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Fundamento: en la última década se han realizado numerosas experiencias de aprendizaje en Enfermería utilizando la web como plataforma. Su proceso enseñanza aprendizaje mediado por el computador es una realidad disponible regularmente en sus instituciones. Objetivo: diseñar un curso virtual como apoyo al proceso enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura "Informática Básica" para la formación técnica en Enfermería. Métodos: se realizó una investigación-acción en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Calixto García" en el segundo semestre de 2022. Se aplicaron métodos del nivel teórico: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; y empíricos, la observación y cuestionario a expertos. Resultados: en el diseño del curso virtual "Informática Básica" para la formación técnica en Enfermería se aprovecharon las herramientas que ofrece la plataforma Moodle. Incluye actividades orientadas por los profesores y contenidos adicionales contextualizados al plan de estudio. Se precisaron la organización del contenido, los recursos e interacción, así como la autoevaluación y evaluación. Conclusiones: el curso virtual de "Informática Básica" para la formación técnica en enfermería fue valorado por criterios de especialistas por su pertinencia y asequibilidad para su aplicación a favor del aprendizaje.
Background: in the last decade, numerous learning experiences have been carried out in nursing using the web as a platform. Its computing-mediated teaching-learning process is a reality regularly available in its institutions. Objective: design a virtual course to support the teaching-learning process of the subject "Basic Computing" for technical training in Nursing. Methods: an action research was carried out at the "Calixto García" Faculty of Medical Sciences in the second semester of 2022. Methods at the theoretical level were applied: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; and empirical ones, observation and questionnaire to experts. Results: in the design of the virtual course "Basic Computing" for technical training in Nursing, the tools offered by the Moodle platform were used. It includes activities guided by teachers and additional content contextualized to the study plan. The organization of content, resources and interaction, as well as self-assessment and evaluation, were specified. Conclusions: the virtual "Basic computing" course for technical training in nursing was evaluated by specialist criteria for its relevance and affordability for its application in favor of learning.
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Fundamento: los sistemas educativos enfrentan el desafío de utilizar las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones para proveer a sus estudiantes de las herramientas y conocimientos necesarios impuestos en el siglo XXI. Objetivo: diseñar la estructura temática del libro electrónico para la asignatura Informática Básica en las ciencias médicas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo con enfoque cualitativo en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Calixto García" en el curso 2022. Se utilizaron métodos de nivel teórico: histórico-lógico, sistémico estructural, modelación e inductivo- deductivo. En el nivel empírico: entrevista y cuestionario para verificar los nexos y relaciones que se ofrecen en los referentes teóricos relacionados con las características que debe poseer un libro de texto como medio de enseñanza en el proceso docente educativo. Resultados: se elaboró el libro electrónico de Informática Básica donde su tuvieron en cuenta los objetivos y desarrollo de habilidades declarados en el programa de la asignatura; contiene cinco temas; está estructurado en portada, índice y capítulos; tiene ejercicios propuestos y ejercicios resueltos, diagramas, animaciones e imágenes, vínculos donde se puede extraer información adicional y precisa, y múltiples documentos bibliográficos. Conclusiones: el libro electrónico para la asignatura Informática Básica fortalece el desarrollo del proceso docente educativo y sirve de base para la formación de habilidades una vez graduado el estudiante. Fue valorado como adecuado acorde a los objetivos del curso, por los expertos consultados.
Background: educational systems face the challenge of using information and communications technologies to provide their students with the necessary tools and knowledge imposed in the 21st century. Objective: design the thematic structure of the electronic book for the subject Basic Computing in medical sciences. Methods: a development research with a qualitative approach was carried out at the "Calixto García" Faculty of Medical Sciences in the 2022 academic year. Theoretical level methods were used: historical-logical, structural systemic, modeling and inductive-deductive. At the empirical level: interview and questionnaire to verify the links and relationships offered in the theoretical references related to the characteristics that a textbook should have as a teaching aid for the teaching-learning process. Results: the Basic Computing electronic book was prepared where the objectives and development of skills declared in the subject program were taken into account; it contains five topics; It is structured into a cover, index and chapters; It has proposed exercises and solved exercises, diagrams, animations and images, links where additional and precise information can be extracted, and multiple bibliographic documents. Conclusions: the electronic book for the Basic Computing subject strengthens the development of the educational teaching process and serves as a basis for the formation of skills once the student graduates. It was assessed as adequate according to the objectives of the course, by the experts consulted.
