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Protein nanostructures can be used in food applications to improve the techno-functional properties of a food formulation. This study aims to find the best conditions for the production and conformational change of α-lactalbumin nanostructured aggregates. The criteria to determine the best operating conditions to produce α-lactalbumin nanostructured aggregates were intensification of foaming and emulsification, techno-functional proprieties, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activity of nanostructures compared with native α-lactalbumin. Conformational alterations occurred in the α-helix and sheet-ß protein structures. The size obtained by dynamic light scattering was 163.84 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.29. The nano protein improved the techno-functional property compared to the native protein. Additionally, nanostructures had no cytotoxic effect and were innocuous to bacterial activity. Thus, this study presents the best conditions to produce α-lactalbumin nanostructured aggregates with improved properties that allow new food industry applications.

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Pequi is a natural source of bioactive compounds with wide versatility for fresh or processed fruit consumption, but it is still little explored economically. Functional foods are the subject of diverse scientific research since, in addition to being nourishing, they contain bioactive compounds capable of promoting several benefits to the human body. Pequi is a fruit species native to the Brazilian Cerrado, which is rich in oil and has components with a high nutritional value, such as unsaturated fatty acids (omega-3, omega-6, EPA, and DHA), antioxidants (carotenoids and phenolic compounds), and vitamins. Therefore, the present narrative review aims to compile and critically evaluate the methods used to extract oil from the pulp and almonds of pequi and describes the carotenoid separation from the oil because carotenoids are natural pigments of great interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries. It is emphasized that the main challenges linked to bioactive compound extraction are their susceptibility to degradation in the processing and storage stages of pequi and its derived products.

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SCOPE: Human milk (HM) has a wide range of proteins with biological and nutritional functions, essential for newborns. The roles of proteins and their proteoforms in HM are not fully understood. This study aims to assess, by 2-DE proteomics, the differential proteoforms in HM, present in colostrum (COL), transition (TRA), and mature milk (MAT), aiming to contribute to understanding neonates' protein needs. METHODS AND RESULTS: HM samples are collected from 39 healthy lactating women. COL presents the higher concentration of essential amino acids. After MALDI-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis, proteoforms are differentially detected. Abundances of ß-casein (CSN2), α-s1 casein, and α-lactalbumin (LALBA) are higher in MAT; CSN2s are found in 11 spots and the isoforms increase in size as the pI becomes more acidic; regarding LALBA, two variant forms are found with different abundances in TRA and MAT; CSN2, LALBA, lactotransferrin (LTF), and serum albumin forms are present in all lactation phases. CONCLUSION: This study reveals differential proteoforms in COL involved in tissue growth and body development, besides essential amino acids, and, in MAT, involved in muscle mass gain, strengthening of the immune system, and energy production. The results provide new insight about proteoforms involved in maturation of the newborn's organs and systems.

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BACKGROUND: The retention of human milk nutrients in gastric tubes used to feed premature infants is a challenge to be overcome. RESEARCH AIMS: To evaluate (1) the performance of six homogenizers (mixing processor, piston valve, ultrasonic bath, ultraturrax, stirring mixer, and ultrasound probe) for the fat retention reduction in gastric tubes; (2) the influence of the best homogenization conditions on the fatty acid and protein profiles of human milk; and (3) the cost/benefit ratio for the inclusion of homogenization as a new step in human milk processing. METHODS: The influence of different levels and times of homogenization on reducing fat retention of human milk in probes was evaluated in this comparative prospective cross-sectional study. After homogenization, human milk flowed through a gavage and infusion pump apparatus used for feeding. Fat content was quantified before and after feeding. The techniques that reduced fat globule sizes and/or promoted a lower percentage of fat holding were evaluated for efficiency, variations in the fatty acid and protein profiles, and energy density and operating costs. RESULTS: Homogenization led to a reduction in fat retention in feeding probes. The mixer processor and the ultrasound probe reduced fat retention by 99.23% (SD = 0.07) and 99.95% (SD = 0.02), respectively, and did not negatively influence fatty acid and protein profiles. The mixer processor demonstrated low energy density and low cost for human milk processing. CONCLUSION: Homogenization promoted reduced fat retention in the feed probe and could help maintain fat nutrients of human milk during enteral feeding.

