RESUMO
In few groups of parasites have the patterns of distribution been studied using quantitative methods, even though, the study of these organisms indirectly provides information on the biogeographic history of their hosts, and in turn, the history of the hosts allows elucidation of speciation events of the parasites. Our objective was to quantitatively identify distributional congruence patterns of native fleas in northwestern Argentina. We analyzed 159 georeferenced distributional records of 47 species and six subspecies of fleas in northwestern Argentina using NDM/VNDM software. We found eight consensus areas, defined by 17 species and two subspecies, included in six patterns of distributional congruence (PDCs) with endemic and non-endemic fleas. The PDCs with the greatest values of endemicity (E) were mainly associated with Monte and Yungas Forests areas. All patterns indicated strong tendency of the Yungas Forests as a possible endemism area. Our results indicate that distributional congruence centers are generally located in Yungas Forests areas and highlight the importance of these areas in conservation and historical biology. This new information will allow delimitation of areas in the region at a more detailed resolution in the future.
RESUMO
The Chamela Biological Station (ChBS) is located in the Pacific Coast of Mexico in the State of Jalisco. This represents one of the core areas of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, characterized by one of the most threatened ecosystems, the tropical dry forest. Although accumulated knowledge of biological diversity, only few studies have been focused on ectoparasites or ectodytes associated with mammals, only 23 arthropod taxa had been recorded. In order to increase knowledge about arthropods associated with Mexican mammals, the objective of this work was to record the richness of arthropods (mites, ticks, lice, and fleas) associated with small and medium-sized mammals in the ChBS. A total of 81 hosts belonging to four orders, six families and nine species were captured. From these hosts, 4,946 arthropods were recovered: 4,007 mites, 673 ticks, 230 lice, and 36 fleas. Among medium-sized mammals, Nasua narica (L.) and Didelphis virginiana Kerr showed the highest levels of richness, with six arthropod taxa; among rodents, Heteromys pictus (Thomas) had the highest number of associated species (five). Within the 22 arthropod taxa registered in the present work, 12 represent new records for the reserve, and 3 represent new records for Mexico. With this study, the arthropod fauna associated with mammals in the ChBS has been raised to 38 taxa. In terms of biological conservation, knowledge of the species that inhabit natural reserves must be a priority, since this represents the baseline for species protected, not only in Mexico but around the world.
Assuntos
Ácaros e Carrapatos , Biodiversidade , Insetos , Mamíferos/parasitologia , Animais , MéxicoRESUMO
The family Myrmecophagidae contains three anteater species: Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860), Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) and Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758). These American anteater species currently face many conservation threats, among which road traffic accidents stand out. Parasitic studies on this family are scarce, and some of them include records of ectoparasites. Specifically for northern tamandua (T. mexicana), there is a lack of studies at population level. The objectives of the present research were to carry out an epidemiological study of tick species and its abundance on road-killed northern anteater specimens and, moreover, to perform a literature review of ticks collected from anteaters of Myrmecophagidae family. Five tick species were identified, including four Amblyomma spp. and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, on 23 road-killed anteaters. Tick infestation prevalence was 43% (10/23), with a median tick infestation intensity of 3.5 per anteater (interquartile range 1-13.7). The bibliographic review highlighted the existence of twenty-nine ixodid species recorded on the three anteater species from 14 countries, mainly Brazil. The most common tick species on the Myrmecophagidae family are Amblyomma nodosum, A. calcaratum, A. cajennense sensu lato and A. auricularium. Some of these ixodids were also described as vectors of pathogens. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of ticks on anteater fitness, and to assess the role of these mammals as reservoirs of vector-borne diseases.
Assuntos
Ixodidae/fisiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Xenarthra , Animais , México/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologiaRESUMO
Eight yeast isolates identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were recovered from molasses-using Cuban distilleries and discriminated by nucleotide sequence analysis of ITS locus. The isolates L/25-7-81 and L/25-7-86 showed the highest ethanol yield from sugarcane juice, while L/25-7-12 and L/25-7-79 showed high ethanol yield from sugarcane molasses. The isolate L/25-7-86 also displayed high fermentation capacity when molasses was diluted with vinasse. In addition, stress tolerance was evaluated on the basis of growth in the presence of inhibitors (acetic acid, lactic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and sulfuric acid) and the results indicated that L/25-7-77 and L/25-7-79 congregated the highest score for cross-tolerance and fermentation capacity. Hence, these isolates, especially L/25-7-77, could serve as potential biological platform for the arduous task of fermenting complex substrates that contain inhibitors. The use of these yeasts was discussed in the context of second-generation ethanol and the environmental and economic implications of the use of vinasse, saving the use of water for substrate dilution.
RESUMO
Rodent fleas from northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for the presence of Bartonella and Yersinia pestis. In total, 760 fleas belonging to 10 species were tested with multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis targeting the gltA (338-bp) and pla genes (478-bp) of Bartonella and Y. pestis, respectively. Although none was positive for Y. pestis, 307 fleas were infected with Bartonella spp., resulting in an overall prevalence of 40.4%. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the presence of Bartonella is more likely to occur in some flea species. From a subset of Bartonella-positive fleas, phylogenetic analyses of gltA gene sequences revealed 13 genetic variants clustering in five phylogroups (IV), two of which were matched with known pathogenic Bartonella species (Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis and Bartonella washoensis) and two that were not related with any previously described species or subspecies of Bartonella. Variants in phylogroup V, which were mainly obtained from Meringis spp. fleas, were identical to those reported recently in their specific rodent hosts (Dipodomys spp.) in the same region, suggesting that kangaroo rats and their fleas harbor other Bartonella species not reported previously. Considering the Bartonella prevalence and the flea genotypes associated with known pathogenic Bartonella species, we suggest that analysis of rodent and flea communities in the region should continue for their potential implications for human health. Given that nearby locations in the United States have reported Y. pestis in wild animals and their fleas, we suggest conducting larger-scale studies to increase our knowledge of this bacterium.