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Introducción: En ocasiones los docentes tienen falta de motivación por la incorporación de nuevas técnicas de enseñanza, presentan una preparación mínima o desactualizada de las ventajas de las tecnologías. En otras, poseen habilidades instrumentales para el uso de las TIC, pero no para su uso reflexivo y crítico, para recibir, procesar, producir y compartir información que favorezca la gestión del conocimiento. Objetivo: Determinar las necesidades de aprendizaje y/o actualización de los docentes de la facultad en el uso de los entornos virtuales de enseñanza aprendizaje. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, desde septiembre a diciembre del 2021. En el estudio participaron 132 profesores del universo la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas " Calixto García". Se aplicó a cada profesor un cuestionario, creado por los autores. El tratamiento de los datos se realizó mediante el sistema SPSS. Resultados: Acerca del nivel de Habilidades en Entornos Virtuales de Aprendizaje, hay que destacar que en el grupo de estudio no se encontró el nivel Muy Alto. Según categoría docente el nivel Poco de habilidades se manifestaron en Profesor Titular con un 81,82 %, Profesor Auxiliar de 66,67 %, Profesor Asistente con 56,25 % y en la categoría docente de Instructor predominó el nivel Bajo con el 64 %. Conclusiones: Promover capacitaciones para la adquisición de destrezas y habilidades en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas que apoyen los procesos educativos, elevando la calidad de la educación.
Introduction: Sometimes teachers lack motivation for the incorporation of new teaching techniques, they have minimal or outdated preparation of the advantages of technology. In others, they have instrumental skills for the use of ICTs, but not for their reflective and critical use, receive, process, produce and share information that favors knowledge management. Objective: To determine the learning and/or updating needs of faculty teachers in the use of virtual teaching-learning environments. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from September to December 2021. 132 professors from the "Calixto García" Faculty of Medical Sciences participated in the study. A questionnaire created by the authors was applied to each professor. The treatment of the data was carried out using the SPSS system. Results: Analyzing the level of Skills in Virtual Learning Environments, it should be noted that the Very High level was not found in our study group. According to the teaching category, we should highlight that the Little level of skills was manifested in Full Professor with 81.82%, Assistant Professor with 66.67%, Assistant Professor with 56.25% and in the teaching category of Instructor the Low level prevailed with 64%. Conclusions: Promote training for the acquisition of skills and abilities in the use of technological tools that support educational processes, raising the quality of education.
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PURPOSE: To characterize the incidence, timing, and predictors of augmented renal clearance (ARC) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 61 patients with TBI, creatinine clearance (CrCl) was prospectively measured from urine samples, over seven days. ARC was defined as a CrCl >130 mL/min/1.73 m2 in at least one day. We compared patients with and without ARC. RESULTS: We performed 295 determinations of CrCl. ARC was present in 82% of the patients and arose in the first 2 days in 86% of them. ARC was more frequent in patients with associated injuries (100 vs. 75%, P = 0.02). There was a trend to a more aggressive resuscitation in patients with ARC but young age was the only independent predictor. Hospital length of stay was higher in ARC (15 [8-25] vs. 6 [3-19] days, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ARC is very common and has an early appearance in patients with TBI. Young age is its main determinant.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Insuficiência Renal , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/epidemiologia , Creatinina/urina , Estado Terminal , Humanos , IncidênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ultradeformable liposomes are promising carriers for cosmeceutical actives as they can be loaded with molecules of different polarities, and they present unique penetration properties. AIMS: While those features have already been tested, we wanted to know whether their special penetration properties could be maintained after incorporation in diverse cosmetic vehicles, including commercial products already in the market. METHODS: Ultradeformable liposomes loaded with a lipophilic and a hydrophilic fluorescent probe were prepared by lipid film resuspension, followed by extrusion and incorporation to different vehicles and commercial products. Penetration was determined in human and pig skin by incubation, with the Saarbrücken penetration model, followed by the recovery of the probes or by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: The incorporation of ultradeformable liposomes to cosmetic vehicles did not alter their penetration in most of the cases for human skin explants. Pig skin penetration presented significant differences compared with human explants. CONCLUSIONS: Ultradeformable liposomes could be useful as versatile cosmeceutical carriers in final product formulations.