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The harvesting process is a current challenge for the commercial production of microalgae because the biomass is diluted in the culture medium. Several methods have been proposed to harvest microalgae cells, but there is not a consensus about the optimum method for such application. Herein, the methods based on sedimentation, flocculation, and centrifugation were evaluated on the recovery of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium. C. sorokiniana BR001 was cultivated using a low-nitrogen medium to trigger the accumulation of neutral lipids and neutral carbohydrates. The biomass of C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a total lipid content of 1.9 times higher (23.8 ± 4.5%) when compared to the biomass produced in a high-nitrogen medium (12.3 ± 1.2%). In addition, the biomass of the BR001 strain cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a high content of neutral carbohydrates (52.1 ± 1.5%). The natural sedimentation-based process was evaluated using a sedimentation column, and it was concluded that C. sorokiniana BR001 is a non-flocculent strain. Therefore, it was evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ferric sulfate (0.005 to 1 g L-1) or aluminum sulfate (0.025 to 0.83 g L-1) on the flocculation process of C. sorokiniana BR001, but high doses of flocculant agents were required for an efficient harvest of biomass. It was evaluated the centrifugation at low speed (300 to 3,000 g) as well, and it was possible to conclude that this process was the most adequate to harvest the non-flocculent strain C. sorokiniana BR001.(AU)

O processo de colheita é um desafio atual para a produção comercial de microalgas porque a biomassa é diluída no meio de cultivo. Diversos métodos têm sido propostos para coletar células de microalgas, porém não existe um consenso sobre um método ótimo para tal aplicação. Neste estudo, métodos baseados em sedimentação, floculação e centrifugação foram avaliados na recuperação de Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio. C. sorokiniana BR001 foi cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio para induzir ao acúmulo de lipídeos e carboidratos neutros. A biomassa de C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou um teor de lipídeos 1,9 vezes superior (23,8 ± 4,5%), quando comparada à biomassa produzida em um meio com alto teor de nitrogênio (12,3 ± 1,2%). Adicionalmente, a biomassa da linhagem BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou alto teor de carboidratos neutros (52,1 ± 1,5%). O processo baseado em sedimentação natural foi avaliado utilizando uma coluna de sedimentação e concluiu-se que C. sorokiniana BR001 é uma linhagem não floculante. Portanto, o efeito de diferentes concentrações de sulfato férrico (0,005 a 1 g L-1) ou sulfato de alumínio (0,025 a 0,83 g L-1) foram avaliados no processo de floculação de C. sorokiniana BR001, mas altas doses de floculantes foram necessárias para uma colheita de biomassa eficiente. Também foi avaliada a centrifugação em baixa velocidade (300 a 3.000 g), e foi possível concluir que este processo constituiu o mais adequado para a colheita da linhagem não floculante C. sorokiniana BR001.(AU)

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The harvesting process is a current challenge for the commercial production of microalgae because the biomass is diluted in the culture medium. Several methods have been proposed to harvest microalgae cells, but there is not a consensus about the optimum method for such application. Herein, the methods based on sedimentation, flocculation, and centrifugation were evaluated on the recovery of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium. C. sorokiniana BR001 was cultivated using a low-nitrogen medium to trigger the accumulation of neutral lipids and neutral carbohydrates. The biomass of C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a total lipid content of 1.9 times higher (23.8 ± 4.5%) when compared to the biomass produced in a high-nitrogen medium (12.3 ± 1.2%). In addition, the biomass of the BR001 strain cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a high content of neutral carbohydrates (52.1 ± 1.5%). The natural sedimentation-based process was evaluated using a sedimentation column, and it was concluded that C. sorokiniana BR001 is a non-flocculent strain. Therefore, it was evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ferric sulfate (0.005 to 1 g L-1) or aluminum sulfate (0.025 to 0.83 g L-1) on the flocculation process of C. sorokiniana BR001, but high doses of flocculant agents were required for an efficient harvest of biomass. It was evaluated the centrifugation at low speed (300 to 3,000 g) as well, and it was possible to conclude that this process was the most adequate to harvest the non-flocculent strain C. sorokiniana BR001.