Assuntos
Bartonella/isolamento & purificação , Roedores/parasitologia , Sifonápteros/microbiologia , Yersinia pestis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bartonella/genética , GenótipoRESUMO
Menciona que los servicios públicos como derechos fundamentales de las personas son responsabilidad del estado. El usuario al no tener acceso eficaz y oportuno a un servicio público esta siendo restringido de sus derechos
Assuntos
Administração Pública , Bolívia , Defesa do ConsumidorRESUMO
Dominant ataxias show wide geographic variation. We analyzed 108 dominant families and 123 sporadic ataxia patients from Mexico for mutations causing SCA1-3, 6-8, 10, 12, 17 and DRPLA. Only 18.5% of dominant families remained undiagnosed; SCA2 accounted for half (45.4%), followed by SCA10 (13.9%), SCA3 (12%), SCA7 (7.4%), and SCA17 (2.8%). None had SCA1, 6, 8, 12 or DRPLA. Among sporadic cases, 6 had SCA2 (4.9%), and 2 had SCA17 (1.6%). In the SCA2 patients we identified 6 individuals with the rare (CAG)(33) allele, 2 of whom showed early onset ataxia. The distribution of dominant ataxia mutations in Mexicans is distinct from other populations.
Assuntos
Canais de Cálcio/genética , Genes Dominantes , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/epidemiologia , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Mutação , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Linhagem , Expansão das Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Candida tropicalis was identified as the etiologic agent of a severe contamination detected on an industrial fodder yeast production at the Cuban eastern region. After a detailed diagnostic task on raw material carried out on different factory sections, protocols to identify the contamination source and to isolate the microorganism were proposed. The identification was by comparison of the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS4 from 5.8S ribosomal DNA nucleotide sequences. In parallel, propagation of production strain, Candida utilis NRRL Y-660, at lab scale (2.5 l) was performed. Similar results to those observed in the factory concerning to its kinetic behavior in aerobic propagation with contaminated molasses, were detected at this level. The identification and primary kinetic characterization led to the implementation of sanitary and technological measures to bring production at its normal operational conditions as well as the application of prophylactic surveillance methodologies to avoid future contaminations.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/microbiologia , Candida tropicalis/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Sequência de Bases , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida tropicalis/genética , Cuba , DNA Fúngico/análise , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/análise , Fermentação , Cinética , Melaço/microbiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/análiseRESUMO
Se identificò a Candida tropicalis como el agente causal de una severa contaminaciòn detectada en la producciòn de levadura forrajera en una fàbrica de la regiòn oriental de Cuba. Posteriormente a un detallado diagnòstico en las materia primas y diferentes secciones de la fàbrica con el objetivo de identifcar el foco y aislar el microorganismo contaminante se procediò a su identificaciòn mediante comparaiòn de sustancias nucleòtidas de las regiones adyacentes no codificadas...(AU)
Candida tropicalis was identified as the etiologic agent of a severe contamination detected on an industrial fodder yeast production at the Cuban eastern region. After a detailed diagnostic task on raw material carried out on different factory sections, protocols to identify the contamination source and to isolate the microorganism were proposed...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida tropicalis/genética , Candida tropicalis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
CONTENIDO: Programa general gestion academica 1999; objetivos generales de la enseñanza de farmacologia; en concordancia con los objetivos generales de la Educacion Medica, la enseñanza de la Farmacologia esta orientada a que el estudiante en el area cognoscitiva; en el area psicomotriz, en el area efectiva; contenido programatico, carga horaria, metodologia de la enseñanza-aprendizaje, dinamica de grupos, evaluacion, revision de examenes parciales, justificacion de inasistencia a las diferentes actividades academicas; reuniones de catedra
Assuntos
Farmacologia/educaçãoRESUMO
La catedra de infectologia esta trabajando desde hace mas de 15 anos con un modelo educativo diferente al tradicional, donde el papel protagonico en el proceso de ensenanza aprendizaje ya no lo tiene el docente sino el alumno. Durante el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje "PEA" se trata de lograr la integracion tanto con las materias basicas como con las materias clinicas, y de conseguir una interrelacion mayor del alumno con el profesor para que la ensenanza redunde en un trabajo productivo por parte de el. En cada gestion academica, se realizan actividades de docencia (en pregrado y postgrado), investigacion e interaccion social; de acuerdo a los objetivos propuestos y metodologia definida. El contenido programatico de infectologia es reducido y dirigido en funcion al medico general que queremos formar. Se desarrolla a traves de actividades teorico-practicas, en las tres semanas de rotacion asignadas, empleando una metodologia participativa y problematizadora, con diversas tecnicas de ensenanza como conferencias, visitas medicas a pacientes, sesiones de revistas y dinamicas de grupo; actividades que estan claramente detalladas en un cronograma dia por dia
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , InfectologiaRESUMO
Las reacciones adversas que los antimicrobianos producen son generalmente por sobre dosificacion real o relativa, a medida que aumenta la concentracion plasmatica de un antimicrobiano aumentan las posibilidades de toxicidad. Reacciones adversas y colaterales: Transtornos gastrointestinales, musculares, venosos. Reacciones Adversas por Sensibilizacion y Reacciones adversas por toxicidad directa. Los antimicrobianos son farmacos de reconocida utilidad frente a las infecciones por germenes sensibles a ellos, siempre y cuando sean correctamente empleados: de lo contrario se convierten en agentes de agresion al propio organismo humano.