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Lipossomos , Absorção Cutânea , Administração Cutânea , Animais , Composição de Medicamentos , Lipossomos/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
Como respuesta a las cambiantes condiciones sociales, económicas, políticas, culturales y educacionales generadas por el avance de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, la educación superior demanda de sus universidades una adaptación de sus estructuras y organización docente. Entre los principales retos de los profesionales de la salud se encuentra el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades para el uso de estas tecnologías. Los autores se propusieron reflexionar sobre la incorporación de sus competencias en los currículos universitarios de pregrado y posgrado para enfrentar el desafío impuesto por la explosión tecnológica de la llamada era o sociedad del conocimiento.
In response to the changing social, economic, political, cultural and educational conditions generated by the advancement of information and communication technologies, higher education demands from its universities an adaptation of its structures and teaching organization. Among the main challenges for health professionals is the development of competences and abilities for the use of these technologies. The authors set out to reflect on the incorporation of their competences in undergraduate and postgraduate university curricula to face the challenge imposed by the technological explosion of the so-called era or knowledge society.
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Alfabetização Digital , Informática Médica , Educação MédicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study tests the validity and the invariance of ERI questionnaire (ERIQ) data from health professionals in six different Latin-American countries. METHODS: One thousand two hundred ninety-two (1292) participants who worked in hospitals in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela completed the ERI and GHQ questionnaires. Partial correlations were carried out as well as reliability statistics and confirmatory factor analyses to examine factor structure and invariance of ERIQ in each subsample. RESULTS: Overall confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the theoretical structure of the ERIQ. The effort and overcommitment scales were invariant (equivalent) across the six countries, but the reward scale was only partially invariant. Several associations between ERIQ and mental health remain significant after controlling for sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Although the validity of the ERIQ' scales were generally satisfactory in most Latin-American samples, future research should examine in depth the equivalence of reward scale across Latin-American cultures.
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Recursos Humanos em Hospital/psicologia , Recompensa , Estresse Psicológico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Carga de Trabalho/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Satisfação no Emprego , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , América do Sul , Local de Trabalho/psicologiaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el cual se aplicó el cuestionario ISTAS en su versión corta a 30 trabajadores (19 mujeres y 11 hombres) con un promedio de edad de 23,3 ± 4,0 años de un centro de atención de llamadas telefónicas para identificar factores psicosociales laborales. De las seis dimensiones individuales, tres de ellas resultaron en la situación más desfavorable para la salud: la inseguridad con un 86,7 % de los trabajadores ubicados en este nivel; el apoyo social y calidad de liderazgo con un 83,3 % y en tercer lugar las exigencias psicológicas con un 70%. En conclusión se recomienda al evaluar los puestos de trabajo incluir los aspectos psicosociales, ya que estos bajo determinadas condiciones de intensidad y tiempo de exposición pueden transformarse en riesgos y generar efectos negativos en la salud y al bienestar de los trabajadores
In this cross-sectional study the short version of COPSOQ 2: ISTAS, was used in 30 workers at a call center (19 woman & 11 men) with an average age of 23.3 ± 4.0 years to identify psychosocial factors related to the job in call center workers. Of the six (6) dimensions evaluated with ISTAS, three (3) dimensions presented the worst score, represented in red. Located in the most unfavorable situation were: first, insecurity, 86.7% of workers polled in this level of danger, followed by social support and quality of leadership with 83.3% and third, psychological demands with 70%. In conclusion we recommend including psychosocial aspects when evaluating a work place, as these under certain conditions of intensity and exposure time can become a risk and generate adverse effects to the health and well-being