O processo de colheita é um desafio atual para a produção comercial de microalgas porque a biomassa é diluída no meio de cultivo. Diversos métodos têm sido propostos para coletar células de microalgas, porém não existe um consenso sobre um método ótimo para tal aplicação. Neste estudo, métodos baseados em sedimentação, floculação e centrifugação foram avaliados na recuperação de Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio. C. sorokiniana BR001 foi cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio para induzir ao acúmulo de lipídeos e carboidratos neutros. A biomassa de C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou um teor de lipídeos 1,9 vezes superior (23,8 ± 4,5%), quando comparada à biomassa produzida em um meio com alto teor de nitrogênio (12,3 ± 1,2%). Adicionalmente, a biomassa da linhagem BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou alto teor de carboidratos neutros (52,1 ± 1,5%). O processo baseado em sedimentação natural foi avaliado utilizando uma coluna de sedimentação e concluiu-se que C. sorokiniana BR001 é uma linhagem não floculante. Portanto, o efeito de diferentes concentrações de sulfato férrico (0,005 a 1 g L-1) ou sulfato de alumínio (0,025 a 0,83 g L-1) foram avaliados no processo de floculação de C. sorokiniana BR001, mas altas doses de floculantes foram necessárias para uma colheita de biomassa eficiente. Também foi avaliada a centrifugação em baixa velocidade (300 a 3.000 g), e foi possível concluir que este processo constituiu o mais adequado para a colheita da linhagem não floculante C. sorokiniana BR001.

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ABSTRACT: The harvesting process is a current challenge for the commercial production of microalgae because the biomass is diluted in the culture medium. Several methods have been proposed to harvest microalgae cells, but there is not a consensus about the optimum method for such application. Herein, the methods based on sedimentation, flocculation, and centrifugation were evaluated on the recovery of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium. C. sorokiniana BR001 was cultivated using a low-nitrogen medium to trigger the accumulation of neutral lipids and neutral carbohydrates. The biomass of C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a total lipid content of 1.9 times higher (23.8 ± 4.5%) when compared to the biomass produced in a high-nitrogen medium (12.3 ± 1.2%). In addition, the biomass of the BR001 strain cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a high content of neutral carbohydrates (52.1 ± 1.5%). The natural sedimentation-based process was evaluated using a sedimentation column, and it was concluded that C. sorokiniana BR001 is a non-flocculent strain. Therefore, it was evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ferric sulfate (0.005 to 1 g L-1) or aluminum sulfate (0.025 to 0.83 g L-1) on the flocculation process of C. sorokiniana BR001, but high doses of flocculant agents were required for an efficient harvest of biomass. It was evaluated the centrifugation at low speed (300 to 3,000 g) as well, and it was possible to conclude that this process was the most adequate to harvest the non-flocculent strain C. sorokiniana BR001.

