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Abstract Objective Executive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury may lead to reduced daily functionality due to direct damage to the frontal lobe or to disruption of its connections to other brain regions. This study aimed to compare the performance of adults with and without traumatic brain injury on executive functions tasks. Method The present study had a descriptive transversal design and included 43 participants divided into a clinical group (N = 23, age M = 34.3 [10.86]) and a control group (N = 20, age M = 38.3 [10.7]). The battery consisted of traditional instruments and the Ecological Hotel Task. Results A significant difference was found in the performance of the groups in the planning measures (number of tasks [t = -3.06; p < 0.01] and planning score [t = -3.06; p < 0.01]), highlighting the advantages of using both the traditional performance paradigms and the ecological tasks in neuropsychological assessment of executive functions. Conclusion Results suggested that the ecological task might discriminate better executive dysfunction, emphasizing the importance of using activities that simulate real-life situations of the participants.
Resumo Objetivo A disfunção executiva após traumatismo cranioencefálico pode levar à diminuição da funcionalidade devido ao dano direto ao lobo frontal ou ao rompimento de suas conexões com outras partes do cérebro. Este estudo objetivou comparar o desempenho de adultos com e sem traumatismo cranioencefálico em tarefas de função executiva. Método O estudo apresenta delineamento transversal descritivo de análise quantitativa. Participaram 43 sujeitos divididos em grupo clínico (N =23, idade M = 34.3 [10.86]) e controle (N = 20, idade M = 38.3 [10.7]). A bateria foi composta por tarefas tradicionais de função executiva e a Tarefa Ecológica do Hotel. Resultados Encontrou-se diferença significativa na performance dos grupos nas medidas de planejamento (número de tarefas [t = -3.06; p < 0.01] e escore de planejamento [t = -3.06; p < 0.01]), reforçando a vantagem do uso de instrumentos tradicionais e ecológicos na avaliação neuropsicológica de funções executivas. Conclusão Os resultados sugerem que a tarefa ecológica pode discriminar melhor a disfunção executiva, reforçando a importância da utilização de atividades que simulem situações da vida real dos participantes.
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The current climate change setting necessitates the development of methods to mitigate the effects of water scarcity to ensure the sustainability of agricultural activities.f Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a plant signaling molecule that can trigger metabolic defense mechanisms in response to adverse environmental circumstances like as drought. The purpose of this study was to investigate if foliar application of H2O2 stimulates modifications in photosynthetic metabolism for adaptation of tomato plants to a period of water deficit and recovery. The study, which was carried out in a factorial scheme, tested plants subjected to two water conditions (well-watered plants and plants subjected to water deficit), as well as foliar application of 1 mM H2O2 (zero, one, or two applications, 24 h after the first), and was evaluated in two moments, during the deficit period and after recovery. Foliar application of 1 mM H2O2 resulted in a 69% increase in the maximum rate of RuBisCO carboxylation in well-watered plants, contributing to tomato photosynthetic adjustment. H2O2 treatment resulted in a 37% increase in dry mass in these plants. In plants subjected to water deficiency, 2× H2O2 increased stress tolerance by reducing the maximal rate of RuBisCO carboxylation by only 18%, but in plants that did not receive H2O2 treatment, the reduction was 86% in comparison to the wet plants. Plants exposed to a water shortage and given 2× H2O2 stored sucrose in the leaves and had a 17% higher relative water content than plants not given H2O2. Thus, H2O2 foliar treatment can be used in tomato management to induce drought tolerance or to boost photosynthetic activity and dry mass formation in well-watered plants.
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Solanum lycopersicum , Água , Água/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Ribulose-Bifosfato Carboxilase/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , AclimataçãoRESUMO
Atemoya (Annona × atemoya Mabb.), a climacteric fruit of the Annonaceae family, is becoming increasingly popular due to its organoleptic and nutritional properties. Anthracnose, a fungus of the Colletotrichum genus, is one of the most serious diseases in orchards, causing significant damage if not controlled, so producers use phytosanitary products. The current study sought to investigate the quality of atemoya fruits after harvest in an orchard with anthracnose controlled by Cu(OH)2 application: T1-no Cu(OH)2, T2-7.8 mL Cu(OH)2 L1 divided into two applications, T3-15.6 mL Cu(OH)2 L1 divided into four, T4-8.0 mL Cu(OH)2 L1 divided into eight, and T5-13.0 mL Cu(OH)2 L1 divided into thirteen applications. The sugar profile of fruits was examined, as well as MDA, H2O2, and quality parameters such as pH, mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and maturation index. MDA, such as H2O2, can function as a signal molecule. Eight applications of 1.0 mL L-1 Cu(OH)2 resulted in increased concentrations of H2O2 and MDA, signal molecules involved in sugar modification profiles such as glucose, fructose, and trehalose. It also had a high titratable acidity, a lower maturation index, better fruit quality, and a longer shelf life.