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Meios de Comunicação/tendências , Riscos Ocupacionais , Impacto Psicossocial , Condições de Trabalho , Satisfação no Emprego , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Valorar de forma objetiva los resultados preliminares del grado de satisfacción de estudiantes, obtenido en el primer año en funciones de nuestra Aula Virtual. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional en el universo constituido por 40 estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "General Calixto García" matriculados en los cursos correspondientes entre enero y diciembre del 2010 en nuestra aula virtual. Se les aplicó un cuestionario diseñado por nosotros teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones de organización de la enseñanza, proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje e instalaciones e infraestructura. Se utilizó la escala aditiva de Likert para evaluar el nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes. El mayor porcentaje de los estudiantes se considera satisfecho con el trabajo en el Aula Virtual. Se constata que, a medida que existe una mayor categoría docente en los estudiantes que pertenecen al postgrado (profesores), existe una mayor insatisfacción de forma general. En el caso de la Organización de la Enseñanza, consta una alta satisfacción por parte de todos los estudiantes. Para el Proceso de Enseñanza Aprendizaje hay mayor satisfacción en el caso del pregrado, pero para el postgrado se observa que la mayor cantidad de evaluaciones coincide con los niveles intermedios de satisfacción. Para la dimensión Instalaciones e Infraestructura, coinciden los criterios de mayor insatisfacción para ambas categorías. De forma general, se logró un grado de satisfacción aceptable en nuestros estudiantes, según el cuestionario elaborado. Pudimos corroborar que la mayor insatisfacción se obtuvo en cuanto a la infraestructura de nuestros locales para el desarrollo de los cursos a distancia.
To evaluate the preliminary remarks about our student's satisfaction level got in the first year in our Virtual Room.The study draws on the descriptive and observational evaluation of the satisfaction level of 40 students in our school since January to December 2010 by means of the application of a test designed by ourselves, taking into account three dimensions: teaching organization, teaching-learning process and installations and infrastructure. Likert's additive scale was used in the evaluation of the test.Most of the students considered themselves be satisfied with the virtual room activities. (The more teaching category had the students in postgraduate degree), more dissatisfied were them in general. In the case of the teaching organization, a great satisfaction was reached; in the case of the teaching-learning process, the more satisfaction was in undergraduate students; and almost all the students were dissatisfied with the installations and infrastructure.In general, there was an acceptable grade of satisfaction in the students according with the test. Most of the dissatisfactions were in the case of the dimension of installations and infrastructure.
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El objetivo de la presente investigación fue adaptar y validar el cuestionarioTrabajo Emocional (TREMO) realizado por Moreno-Jiménez, Gálvez y Garrosa (Moreno-Jimenez et al. 2004) en su versión corta de 20 ítems. Este constructo se relaciona con la carga emocional, la valencia y la variedad de la misma, así como su relación con las características del puesto de trabajo y con aspectos organizacionales como la cultura organizacional. Se aplicó el cuestionario en un grupo de trabajadores de la salud (N = 182) obteniéndose valores de fiabilidad adecuados; se sometió a un análisis factorial y se obtuvo 5 factores que explican el 56.97 por ciento total de la varianza. Los resultados confirman las dimensiones de la escala original. Es importante resaltar que es la primera aproximación al estudio de este constructo en una población trabajadora venezolana.
