletados no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis: índice de Apgar, anos de estudo, sexo, tipo de depressão cardiorrespiratória, peso ao nascer, fatores maternos, idade gestacional e condições associadas. Resultados: A depressão grave ao nascer prevaleceu na maioria dos neonatos (56,8%). Prevaleceram os recém-nascidos de bom peso (73,9%) e a termo (77,2%). Infecções maternas (45,5%) durante a gestação, tempo prolongado de ruptura da membrana (31,8%) e presença de líquido amniótico mecônio (30,7%) foram os fatores maternos mais associados ao neonato deprimido. Conclusões: Infecções maternas, ruptura prematura de membranas, presença de líquido amniótico mecônio, partos cesáreos, nuliparidade, prematuridade e gravidez na adolescência, são alguns dos fatores de risco relacionados neste estudo que estão intimamente ligados ao predomínio dessas condições na recém-nascidos deprimidos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Índice de Apgar , Insuficiência Respiratória/epidemiologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/mortalidade , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/epidemiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Observacionais como AssuntoRESUMO
Resumen Se determinaron las condiciones más favorables para la síntesis de hidróxido de níquel (II) por precipitación química a partir de la disolución lixiviada del sulfuro de níquel de la tecnología Caron. La disolución lixiviada de fuerza iónica igual a 4,6 mol-L-1 fue tratada con hidróxidos de amonio y sodio. Se calcularon las propiedades termodinámicas como entalpía, entropía y energía libre y se construyeron diagramas de zona de predominancia. Se demostró la conveniencia de realizar el proceso a 303 K, pH entre 11 y13 y concentración de amoníaco de 0,5 a 1,0 mol•L-1. En estas condiciones fueron obtenidas altas eficiencias de precipitación de los cationes metálicos de la disolución inicial. El sólido precipitado se caracterizó mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y difracción de rayos X. Se obtuvo un beta-hidróxido de níquel (II) con la siguiente composición química: 58,5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59,1%, 1,7 ≤ Co ≤ 2,1%, 0,5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0,6%, Cu, Zn, Mn y Mg ≤ 0,2%.
Abstract The most favorable conditions for the synthesis of nickel (II) hydroxide were determined by chemical precipitation, from the leached solution of nickel sulfide from the Caron technology. The leached solution with an ionic strength equal to 4.6 mol-L-1 was treated with ammonium and sodium hydroxides. Thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy were calculated and predominance zone diagrams were constructed. The convenience of performing the process at 303 K, pH between 11 and 13, and ammonia concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mol•L-1 was demonstrated. Under these conditions, high precipitation efficiencies of the metal cations from the initial solution were obtained. The precipitated solid was characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Nickel (II) beta-hydroxide with the following chemical composition was obtained: 58.5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59.1%, 1.7 ≤ Co ≤ 2.1%, 0.5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0.6%, Cu, Zn, Mn and Mg ≤ 0.2%.
Resumo As condições mais favoráveis para a síntese do hidróxido de níquel (II) foram determinadas por precipitação química, a partir da solução lixiviada de sulfeto de níquel da tecnologia Caron. A solução lixiviada de força iônica igual a 4,6 mol-L-1, foi tratada com hidróxidos de amônio e sódio. Foram calculadas propriedades termodinâmicas, como entalpia, entropia e energia livre, e diagramas de zonas de predominância foram construídos. Foi demonstrada a conveniência de realizar o processo a 303 K, pH entre 11 e 13 e concentração de amônia de 0,5 a 1,0 mol•L-1. Nessas condições, foram obtidas altas eficiências de precipitação dos cátions metálicos da solução inicial. O sólido precipitado foi caracterizado por espectrometria de absorção atômica e difração de raios-x. Foi obtido beta-hidróxido de níquel (II) com a seguinte composição química: 58,5 ≤ Ni ≤ 59,1%, 1,7 ≤ Co ≤ 2,1%, 0,5 ≤ Fe ≤ 0,6%, Cu , Zn, Mn e Mg ≤ 0,2%.