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Introduction: the study aimed to compare how undergraduate dentistry students (DS) and non-dentistry students (NDS) analyze and classify their own smile and facial profile. Materials and Methods: the cross-sectional study questionnaire included topics for the identification of the respondent; Likert scale and aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) to assess satisfaction with one's own smile; facial profile attractiveness using Turkkahraman and Gokalp scale and previous history of orthodontic treatment. Intra and intergroup data were analyzed by chi-square test with 95% confidence (p<0.05) using SPSS 13.0 software. Results: 483 questionnaires were answered, 166 from DS and 317 from NDS. Most participants considered their occlusion as ideal and pleasant (DS - 79.27%; NDS - 79.8%) and their profile as slightly convex (DS - 80.6%; NDS - 76%). The slightly convex profile was also preferred by both groups for both genders. 71% of the DS and 66.0% of the NDS reported having undergone orthodontic treatment. Most respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with their smile, however the NDS had a higher prevalence of students very satisfied with their smile (p<0.05). Conclusion: the choice of course does not seem to have any influence on the analysis and classification of the smile and facial profile, perhaps because most of them have already undergone orthodontic treatment.
Introdução: o objetivo deste estudo foi observar como estudantes de graduação analisam e classificam seu próprio sorriso e perfil facial, comparando os resultados entre estudantes de odontologia (EO) com não estudantes de odontologia (NEO). Materiais e Métodos: o questionário respondido pelos participantes incluiu tópicos para identificação dos indivíduos; escala Likert e componente estético do Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN) para avaliar a satisfação com o próprio sorriso; atratividade facial com escala de Turkkahraman and Gokalp e história prévia de tratamento ortodôntico. Os dados intra e intergrupos foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado com 95% de confiança (p<0,05) utilizando o software SPSS 13.0. Resultados: foram obtidas 483 respostas, sendo 166 do grupo EO e 317 do grupo NEO. A maioria dos participantes considerou sua oclusão ideal e agradável (EO - 79,27%; NEO - 79,8%) e seu perfil levemente convexo (EO - 80,6%; NEO - 76%). O perfil levemente convexo também foi preferido por ambos os grupos para ambos os sexos. 71% dos EO e 66,0% dos NEO relataram ter feito tratamento ortodôntico. A maioria dos respondentes estava satisfeita ou muito satisfeita com seu sorriso, porém o NEO teve maior prevalência de alunos muito satisfeitos com seu sorriso em relação ao grupo EO (p<0,05). Conclusão: a escolha do curso parece não ter influência na análise e classificação do sorriso e perfil facial, talvez porque a maioria dos participantes já tenha realizado tratamento ortodôntico.
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Autoimagem , Sorriso , Estudantes de OdontologiaRESUMO
Recent studies suggest that Omeprazole, a widely used treatment for gastric acid-related disorders, may have a significant effect on human cognition. However, there is no consensus on the matter. Though some studies suggest the drug is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline, memory impairment, and dementia, this issue has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the cognitive impairments associated with long-term Omeprazole treatment, with a focus on memory, attention, and executive functions. Additionally, we sought to verify whether the duration of treatment was associated with the magnitude of the associated cognitive impairments. The sample consisted of 30 participants of both genders treated with Omeprazole (experimental group) and 30 participants who did not use the drug (control group). The cognitive assessment battery: Verbal Fluency, Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning, Attention Assessment Battery, Five Digit Test, Hayling Test, and NEUPSILIN Subtest. The groups were compared using Student's T-tests, and the association between treatment duration and cognitive performance was examined using Pearson's coefficients. The results showed significant group differences in verbal fluency, short-term episodic memory, selective attention, and executive functions. The duration of Omeprazole treatment was also positively associated with the magnitude of cognitive impairment.