The objective of this investigation was to adapt and validate the EmotionalLabor (TREMO) questionnaire made by Moreno-Jiménez, Gálvez y Garrosa (Moreno-Jiménez, et al. 2004) in their short version of 20 items. This construct is related to the emotional load, its valence and variety as well as its relation with the characteristics of the job and with organizational aspects such as the organizational culture. The questionnaire was applied to a group of health professionals (N= 182), from which appropriate reliability values were obtained. They were subjected to a factorial analysis, obtaining 5 factors that explain the 56.97 percent of the total variance. The results confirm the dimensions of the original scale. It is important to highlight that this is the first approach to the study of this construct in a workers population in Venezuela.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Ambiente de Instituições de Saúde , Emoções , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Cultura Organizacional , Saúde Pública , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudos de Validação como Assunto , Venezuela , Local de TrabalhoRESUMO
Estudios realizados en humanos y animales han mostrado que la baja ingesta de vitamina A puede provocar anemia, sin embargo, aún no se conocen los mecanismos etiopatogénicos involucrados en tal proceso, lo cual puede ser debido a las complejas interacciones de los micronutrientes entre sí y con el sistema inmune. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las concentraciones séricas del Interferón gamma (IFN- g) y la Interleucina 10 (IL-10) en niños anémicos y no anémicos según el estado nutricional de la vitamina A. Para ello, se estudiaron 53 niños eutróficos (45-77 meses; F=29, M=24), procedentes de Maracaibo-Venezuela, en quienes se evaluó: la presencia de anemia mediante el análisis de la concentración de hemoglobina, según los criterios de la OMS (Hb<110g/L <60 meses, Hb<115g/L >60 meses); y el estado de la vitamina A por la técnica de Citología de Impresión Conjuntival (CIC), considerando la prueba de CIC Normal=suficiencia de vitamina A y CIC Anormal=DVA. Asimismo, fueron determinadas las concentraciones séricas de las citocinas (IFN-gamma e IL-10) en pg/mL con el método de ELISA. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SAS/STAT, los grupos fueron comparadas aplicando ANOVA (p<0,05). En nuestros resultados la prevalencia de anemia observada fue de 75,50 por ciento; DVA 50,94 por ciento y de Anemia+DVA 35,86 por ciento. Los niños anémicos con DVA mostraron valores séricos significativamente más bajos de IFN- g e IL-10 que el resto de los grupos. Esta alteración de los complejos mecanismos regulatorios del sistema inmunitario pudiera ser un elemento responsable de los trastornos en la formación de los eritrocitos
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Anemia , Interferon gama , Vitamina A , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Pediatria , VenezuelaRESUMO
Studies done with human and animals have shown that the diminished vitamin A intake can produce anemia, but the ethiopathogenic mechanism hasn't been known due to the few studies about the complex interactions between micronutrients deficiencies, immune system and cytokine productions. The objective of the present study was to analyze the serum concentration of IFN-gamma and IL-10 in anemic and non anemic children according to vitamin A nutritional status. A descriptive study of 53 euthrophic children, without infectious diseases (45-77 month old; 29 girls, 24 boys), living in a slum in Maracaibo-Venezuela. Anemia was evaluated by means of blood hemoglobin concentration analysis, standard WHO criteria for anemia were Hb < 110 g/L in <60 month old children; Hb < 115 g/L in >60 month old children. Vitamin A status was assessed by Conjunctival Impression Cytology (CIC) technique, which determines Normal CIC=Control or Abnormal CIC=VAD. The serum concentration of IFN-gamma and IL-10 (pg/mL; X +/- DE), was determined by the ELISA method. Statistical significance of differences was tested by ANOVA (p < 0.05). Prevalence of anemia was 75.50%; VAD 50.94% and anemia+VAD 35.86%. The anemic children with VAD showed significant serum values of IFN-gamma e IL-10 lower than in other groups. This alteration of the complex immunoregulatory mechanism could be responsible for dysfunction eritrhoid cell formation.
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Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-10/sangue , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangue , Análise de Variância , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Vitamina A/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders (VADD) have been associated with alterations of cellular differentiation, regulatory functions of the immune system and increased children morbidity and mortality rates due to acute respiratory and intestinal infections. The aim of the present study was to determine serum concentrations of Thl-Th2 cytokines in VADD children. The sample consisted of 138 children (F=72; M=66; 4-7 y old) living in slums in Maracaibo, Venezuela, with an adequate nutrition assessed by clinics and anthropometry. Vitamin A status was assessed by the Conjunctival Impression Cytology (CIC) technique following the ICEPO methodology, which determines Normal CIC = control or Abnormal CIC = VADD. The cytokines IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-gamma (pg/mL) were analyzed by the ELISA method; and IL-2 (U/mL) by the EAISA method. The Student's t test was applied to detect differences between values (p<0.05). No one child presented clinical evidence of VADD; 71 children (51.40%) exhibited normal CIC (control), whereas 67 children (48.60%) presented abnormal CIC indicative of sub-clinical manifestation of VADD. The prevalence was higher, although non significant, in females, 5-6 y old children and amerindians (51.39%, 64.18% and 60.40%, respectively). A diminished serum concentration of IL-10 was detected in VADD children, in comparison with the control group (4.41 +/- 1.27 pg/mL vs. 6.03 +/- 3.90 pg/mL) (p<0.03). The rest of studied cytokines were not significantly different with respect to control. The IL-10 diminution in VADD children would be related to the alteration of the inflammatory response at the level of respiratory and intestinal epithelia affected by infections.