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ABSTRACT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic. The occurrence of acute liver injury (ALI) has been reported in liver transplant (LT) recipients; however, the findings on children remain controversial. This is the first extensive, worldwide report on the impact of COVID-19 on pediatric LT recipients. Our online survey reported 110 pediatric LT recipients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Of these, 37 were symptomatic and 20 out of them (54%) had complicated COVID-19, which included ALI and acute liver graft rejection. No mortality was reported. Pediatric LT recipients who had undergone transplantation less than 6âmonths before contracting COVID-19 had a greater number of hospital admissions and a higher ALI frequency (Pâ=â0.013 and Pâ=â0.033, respectively) than those who had undergone transplantation more than 6âmonths prior. Our study found that COVID-19 cases among pediatric LT recipients demonstrated a high complication rate. We propose that these patients must be followed up strictly.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Transplante de Fígado , Criança , Humanos , Fígado , SARS-CoV-2 , TransplantadosRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de diagnóstico y tratamiento del asma en edad pediátrica, de médicos generales integrales, graduados y en formación, del municipio en estudio; determinar el patrón de error en el conocimiento del tratamiento del asma en edad pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo en 115 médicos generales integrales, graduados y en formación, de consultorios médicos del municipio en estudio (2018). Se midieron por un cuestionario validado, variables de conocimiento de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Resultados: El conocimiento sobre remisión del paciente (32.4%), fisiopatología del asma (43.9%), significado y encargo de la GINA (41.7%, 52.9 %, respectivamente) fue deficiente. El conocimiento del tratamiento, fue deficiente en nueve de los catorce reactivos (selección del grupo farmacológico, vía de administración, indicación y dosis). La tasa de error de selección (51.4 x 100 encuestados), vía de administración (33.8 x 100 encuestados), indicación (24.8 x 100 encuestados) y dosis (53.3 x 100 encuestados). El tiempo de experiencia (OR<1), aspectos de diagnóstico y categoría ocupacional influyeron en el conocimiento del tratamiento (OR>1). Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento de diagnóstico del asma es medio y del tratamiento es bajo, principalmente en la selección y vía de administración del fármaco.
Abstract Objective. Evaluate knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in pediatric age of comprehensive general practitioners, graduates and in training from the municipality under study; and determine the error pattern in the knowledge of asthma treatment in pediatric age. Method. Descriptive study carried out with 115 comprehensive general practitioners, graduates and in training, from medical offices of the municipality under study (2018). Knowledge variables about diagnosis and treatment were measured by a validated questionnaire. Results. Knowledge about remission of patient (32.4%), pathophysiology of asthma (43.9%), meaning and assignment of Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) (41.7%, 52.9%, respectively) was deficient. Knowledge of treatment was poor in nine of the fourteen items (selection of the pharmacological group, route of administration, indication and dose). The average resident score (12.5) differs significantly from specialists (6.5). The error rate in the items was distributed as follows selection (51.4 x 100 respondents), route of administration (33.8 x 100 respondents), indication (24.8 x 100 respondents) and dose (53.3 x 100 respondents). The time of experience (OR <1), diagnostic aspects and occupational category influenced knowledge of treatment (OR> 1). Conclusion. There is a medium knowledge about the diagnosis of asthma and low knowledge about treatment, mainly in the selection and route of administration of the drug.
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre diagnóstico e tratamento da asma em idade pediátrica, de clínicos gerais, graduados e em formação, do município em estudo; determinar o padrão de erro no conhecimento sobre o tratamento da asma em idade pediátrica. Materiais e métodos: Estudo descritivo em 115 clínicos gerais, licenciados e em formação, dos consultórios médicos do município em estudo (2018). Variáveis de conhecimento do diagnóstico e tratamento foram medidas por um questionário validado. Resultados: O conhecimento sobre remissão do paciente (32,4%), fisiopatologia da asma (43,9%), significado e ordem do GINA (41,7%, 52,9%, respectivamente) era deficiente. O conhecimento do tratamento foi deficiente em nove das quatorze questões (seleção do grupo farmacológico, via de administração, indicação e dose). Taxa de erro de seleção (51,4 x 100 respondentes), via de administração (33,8 x 100 respondentes), indicação (24,8 x 100 respondentes) e dose (53,3 x 100 respondentes). O tempo de experiência (OR <1), aspectos diagnósticos e categoria ocupacional influenciaram no conhecimento do tratamento (OR> 1). Conclusão: O nível de conhecimento do diagnóstico de asma é médio e o tratamento é baixo, principalmente na seleção e via de administração do medicamento.