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Executive functions (EF) impact the success of university students. These skills appear to have a predictive role in academic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention program in EF aimed at university students, the πFex-Academics, seeking to verify whether there are gains in EF, a reduction in inattention and hyperactivity indicators and a transfer to reading comprehension. Participants were two professors and their respective classes, totaling 129 students. The classes were divided into: experimental group (EG) (n = 66) and control group (CG) (n = 63). All students underwent a pre- and post-intervention assessment. The program implementation process was mediated by the EG professor. Although no direct gains were identified in the indices of EF difficulties, greater gains in the EG were verified in the hyperactivity/impulsivity and reading comprehension indices, when compared to the CG. These findings are promising, demonstrating the first evidence of the effectiveness of the πFex-Academics. The incorporation of interventions into the university context can provide various benefits for students, with improved behavior and written language processing, necessary for the best possible academic success. Activities of EF mediation for higher education learning can be incorporated into extension courses or the curriculum of university courses.
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The inhibitory control is a component of the executive functions that allows the individual to inhibit inadequate behaviors, resist distractions and select a relevant stimulus when executing activities. In the neuropsychology field, evidences of stimulation and improvement of the inhibitory control through school interventions is sought by using computerized software, such as digital games. These research studies constitute an important investigation area within the executive functions in ecological approaches. This paper presents a systematic mapping study on inhibitory control stimulation in elementary school children with the use of digital games. The investigation encompassed an automated database search with further backward snowballing procedure with the final selection for additional publications as research strategy. The automated search considered six databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, IEEE Explore Digital Library, ACM Library, Springer Link, and Scielo. The initial database search found 641 works published between 2014 and 2019. After the exclusion and inclusion criteria were considered, three publications related to digital games or mobile applications were found and selected for analysis, which focused on inhibitory control or correlated processes stimulation in school-based interventions with elementary school children. Results indicated that investigations within the field are incipient, pointing to an emerging research area.
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Função Executiva , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the differences concerning cognitive performance, oxidative stress and vitamin B12 levels in omeprazole users under treatment for longer than six months. METHODS: A case-control study was developed with 44 omeprazole users (OU; 81.8 % female, 66 ± 8.7 years old) and 35 nonusers (NOU; 88.6 % female, 62 ± 8.7 years old). The cognitive ability was assessed through tests approaching attention, memory and executive functions. The vitamin B12 was dosage using a chemiluminescent immunoassay and oxidative stress analysis, based on the evaluation of malondialdehyde, enzymatic activity of extracellular superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and the ferric reducing antioxidant power in plasma. KEY FINDINGS: A significant increase of the ferric reducing antioxidant power [omeprazole users (OU) group = 1690 µM ± 441 and nonusers (NOU) group = 1308 ± 616; P value=0.002] and a decrease on glutathione peroxidase levels [OU group = 0.534 (0.27-10.63) and NOU group = 71.86 (14.36-173.1); P value=0.006] were found on omeprazole users group, as well as differences on cognitive performance, with impairments on executive functions, automatic and attentional processing. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term use of omeprazole is suggested to induce an oxidative stress condition, which causes neurotoxicity and cognitive decline.
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Antioxidantes , Omeprazol , Idoso , Antioxidantes/análise , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cognição , Feminino , Glutationa Peroxidase , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Omeprazol/efeitos adversos , Estresse Oxidativo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Vitamina B 12RESUMO
As relações entre os cuidadores e as crianças têm se mostrado fundamentais para o desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre estilos parentais (EP) com os traços de personalidade das crianças. Participaram 50 mães e seus filhos de 10 a 12 anos, de três escolas públicas. O questionário sociodemográfico e o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP) foram respondidos pelas mães e o IEP e o Questionário de Personalidade Junior-Eysenck pelas crianças. Foi realizado o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnova e após os dados mostrarem seguir distribuição normal, utilizou-se a análise de correlação de Pearson através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) com um nível de significância p ≤ 0,05. Houve divergência quanto à percepção das crianças em relação ao EP adotado pelas mães e da visão das mães sob seus estilos EP frente aos filhos. Associações significativas demonstraram a existência da relação entre os EP das mães e os traços de personalidade de seus filhos. A punição, disciplina relaxada, monitoria negativa, negligência e abuso se correlacionaram de forma positiva, com intensidade de fraca a moderada, principalmente com os traços de personalidade psicoticismo e neuroticismo.