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Citocinas/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-10/sangue , Interleucina-2/sangue , Interleucina-4/sangue , MasculinoRESUMO
Hoy día los equipos de trabajo se han convertido en los principales medios para organizar el trabajo de cualquier tipo de organización. Esto se debe a que éstos sobrepasan a los individuos cuando las tareas a realizarse requieren de múltiples habilidades, experiencia, juicio y creatividad. A medida que las organizaciones o instituciones han ido adecuándose a un mercado más competitivo que les exige máxima eficacia, han recurrido a los equipos como una forma de utilizar las competencias y talentos personales de los empleados. Los equipos resultan más flexibles y responden mejor ante los dinamismos que presentan los ambientes, pues tienen la capacidad de armarse, desplegarse, reenfocarse y dispersarse rápidamente. En salud ha sido tradicional la mención e importancia del trabajo en equipo. Se habla de eficiencia y productividad en las acciones de salud desde una perspectiva integral, enfocada más en la visión de las ciencias de la salud, que en en la visión biomédica. Trasladar el funcionamiento de los equipos de alto desempeño al área de la salud no requiere de mayores ajustes. Siguiendo los principales básicos de la conformación y puesta en práctica de estos equipos, no se encontrarán mayores diferencias que las que existen en otras áreas organizacionales y de servicios
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Capacitação em Serviço/métodos , Ética , Saúde , Organização e Administração , Medicina , VenezuelaRESUMO
One hundred female adolescents (13-18 y) were clinical and anthropometrically studied to select only those with adequate nutrition. Most adolescents belonged to IV socio-economic stratum families (worker class). Height, weight, age, body mass index and medial arm circumference were used as anthropometric parameters. After screening, only 41 non pregnant girls (control) and 42 pregnant girls with adequate nutrition were selected to analyze plasma amino acids. Fasting peripheral venous blood was drawn, and plasma amino acids were analyzed by HPLC. Amino acid concentrations were expressed as umol/L +/- SE. SAS/STAT program was used for statistical analysis. Amino acid values of control adolescent group were found in ranges reported by other investigators, with slight variations, mostly in diminution, presumably due to nutritional, metabolic or genetic conditions of people living in tropical regions. In pregnant healthy adolescents, distributed according to gestational age: < 32 weeks (n = 30) and > 32 weeks (n = 12), a diminution of total molar plasma amino acids was found, by comparing with control values. Ten amino acids (Pro, Gly, Gln, Arg, Ser, Orn, Tau, Leu, Thr and Val) appeared significantively diminished throughout gestation, being Gly. Gln and Arg most affected since earlier weeks. During the 2nd period. Thr and Val increased their grade of affectation; whereas some amino acids values (Orn, Pro and Tau) tended to recuperate. Several of affected amino acids are gluconegoenic, thus, they could be utilized to supply the energy required by the pregnant adolescent against her double stress: the fetus development and her own development. The plasma amino acid values reported in both, healthy non pregnant and pregnant adolescents, could be taken as regional referential profile of plasma amino acids in this poblational group for further research on adolescent and fetal--maternal malnutrition.