RESUMO: O processo de colheita é um desafio atual para a produção comercial de microalgas porque a biomassa é diluída no meio de cultivo. Diversos métodos têm sido propostos para coletar células de microalgas, porém não existe um consenso sobre um método ótimo para tal aplicação. Neste estudo, métodos baseados em sedimentação, floculação e centrifugação foram avaliados na recuperação de Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio. C. sorokiniana BR001 foi cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio para induzir ao acúmulo de lipídeos e carboidratos neutros. A biomassa de C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou um teor de lipídeos 1,9 vezes superior (23,8 ± 4,5%), quando comparada à biomassa produzida em um meio com alto teor de nitrogênio (12,3 ± 1,2%). Adicionalmente, a biomassa da linhagem BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou alto teor de carboidratos neutros (52,1 ± 1,5%). O processo baseado em sedimentação natural foi avaliado utilizando uma coluna de sedimentação e concluiu-se que C. sorokiniana BR001 é uma linhagem não floculante. Portanto, o efeito de diferentes concentrações de sulfato férrico (0,005 a 1 g L-1) ou sulfato de alumínio (0,025 a 0,83 g L-1) foram avaliados no processo de floculação de C. sorokiniana BR001, mas altas doses de floculantes foram necessárias para uma colheita de biomassa eficiente. Também foi avaliada a centrifugação em baixa velocidade (300 a 3.000 g), e foi possível concluir que este processo constituiu o mais adequado para a colheita da linhagem não floculante C. sorokiniana BR001.

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Background and Objectives: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by contact, droplets and aerosols. The World Health Organization recommends the mandatory use of surgical masks for health professionals and encourages countries to adhere to their use, en masse, in order to minimize the transmission of the virus. Since the lack of this personal protective equipment is a cause for concern, the objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of facial masks regarding (i) the mechanical properties of elongation, rupture stress and resistance to air passage and (ii) the morphometric properties of thickness, fiber diameter and pore distribution after autoclave sterilization. Methods: The masks were made in TNT Spunbonded (100% polypropylene, 60 g/m2 ), autoclaved at 70 ºC for 5 minutes and stored in plastic films at room temperature. Then, the mechanical properties were determined in an Instron universal testing machine and Gurley type automatic densimeter and the morphometric properties in a semi-automatic thickness gauge and scanning electron microscope. Results: It was observed that a cycle of sterilization of facial masks, by moist heat under pressure, increased the blanket's stiffness, did not produce physical damage and did not reduce the blanket's barrier capacity. Conclusion: The sterilization of face masks made of TNT can be considered a strategy to increase safety in their production and use.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A COVID-19 causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 é transmitida pelo contato, por gotículas e por aerossóis. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras cirúrgicas aos profissionais da saúde e incentiva os países a aderirem ao seu uso, em massa, a fim de minimizar a transmissibilidade do vírus. Posto que a falta desse equipamento de proteção individual causa preocupação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características de máscaras faciais quanto (i) às propriedades mecânicas alongamento, tensão de ruptura e resistência a passagem de ar e (ii) às propriedades morfométricas espessura, diâmetro das fibras e distribuição de poros após esterilização em autoclave. Métodos: As máscaras foram confeccionadas em TNT Spunbonded (100% polipropileno, 60 g/m2), autoclavadas a 70 ºC por 5 minutos e armazendadas em filmes plásticos a temperatura ambiente. Na sequência, as propriedades mecânicas foram determinadas em máquina de teste universal Instron e densímetro automático tipo Gurley e as propriedades morfométricas em medidor de espessura semiautomático e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Resultados: Observou-se que um ciclo de esterilização das máscaras faciais, por calor úmido sob pressão, promoveu o aumento da rigidez da manta, não produziu danos físicos e não diminuiu a capacidade de barreira da manta. Conclusão: A esterilização de máscaras faciais confeccionadas em TNT pode ser considerada uma estratégia para aumentar a segurança na sua produção e uso.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: El COVID-19 causado por el SARS-CoV-2 se transmite por contacto, gotitas y aerosoles. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda el uso obligatorio de mascarillas quirúrgicas para los profesionales de la salud y alienta a los países a adherirse a su uso, en masa, con el fin de minimizar la transmisión del virus. Dado que la falta de este equipo de protección personal es motivo de preocupación, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características de las máscaras faciales en cuanto a (i) las propiedades mecánicas de elongación, tensión de rotura y resistencia al paso del aire y (ii) la morfometría propiedades de espesor, diámetro de fibra y distribución de poros después de la esterilización en autoclave. Métodos: Las máscaras se fabricaron en TNT Spunbonded (100% polipropileno, 60 g / m2), se esterilizaron en autoclave a 70 ºC durante 5 minutos y se almacenaron en películas plásticas a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente, se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas en una máquina de ensayo universal Instron y densímetro automático tipo Gurley y las propiedades morfométricas en un medidor de espesor semiautomático y microscópio electrónico escaneando.Resultados: Se observó que un ciclo de esterilización de mascarillas faciales, por calor húmedo a presión, incrementó la rigidez de la manta, no produjo daño físico y no redujo la capacidad barrera de la manta. Conclusión: La esterilización de mascarillas faciales fabricadas con TNT puede considerarse una estrategia para aumentar la seguridad en su producción y uso.(AU)