Relationships between caregivers and children have been fundamental to child development. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between these parenting styles (EP) with the children's personality traits. Fifty mothers and their children aged 10 to 12 years, from three public schools participated. The sociodemographic questionnaire and the Parenting Styles Inventory (IEP) were answered by the mothers and the IEP and the Junior-Eysenck Personality Questionnaire by the children. The Kolmogorov-Smirnova normality test was performed and after the data showed to follow normal distribution, using a Pearson correlation analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with a significance level p ≤ 0.05. There was disagreement regarding the children's perception of the EP adopted by the mothers and the mothers' view under their EP styles in relation to their children. Relevant associations demonstrated the existence of a relationship between the mothers' EPs and their children's personality traits. Punishment, relaxed discipline, negative monitoring, neglect and abuse were positively correlated, with weak to moderate intensity, mainly with personality traits, psychoticism and neuroticism.
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Apesar de atual destaque para programas de intervenção das funções executivas (FE), predominam aqueles para crianças e idosos, com uma lacuna de programas destinados ao público jovem/universitário. O presente estudo apresenta o processo de desenvolvimento de um programa de intervenção em FE em prol da aprendizagem acadêmica para jovens/universitários. O desenvolvimento seguiu 5 etapas: 1) Interna de organização, 2) Construção, 3) Análise de Juízes, 4) Revisão e fechamento, 5) Estudo Piloto. Participaram 8 juízes (etapa 3) e 3 turmas (n = 102) ingressantes no Ensino Superior (etapa 5). Houve elevada concordância entre juízes em relação às demandas e qualidade geral das atividades. Revisão e integração das avaliações quanti e qualitativas dos juízes originou a versão atual do πFex-Academics, com sete atividades estruturadas em três módulos, com foco na aprendizagem e demandas acadêmicas. Estudo piloto revelou boa aplicabilidade. O πFex-Academics constitui-se como ferramenta promissora para estimulação de FE em contexto universitário.
A pesar del énfasis actual en los programas de intervención para funciones ejecutivas (FE), predominan los de niños y ancianos, con una brecha en los programas dirigidos a jóvenes/universitarias. El presente estudio presenta el proceso de desarrollo de un programa de intervención en FE a favor del aprendizaje académico para jóvenes/universitarios. El desarrollo siguió 5 etapas: 1) organización interna, 2) construcción, 3) análisis de expertos, 4) revisión y cierre, 5) estudio piloto. Participaron 8 expertos (etapa 3) y 3 clases (n = 102) matriculados en Educación Superior (etapa 5). Hubo un alto acuerdo entre los jueces con respecto a las demandas y la calidad general de las actividades. La revisión e integración de las evaluaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas de los expertos dieron lugar a la versión actual de πFex-Academics, con siete actividades estructuradas en tres módulos, centradas en el aprendizaje y las demandas académicas. El estudio piloto reveló una buena aplicabilidad. πFex-Academics es una herramienta prometedora para estimular la FE en contexto universitario.
Despite the current emphasis on intervention programs for executive functions (EF), those for children and older adult predominate, with a gap in programs aimed at young people/undergraduate students. The present study presents the process of developing an EF intervention program to support academic learning for young people/undergraduate students. The development followed 5 stages: 1) Internal organization, 2) Construction, 3) Judges' Analysis, 4) Review and finalization, 5) Pilot Study. Participants were 8 judges (step 3) and 3 classes of students (n = 102) enrolled in Higher Education (step 5). There was high agreement among the judges regarding the demands and the general quality of the activities. Review and integration of the judges' quantitative and qualitative assessments gave rise to the current version of the πFex-Academics, with 7 activities structured in 3 modules, with a focus on learning and academic demands. The pilot study revealed good applicability. The πFex-Academics is a promising tool for stimulating EF in a university context.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate cytogenotoxicity in mammalian cells induced by ingestion of superficial water from SESS. For this purpose, surface water was collected from two points of SESS: São Vicente Channel (SVC) and Piaçaguera Channel (PIC). Four groups (n = 5) of adult male Wistar (8 weeks old) received for 5 days: (a) filtered tap water (water control), (b) tap water with 2.4% of NaCl (saline control), (c) estuarine water from PIC and (d) estuarine water from SVC. Results demonstrated that Ki67 immunoexpression was higher in hepatocytes exposed to both sampling site, while caspase-3 demonstrated downregulation in rat liver exposed to estuarine water. There was also significant increase in micronuclei frequency in bone marrow cells and hepatocytes, and DNA damage in blood and liver of rats exposed to estuarine water from SVC and PIC. In summary, studies with complex mixtures, such as contaminated estuarine water are important since this work confirmed by experiments using in vivo mammalian cells of rats that SESS water are genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic, denoting concern for environmental health.