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Aminoácidos/sangue , Gravidez na Adolescência/sangue , Adolescente , Antropometria , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Gravidez , VenezuelaRESUMO
The present transversal study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of both vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and protein-energy malnutrition among children (24 to 85 months) from three urban slums (n = 173) in Maracaibo city, Zulia State, Venezuela and a rural slum area (n = 34), vieinal to Maracaibo, by measuring serum retinol and z score of anthropometric indices Height//Age (H//AZ); Weight//Age (W//AZ) and Weight//Height (W//HZ), compared to NCHS-WHO reference values. The Graffar's methodology adapted to Venezuela by Méndez Castellano (1986) confirmed the underprivileged socio-economic condition of the children population. For serum retinol analysis, peripheral venous blood was drawn and serum was treated according to the Bieri et al. (1979) technique and HPLC procedure. Values were recorded in microgram/dL. Statistical analysis was done by using Epi Info 2000, release 1.0 and SAS release 6.0 (1996) computer programs. The prevalence of VAD (serum retinol < 20 micrograms/dL) in the total children population (n = 207) was 22.2%, being higher in urban children than in rural children (22.5% vs 20.5%). No clinical signs of VAD were detected in the children. The nutritional status analysed by Z score of anthropometric indices revealed that 27.4% of children suffered from undernutrition (Z score = -2 to > -3 SD), being 15.4% stunted, 9.6% wasted and 2.6% with acute protein-energy malnutrition. Neither severe malnutrition nor overweight were detected. According with the H//AZ index, 54.6% of children had adequate nutrition. However 23% of them suffered from VAD. In children at risk of developing undernutrition (Z score = -1 to > -2 SD), 20.9% had VAD and of the stunted children, 21.9% presented VAD. With W//AZ, 60.3%, 29.9% and 9.1% of children were with adequate nutrition, at risk, or wasted respectively; of each group, 25.6%, 17.7% and 15%, respectively had serum retinol values below 20 micrograms/dL. The Z score of W//HZ indicator revealed that 87.4%, 10.4% and 2.4% of children were in good nutrition, at risk, or with acute protein-energy malnutrition, respectively. In the three groups 22.1%, 23.8% and 20%, respectively were affected by VAD. These results indicate that VAD coexists indistinctly in healthy, adequately nourished children, as in those malnourished ones. Our VAD prevalence results and others from Venezuela, are higher than the criteria laid down by WHO and PAHO which warrant wide community intervention. This public health problem becomes more significant because children are apparently healthy and, if timely vitamin A supplementation is not given, any intercurrent infection is likely to worsen the vitamin A status, increasing the widely known consequences.
Assuntos
Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/epidemiologia , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Pobreza , Áreas de Pobreza , Prevalência , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/sangue , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Vitamina A/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangueRESUMO
The present transversal study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of both vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and protein-energy malnutrition among children (24 to 85 months) from three urban slums (n = 173) in Maracaibo city, Zulia State, Venezuela and a rural slum area (n = 34), vieinal to Maracaibo, by measuring serum retinol and z score of anthropometric indices Height//Age (H//AZ); Weight//Age (W//AZ) and Weight//Height (W//HZ), compared to NCHS-WHO reference values. The Graffar's methodology adapted to Venezuela by MÚndez Castellano (1986) confirmed the underprivileged socio-economic condition of the children population. For serum retinol analysis, peripheral venous blood was drawn and serum was treated according to the Bieri et al. (1979) technique and HPLC procedure. Values were recorded in microgram/dL. Statistical analysis was done by using Epi Info 2000, release 1.0 and SAS release 6.0 (1996) computer programs. The prevalence of VAD (serum retinol < 20 micrograms/dL) in the total children population (n = 207) was 22.2, being higher in urban children than in rural children (22.5 vs 20.5). No clinical signs of VAD were detected in the children. The nutritional status analysed by Z score of anthropometric indices revealed that 27.4 of children suffered from undernutrition (Z score = -2 to > -3 SD), being 15.4 stunted, 9.6 wasted and 2.6 with acute protein-energy malnutrition. Neither severe malnutrition nor overweight were detected. According with the H//AZ index, 54.6 of children had adequate nutrition. However 23 of them suffered from VAD. In children at risk of developing undernutrition (Z score = -1 to > -2 SD), 20.9 had VAD and of the stunted children, 21.9 presented VAD. With W//AZ, 60.3, 29.9 and 9.1 of children were with adequate nutrition, at risk, or wasted respectively; of each group, 25.6, 17.7 and 15, respectively had serum retinol values below 20 micrograms/dL. The Z score of W//HZ indicator revealed that 87.4, 10.4 and 2.4 of children were in good nutrition, at risk, or with acute protein-energy malnutrition, respectively. In the three groups 22.1, 23.8 and 20, respectively were affected by VAD. These results indicate that VAD coexists indistinctly in healthy, adequately nourished children, as in those malnourished ones. Our VAD prevalence results and others from Venezuela, are higher than the criteria laid down by WHO and PAHO which warrant wide community intervention. This public health problem becomes mor