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Taking into account that the industrial processing of passion fruit generates significant amounts of waste (only the peels represent 51% of the total mass of the fruit), in the present study an economic analysis was conducted to evaluate industrial line viability for pectin extraction from passion fruit peels. Knowing that absolute ethanol (99.50% purity), used in the precipitation and washing steps, has a higher cost, a simulation of extractive distillation was performed using solvents ethylene glycol and glycerol, in the software Aspen Plus v.11, being possible to recover 99.63% of ethanol for both solvents. The results of the economic evaluation showed that the process using ethylene glycol has an advantage, mainly due to its higher profitability (1.13 times higher), lower production cost (94.86% of the price using glycerol), and a lower breakeven point (around 3% smaller). The financial indicators showed profitability and attractiveness for the implementation of this processing line.

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The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation process, and its inhibition is one of the main drug targets for the treatment of hypertension. Though various peptides from milk proteins are well-known for their ACE-inhibitory capacity, research devoted to understand the molecular bases of such property remain scarce, specifically for such peptides. Therefore, in this work, computational molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations were performed to enlighten the intermolecular interactions involved in ACE inhibition by six different casein-derived peptides (FFVAPFPEVFGK, FALPQYLK, ALNEINQFYQK, YLGYLEQLLR, HQGLPQEVLNENLLR and NAVPITPTLNR). Two top ranked docking poses for each peptide (one with N- and the other C-terminal peptide extremity oriented towards the ACE active site) were selected for dynamic simulations (50 ns; GROMOS53A6 force field), and the results were correlated to in vitro ACE inhibition capacity. Two molecular features appeared to be essential for peptides to present high ACE inhibition capacity in vitro: i) to interact with the S1 active site residues (Ala354, Glu384, and Tyr523) by hydrogen bonds; ii) to interact with Zn2+ coordinated residues (His383, His387, and Glu411) by short-lenght hydrogen bonds, as observed in the cases of ALNEINQFYQK (IACE = 80.7%), NAVPITPTLNR (IACE = 80.7%), and FALPQYLK (IACE = 79.0%). Regardless of the temporal stability of these strong interactions, they promoted some disruption of Zn2+ tetrahedral coordination during the molecular dynamics trajectories, and were pointed as the main reason for the greatest ACE inhibition by these peptides. On the other hand, peptides with intermediate inhibition capacity (50% < IACE < 45%) interacted mainly by weaker interactions (e.g.: electrostatic and hydrophobic) with the Zn2+ coordinated residues, and were not able to change significantly its tetrahedral coordination structure. These findings may: i) assist the discrimination in silico of "good" and "bad" ACE-inhibitory peptides from other food sources, and/or ii) aid in designing de novo new molecules with ACE-inhibitory capacity. Communicated by Ramaswamy Sarma.