Résumé Objectif. Évaluer les connaissances en matière de diagnostic et de traitement de l'asthme pédiatrique des spécialistes en médecine générale intégrale, diplômés et en formation, de la municipalité étudiée; déterminer le type d'erreurs par défaut de connaissance du traitement de l'asthme pédiatrique. Méthode . Étude descriptive auprès de 115 spécialistes en médecine générale intégrale, diplômés et en formation, des cabinets médicaux de la municipalité étudiée (2018). Les variables de connaissance du diagnostic et du traitement ont été mesurées avec un questionnaire validé. Résultats. Des déficiences ont été trouvées dans les connaissances sur la rémission des patients (32,4%), la physiopathologie de l'asthme (43,9 %), signification et recommandations de la GINA (41,7% et 52,9 %, respectivement). Un déficit de connaissance a aussi été observé dans neuf des quatorze réactifs sur le traitement: taux d'erreur pour la sélection du groupe pharmacologique (5 x 100 des répondants), pour la voie d'administration (33,8 x 100 des répondants), pour l'indication (24,8 x 100 des répondants) et pour la dose (53,3 x 100 des répondants). Le temps d'expérience (OR<1), les aspects diagnostiques et la catégorie professionnelle ont influencé la connaissance du traitement (OR>1). Conclusion . Le niveau de connaissance du diagnostic de l'asthme est moyen et celui du traitement est faible, principalement en ce qui concerne la sélection et la voie d'administration du médicament.
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RESUMEN Fundamento: la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones como herramientas para diseñar recursos del aprendizaje garantiza un proceso docente de calidad en el contexto universitario. Objetivo: diseñar una aplicación eficaz en la búsqueda de los percentiles pediátricos, para dispositivos móviles con sistema operativo Android y ordenadores. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo e innovación tecnológica durante el curso 2015-2016 en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Manzanillo. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, análisis-síntesis y sistémico-estructural; y empíricos: la encuesta en forma de entrevista. Para el diseño de la aplicación se utilizó el sistema operativo Ubuntu 14.04, como herramientas se utilizaron: Android Studio 1.5, OpenJDK 8, Android SDK y como lenguaje de programación Java 8. El producto fue valorado por especialistas informáticos y docentes y por los estudiantes como usuarios. Resultados: la confección de la aplicación se llevó a cabo en tres etapas: búsqueda de precedentes, selección de la herramienta para su confección y diseño del producto que incluyó el guion didáctico y la selección del prototipo y su corrección. Fue valorado utilizando el método Delfi, y resultó Muy adecuado en todas las variables solicitadas. Conclusiones: la aplicación informática resultó útil como método alternativo eficaz para la búsqueda de los percentiles pediátricos. Constituye una herramienta de trabajo y de apoyo para la docencia en la especialidad.
ABSTRACT Background: the use of information and communication technologies as tools to design learning resources guarantees a quality teaching process in the university context. Objective: to design an effective application in the search for pediatric percentiles, for mobile devices with Android operating system and computers. Methods: a technological innovation and development research was carried out during the 2015-2016 academic year at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Manzanillo. Theoretical methods were used: historical-logical, analysis-synthesis and systemic-structural; and empirical ones: the survey in the form of an interview. For the design of the application, the Ubuntu 14.04 operating system was used, as tools were used: Android Studio 1.5, OpenJDK 8, Android SDK and Java 8 as programming language. The product was assessed by computing specialists and teachers and by students as users. Results: the preparation of the application was carried out in three stages: search for precedents, selection of the tool for its preparation and design of the product that included the didactic script and the selection of the prototype and its correction. It was assessed using the Delphi method, and it was very adequate in all the variables requested. Conclusions: the computing application was useful as an effective alternative method for finding pediatric percentiles. It constitutes a work and support tool for the specialty teaching.