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Citotoxinas/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Estuários , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Brasil , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: previous studies have shown that muscle atrophy is observed after sleep deprivation (SD) protocols; however, the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. Muscle trophism can be modulated by several factors, including energy balance (positive or negative), nutritional status, oxidative stress, the level of physical activity, and disuse. The metabolic differences that exist in different types of muscle fiber may also be the result of different adaptive responses. To better understand these mechanisms, we evaluated markers of oxidative damage and histopathological changes in different types of muscle fibers in sleep-deprived rats. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar EPM-1 rats were randomly allocated in two groups: a control group (CTL group; n = 10) and a sleep deprived group (SD group; n = 10). The SD group was submitted to continuous paradoxical SD for 96 h; the soleus (type I fibers) and plantar (type II fiber) muscles were analyzed for histopathological changes, trophism, lysosomal activity, and oxidative damage. Oxidative damage was assessed by lipid peroxidation and nuclear labeling of 8-OHdG. RESULTS: The data demonstrated that SD increased the nuclear labeling of 8-OHdG and induced histopathological changes in both muscles, being more evident in the soleus muscle. In the type I fibers there was signs of tissue degeneration, inflammatory infiltrate and tissue edema. Muscle atrophy was observed in both muscles. The concentration of malondialdehyde, and cathepsin L activity only increased in type I fibers after SD. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the histopathological changes observed after 96 h of SD in the skeletal muscle occur by different processes, according to the type of muscle fiber, with muscles predominantly composed of type I fibers undergoing greater oxidative damage and catabolic activity, as evidenced by a larger increase in 8-OHdG labeling, lipid peroxidation, and lysosomal activity.
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Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida , Fibras Musculares de Contração Lenta , Estresse Oxidativo , Privação do Sono , Animais , Masculino , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/patologia , Fibras Musculares de Contração Lenta/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares de Contração Lenta/patologia , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Privação do Sono/metabolismo , Privação do Sono/patologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic instability and cytotoxicity in buccal mucosa cells of children living in abnormal conditions from Santos Sao Vicente estuary. The study area is located between coordinates 23°58'11.8"S and 46°24'26.3"W, in the southwestern zone of the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 40 children was distributed into two groups: exposed and non-exposed groups. The frequency of micronuclei increased to buccal mucosa cells of children living in Santos Sao Vicente estuary when compared to the non-exposed group (p < 0.05). No remarkable differences on buccal cells were found inpyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysi between groups. Taken together, our results suggest that children living in contaminated areas comprise a high group for genomic instability on buccal mucosa cells. Given that the current investigation is a preliminary study, further analysis with a larger sample of children is interesting as a future perspective.