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Many countries have been experienced an increase in protein consumption due to the population growth and adoption of protein-rich dietaries. Unfortunately, conventional-based protein agroindustry is associated with environmental impacts that might aggravate as the humankind increase. Thus, it is important to screen for novel protein sources that are environmentally friendly. Microalgae farming is a promising alternative to couple the anthropic emissions with the production of food and feed. Some microalgae show protein contents two times higher than conventional protein sources. The use of whole microalgae biomass as a protein source in food and feed is simple and well-established. Conversely, the production of microalgae protein supplements and isolates requires the development of feasible and robust processes able to fractionate the microalgae biomass in different value-added products. Since most of the proteins are inside the microalgae cells, several techniques of disruption have been proposed to increase the efficiency to extract them. After the disruption of the microalgae cells, the proteins can be extracted, concentrated, isolated or purified allowing the development of different products. This critical review addresses the current state of the production of microalgae proteins for multifarious applications, and possibilities to concatenate the production of proteins and advanced biofuels.

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Nanostructures from conjugates of tara gum and α-lactalbumin were obtained via the heat-gelation process with pH adjustment. The conjugates were produced by Maillard reaction using the dry-heating method in lyophilized or spray-dried mixtures of TG and α-la and were characterized by browning index (BI) and percentage of free amino groups (% FAG). Nanostructured systems were characterized by dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential, circular dichroism, and intrinsic fluorescence to evaluate the structures. The most appropriate time of conjugation was 2 days. The spray-dried and lyophilized mixtures presented different values of BI and % FAG (p < 0.05), indicating that the glycosylation was more intense in lyophilized mixtures. Nanostructures with average sizes lower than 300 nm were formed under different conditions of temperature, pH, and heating time. Analyses of circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence showed conformational changes in the nanostructures, mainly a decrease in the α-helix content in spray-dried systems. The characteristics presented by the studied systems showed that it is possible to obtain nanostructures from conjugates of tara gum and α-lactalbumin.

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O Brasil é o 3º maior produtor mundial de frutas, porém as perdas/desperdícios no pós-colheita podem chegar até 30 %, principalmente, pelo metabolismo do fruto e fitopatógenos. A nanotecnologia surge, então, como alternativa para mitigar esse problema, sendo o setor de embalagens o mais promissor. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter e caracterizar de filmes de goma Tara com nanoestruturas de óxido de zinco (ZnO) com atividades antimicrobianas. O filme obteve espessuras entre 0,04957 e 0,36380 mm, sendo o filme com 5% (m/v) de nanoestrutura de ZnO com maior espessura. A porcentagem de solubilidade dos filmes de nanoestruturas de ZnO foi mais elevada que o filme sem nanoestrutura. O teor de umidade variou de 32,5592 a 10,9658 % entre os filmes e à medida que a concentração de nanoestrutura aumentou houve aumento da permeabilidade.(AU)

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A goiaba é uma das fruticulturas que se destaca no Brasil, por ser rica em nutrientes e ter elevada produção, porém há uma elevada perda/desperdício desse fruto pela sua alta perecibilidade. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana das nanoestruturas de ZnO, a fim de aplicá-las em filmes de goma tara para preservação da goiaba. Foi feita a análise da curva de crescimento das bactérias Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella typhimurium e Staphylococcus aureus na presença da nanoestrutura no leitor de microplaca. Estas apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana frente às bactérias, visto que houve o retardo do crescimento com o passar do tempo de análise. Verifica-se o potencial uso desta nanoestrutura para aumentar vida útil da goiaba.(AU)

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A goiaba é uma das fruticulturas que se destaca no Brasil, por ser rica em nutrientes e ter elevada produção, porém há uma elevada perda/desperdício desse fruto pela sua alta perecibilidade. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana das nanoestruturas de ZnO, a fim de aplicá-las em filmes de goma tara para preservação da goiaba. Foi feita a análise da curva de crescimento das bactérias Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella typhimurium e Staphylococcus aureus na presença da nanoestrutura no leitor de microplaca. Estas apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana frente às bactérias, visto que houve o retardo do crescimento com o passar do tempo de análise. Verifica-se o potencial uso desta nanoestrutura para aumentar vida útil da goiaba.