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Estudantes , Aplicações da Informática Médica , Educação Médica , Projetos de Tecnologias de Informação e ComunicaçãoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Determinar la prevalencia de fluorosis dental y los factores asociados a su presencia, en escolares de 10 a 12 años del cantón Pimampiro, provincia de Imbabura, Ecuador. Metodología: Muestra de 302 alumnos de centros educativos del cantón Pimampiro, provincia de Imbabura que cumplieron con criterios de inclusión, previo consentimiento de sus padres o representantes, y que fueron evaluados en cuanto a su alimentación y hábitos de higiene oral, acompañado de un registro fotográfico de los dientes anteriores definitivos de cada participante, las fotografías obtenidas analizadas por tres evaluadores calibrados en la detección de fluorosis mediante el índice de Thylstrup y Fejerskov. Resultados: La prevalencia de la fluorosis dental fue de 81,4 %, el grado 2 fue el más frecuente en un 32,6%. Al relacionar las variables establecidas en la encuesta y la presencia de fluorosis se encontró relación de la patología con el consumo de bebidas envasadas, con la cantidad de dentífrico usado y con su ingesta accidental (p = 0,000). Conclusión: La prevalencia de fluorosis en la población de estudio se considera alta, el grado 2 según TF fue el más frecuente, y se encontró una relación con el consumo de bebidas envasadas, la cantidad de dentífrico usado y con la ingesta accidental.
Abstract Introduction: We aimed to determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors, in children from 10 to 12 years old from Pimampiro, province of Imbabura, Ecuador. Methodology: 302 school children from Pimampiro, province of Imbabura who complied inclusion criteria, with the prior consent of their parents and /or representatives were evaluated in terms of their diet and oral hygiene habits, accompanied by a photographic record of the final anterior teeth of each participant, the photographs obtained were analyzed by three calibrated evaluators in the detection of fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index. Results: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 81.4%, grade 2 was the most frequent with 32.6%. When relating the variables established in the survey and the presence of fluorosis, a relationship was found between the pathology and the consumption of bottled beverages, with the amount of toothpaste used and with accidental intake (p = 0.000). Discussion and Conclusion: The prevalence of fluorosis in the study population is considered high; grade 2 according to TF was the most frequent, finding a relationship with the consumption of bottled beverages, the amount of toothpaste used and with accidental intake.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Higiene Bucal/tendências , Assistência Odontológica para Crianças , Alimentos, Dieta e Nutrição , Fluorose Dentária/dietoterapia , EquadorRESUMO
Introducción: La presencia de hongos en las vías respiratorias puede provocar en personas susceptibles diversas manifestaciones alérgicas. Objetivo: Determinar si las especies fúngicas aisladas de la mucosa nasal de pacientes alérgicos respiratorios pueden ser definidas como alergenos sensibilizantes a través de las pruebas cutáneas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y de corte transversal, donde el universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de alergia respiratoria o inicio de asma bronquial variable descompensada, mayores de 2 años y menores de19,que se asistieron en las consultas de alergia en La Habana, desde enero 2016 a enero 2017. La muestra obtenida fue de 80 pacientes alérgicos respiratorios. Resultados: Del total de pacientes con clínica de asma, rinitis o ambas, se obtuvieron pruebas cutáneas por el test de Prick positivas a hongos en 52 de ellos (65 por ciento) con una polisensibilización en 24 para 46,1 por ciento. La reactividad cruzada de mayor relevancia se produjo con los alérgenos de Aspergillus, Penicillium y Alternaria. El cultivo resultó positivo en 54 muestras nasales (67 por ciento). El género de hongos predominante en los pacientes alérgicos fue el Aspergillus en 70,3 por ciento y dentro de este el Aspergillus fumigatus en 52,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: El estudio de la micobiota nasal es una prueba que debe interpretarse junto con las pruebas cutáneas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades alérgicas por hongos ambientales y tener en cuenta su importancia para el control epidemiológico en la exposición a hongos(AU)
Introduction: The presence of fungi in the respiratory tract can cause different allergic manifestations in sensitive persons. Objective: To determine if fungi species isolated from the nasal mucosa of respiratory allergic patients can be defined as allergen-sensitive by means of skin tests. Methods: Observational, prospective and cross-sectional study, where the overall sample consisted of all patients with a diagnosis of respiratory allergy or onset of decompensated variable bronchial asthma, over 2 years old and under 19 years old who attended to Allergy consultations in Havana, from January 2016 to January 2017. The sample obtained was 80 respiratory allergic patients. Results: Of the total number of patients with symptoms of clinical asthma, rhinitis or both, Prick´s skin tests were obtained by fungal positive test in 52 of them (65 percent) with a polysensitization in 24 (46.1 percent). The most relevant cross reactivity occurred with the allergens of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria. The culture was positive in 54 nasal samples (67 percent). The predominant fungal genus in allergic patients was Aspergillus in 70.3 percent and within this Aspergillus fumigatus in 52.6 percent. Conclusions: The study of nasal mycobiota is a test that should be interpreted together with skin tests for the diagnosis of allergic diseases due to environmental fungi and it must be taken into account its importance for epidemiological control in fungal exposure(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Microscopia Intravital/métodos , Micobioma/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in 10-12 year-old school children, in three provinces of the inter-andean Region of Ecuador: Imbabura, Pichincha and Chimborazo, as well as the relationship between certain factors, considering that the latest studies go back to the year 2009. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional and observational study was proposed. A sample of 599 was calculated at 95% of confidence considering population projections for children between 10 and 12 old of three zones of Ecuador. However, 608 school children, who had the acceptance and informed consent of their parents to participate, completed a survey about factors associated with dental fluorosis. Once the survey was completed, the vestibular surfaces of the upper and lower anterior teeth of the infant were photographed, following standardized distance and light procedures. Three evaluators, trained in the detection of fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, analyzed the photographs. The Stata 13.0 software was used for the statistical analysis, with a level of significance of 5% and with a confidence interval of 95%. To relate the risk factor of fluorosis, a multinomial logistic model was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was of 89.96%, with a greater presence of grade 2 TF. A positive statistical relationship and statistical significance was detected between dental fluorosis and consumption of bottled beverages. Also the amount of toothpaste used and its ingestion during brushing (p = 0.000) were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The populations evaluated, that are related to the consumption of bottled beverages and involuntary toothpaste ingestion, and have a high prevalence of a mild level of fluorosis. Key words:Fluorosis, dental, risk factors, epidemiology.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine if fetal overnutrition resulting from maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased liver fat during adolescence, adjusting for past and current metabolic risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a historical prospective cohort study (Exploring Perinatal Outcomes in Children) of 254 mother-child pairs in Colorado who participated in 2 research visits at T1 (mean age 10.4, SD = 1.5 years) and at T2 (mean age 16.4, SD = 1.5 years), and had complete exposure and outcome data. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and GDM on hepatic fat fraction (HFF) by magnetic resonance imaging at T2. RESULTS: Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI 30+) was significantly associated (ß = 1.59, CI = 0.66, 2.52) with increased HFF relative to mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight (BMI <25) independent of maternal GDM and sociodemographic factors. Moreover, this association was independent of T2 and T1 metabolic risk factors (acanthosis nigricans, BMI, fasting glucose) (ß = 1.03, CI = 0.10, 1.97). Prenatal GDM exposure was not associated with HFF in either unadjusted or adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with increased HFF in offspring independent of childhood and adolescent adiposity. Intervention studies are needed to test the hypothesis that maternal obesity is a modifiable risk factor for childhood fatty liver disease.