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O Brasil é o 3º maior produtor mundial de frutas, porém as perdas/desperdícios no pós-colheita podem chegar até 30 %, principalmente, pelo metabolismo do fruto e fitopatógenos. A nanotecnologia surge, então, como alternativa para mitigar esse problema, sendo o setor de embalagens o mais promissor. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter e caracterizar de filmes de goma Tara com nanoestruturas de óxido de zinco (ZnO) com atividades antimicrobianas. O filme obteve espessuras entre 0,04957 e 0,36380 mm, sendo o filme com 5% (m/v) de nanoestrutura de ZnO com maior espessura. A porcentagem de solubilidade dos filmes de nanoestruturas de ZnO foi mais elevada que o filme sem nanoestrutura. O teor de umidade variou de 32,5592 a 10,9658 % entre os filmes e à medida que a concentração de nanoestrutura aumentou houve aumento da permeabilidade.

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We have prepared a review of the physical-chemical composition and the functional and anti-nutritional properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). It is a plant of the Chenopodiaceae family, originally from the Andean regions, adaptable to different types of soils and climatic conditions. Its composition has attracted the attention of scientific community for its high nutritional value, being rich in proteins, lipids, fibers, vitamins, and minerals, with an extraordinary balance of essential amino acids. It is also gluten-free, a characteristic that enables its use by celiac patients. In spite of all these attributes, quinoa is not widely used by consumers due to the high cost of imported grain and little knowledge of its benefits. More studies are required to increase knowledge about this "pseudo-cereal" to demonstrate its functional and nutritional benefits and to study its anti-nutritional effects, since it presents high commercial value and excellent nutritional quality.

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The products formed by glycosylation of food proteins with carbohydrates via the Maillard reaction, also known as conjugates, are agents capable of changing and improving techno-functional characteristics of proteins. The Maillard reaction uses the covalent bond between a group of a reducing carbohydrates and an amino group of a protein. This reaction does not require additional chemicals as it occurs naturally under controlled conditions of temperature, time, pH, and moisture. Moreover, there is growing interest in modifying proteins for industrial food applications. This review analyses the current state of art of the Maillard reaction on food protein functionalities. It also discusses the influence of the Maillard reaction on the conditions and formulation of reagents that improve desirable techno-functional characteristics of food protein.

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The influence of temperature, pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in IDA-Cu(2+) cryogel system was studied by batch equilibrium measurements. The adsorptive equilibrium data were obtained at 17 and 27°C, pH 5.0 and 6.5, and at ionic strength of 50 and 200mmolL(-1) NaCl. Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich models were fitted to equilibrium data, while the enthalpy of adsorption of IgY in IDA-Cu(2+) cryogel system was calculated through Van't Hoff analysis. The binding of IgY on cryogel was stronger at 27°C and lowest pH and ionic strength values, with apparent maximum adsorption capacity of 27mgg(-1). The adsorption of protein in the resin was spontaneous in all analyzed cases. The results provide valuable information to enable the improvement of IgY purification processes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Peptides inhibiting the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were obtained by trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of bovine milk casein, performed at 37°C, during 1, 2, 5, 8 and 24h. Results of in vitro inhibitory activity ranged between 13.4% and 78.5%. The highest ACE inhibitory activity was evidenced for hydrolysates obtained after 2h of reaction. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) formed by polyethylene glycol of 1500gmol-1 (PEG 1500)+sodium phosphate or potassium phosphates were produced and evaluated, in terms of partition coefficients (K) and extraction yields (y), to recovery the casein hydrolysates at room temperature. In ATPS containing sodium phosphate, the peptides showed a slightly greater affinity toward the bottom salt-rich phase (0.1≤K≤0.9; 5.7%≤y≤47%). In the case of ATPS containing potassium phosphates, these molecules showed substantially greater affinity toward the top polymer-rich phase (137≤K≤266; y≥99%). These results point out extraction using PEG 1500/potassium phosphate ATPS is an efficient technique to recover casein hydrolysates containing ACE inhibitors peptides. Outlined data will be helpful in integrating such unit operation to larger scale processes.