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Diabetes Gestacional , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Hipernutrição/complicações , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Fígado Gorduroso/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This paper presents the design and application in Cuba of a social construct to identify the social dimensions associated with discrimination attitudes towards people with positive diagnosis to HIV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology was used for the measurement and validation of a construct, and also the K-mean procedure and factor analysis techniques. All these techniques were applied to "Survey on HIV prevention indicators" 2005, 2006 and 2009. RESULTS: A tool for the identification of the most frequent discriminatory attitudes in a specific social context was validated. This instrument allows clustering the population into different typologies, by level of discrimination, and also, to distinguish some social dimensions of this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: The results allow distinguishing frequent discriminatory attitudes in any population, focusing the actions in the direction of gradually reducing them, and to evaluate the temporal behavior of this phenomenon.
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Atitude Frente a Saúde , Infecções por HIV , Discriminação Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo. Diseñar un instrumento que permita identificar dimensiones sociales de la discriminación contra las personas con VIH y mostrar su aplicación en Cuba. Material y métodos. Combinación de metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa para la operacionalización de un constructo; inserción del instrumento en las encuestas de prevención del VIH aplicadas en Cuba en 2005, 2006 y 2009 y desarrollo de las técnicas estadísticas de análisis factorial y de las K-medias, para conocer dimensiones sociales de la discriminación. Resultados. Se construyó un instrumento que permitió obtener un diagnóstico sobre las actitudes discriminatorias más frecuentes contra las personas con VIH en el ámbito de la vida social cotidiana de los cubanos, clasificar dicha población según niveles de actitudes discriminatorias y conocer algunas de las dimensiones sociales de este fenómeno. Conclusiones. Es posible disponer de una herramienta que posibilite dictaminar actitudes discriminatorias en una población determinada, focalizar acciones y evaluar tendencias sobre su comportamiento.
Objective. This paper presents the design and application in Cuba of a social construct to identify the social dimensions associated with discrimination attitudes towards people with positive diagnosis to HIV. Materials and methods. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology was used for the measurement and validation of a construct, and also the K-mean procedure and factor analysis techniques. All these techniques were applied to "Survey on HIV prevention indicators" 2005, 2006 and 2009. Results. A tool for the identification of the most frequent discriminatory attitudes in a specific social context was validated. This instrument allows clustering the population into different typologies, by level of discrimination, and also, to distinguish some social dimensions of this phenomenon. Conclusions. The results allow distinguishing frequent discriminatory attitudes in any population, focusing the actions in the direction of gradually reducing them, and to evaluate the temporal behavior of this phenomenon.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Infecções por HIV , Inquéritos e Questionários , Discriminação Social , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , CubaRESUMO
Las malformaciones congénitas del tubo digestivo se presentan con una frecuencia elevada en el periodo neonatal, presentan una alta mortalidad a pesar de aplicar el tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno; es por ello que los sistemas de salud materno-infantil han enfocado su trabajo hacia el diagnóstico prenatal de estas patologías que provocan, además, dificultades para las familias por la larga estadía hospitalaria con las complicaciones inherentes a este tipo de proceso y, en ocasiones, cierto nivel de discapacidad en los infantes con el objetivo de realizar la reparación intrauterina en aquellos servicios de medicina perinatal con un alto desarrollo de estas técnicas, y cuando la patología es operable durante el periodo prenatal o la interrupción del embarazo, cuando la malformación diagnosticada es incompatible con la vida. Se presenta un caso de diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis e interrupción de embarazo.
Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract are often elevated in the neonatal period, they have high mortality despite timely surgical treatment ,that is why mother and child health systems have focused their work towards prenatal diagnosis of these diseases, that cause difficulties for families by the long hospital stay with the inherent complications to this process and sometimes some level of disability in infants in order to perform the intrauterine repair in those services of perinatal medicine with a high development of these techniques and when the condition is operable during the prenatal period or the termination of pregnancy, when the malformation diagnosed is incompatible with life. A case of prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis and pregnancy interruption is presented.