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Monitoramento Biológico/métodos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Instabilidade Genômica , Micronúcleos com Defeito Cromossômico/induzido quimicamente , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Adolescente , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Estuários , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Micronúcleos com Defeito Cromossômico/estatística & dados numéricos , Testes para MicronúcleosRESUMO
Introduction: Facial aesthetics is especially important in a person's life. However,what is considered aesthetic by the orthodontist does not always correspond withthe patient's opinion, since aesthetics is very subjective. Thus, the aim of this studyis to evaluate the perception of dentalgraduate students in relation to their ownsmile and facial profile, analyzing if there would be any difference between thisself-evaluation associated with the year students are attending in dental schooland the technical knowledge progressively acquired. Materials and methods: Atransverse observational study was performed, in which a questionnaire wasapplied to all dentistry students at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. Thequestionnaire inquired about: student's current semester, age, gender, nationality,and previous history of orthodontic treatment. It also contained a Likert scale ofsatisfaction about their smile, the aesthetic component of the Index of OrthodonticTreatment Need (IOTN) for students to compare with their smile, and a scale forfacial profile comparison. The chi-squared test was applied using the SPSS 13.0software and all analyzes were performed with 95% confidence (p < 0.05). Results:A total of 253 questionnaires were distributed and 166 were filled out. Amongthose, 103 people reported having had orthodontic treatment before. The level ofsatisfaction with their own smile was high, reaching 78% in the first year of thecourse, 63% in the second, 87% in the third, and 72% in the fourth year. There wasa preference for a slightly convex profile for both genders. It is observed that 62%of the sample reported having been submitted to orthodontic treatment beforeand the percentage of white students who had received previous orthodontictreatment was substantially higher than other ethnicities. The qui-square testfound a significant statistical difference in ethnicity among students that hadreceived previous orthodontic treatment (p=0.008). Conclusion: There was nodifference in the aesthetic perception of the smile and profile in relation to theyear attended by dental school students, with the level of satisfaction with theirown smile being high.
Introdução: A estética facial apresenta grande importância na vida dos indivíduos. Entretanto, nem sempre o considerado estético pelo ortodontista corresponde com a opinião do paciente, visto que a estética é subjetiva. Assim,objetivou-se avaliar a percepção de graduandos da faculdade de Odontologia, em relação ao próprio sorriso e perfil facial, analisando se haveria diferença nesta percepção em relação ao período que cursariam e à medida que os conhecimentos são adquiridos. Materiais e Métodos: Desenvolveu-se este estudo observacional transversal, no qual distribuiu-se um questionário para todos os alunos do curso de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O questionário continha perguntas sobre o período cursado, idade, sexo, naturalidade, história prévia de tratamento ortodôntico, satisfação com o sorriso, índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN) para ser comparado com o sorriso, além de escala para comparação do perfil facial. O teste do qui-quadrado foi aplicado no software SPSS 13.0 e todas as análises foram realizadas com 95% de confiança (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram preenchidos 166 dos 253 questionários distribuídos. Destes, 103 alunos relataram tratamento ortodôntico prévio. O grau de satisfação com o próprio sorriso foi alto, sendo de 78% no primeiro ano de faculdade, 63% no segundo, 87% no terceiro e 72% no quarto ano. Houve preferência pelo perfil levemente convexo para ambos os gêneros. Foi observado que 62% da amostra já havia feito tratamento ortodôntico, sendo a maioria da etnia branca. O teste qui-quadrado encontrou diferença estatisticamente significativa na etnia dos estudantes que receberam tratamento ortodôntico prévio (p=0,008). Conclusão: Não houve diferença na percepção estética do próprio sorriso e perfil em relação ao período cursado, sendo o grau de satisfação com o próprio sorriso bastante alto.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ortodontia/educação , Satisfação Pessoal , Autoimagem , Sorriso , Estudantes de Odontologia , Estética Dentária , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effect of grape and apple juices against toxicity induced by cadmium in the kidney of rats. METHODS: A total of 20 male-Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (n=5): Control group: animals received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.9% saline solution and after 15 days, 1 mL of water was administered for 15 days, via gavage; Cadmium group: animals received an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg) and after 15 days, 1 mL of water was administered for 15 days via gavage; Cadmium+Grape Juice: animals received an i.p. injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg), and after 15 days, 0.8 mL of grape juice was administered for 15 days, via gavage; Cadmium+Apple Juice: animals received i.p. injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg) and after 15 days, 1.0 mL of apple juice was administered for 15 days, via gavage. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis revealed severe tubular lesion and necrosis in the group exposed to cadmium, while animals exposed to grape or apple juices showed a significant reduction of tissue injury. 8-OHdG immunoexpression, DNA damage, cytochrome C and catalase gene expressions and Toll like signaling pathway (TLR2, and pIKKα/ß) decreased in animals treated with grape juice when compared to cadmium group. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we conclude that grape and apple juices had a protective effect by means of antioxidant, antigenotoxic actions and for promoting tissue regeneration in the kidney of rats following cadmium intoxication.
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Intoxicação por Cádmio/dietoterapia , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais , Rim/patologia , Malus/química , Vitis/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Cádmio/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Cádmio/intoxicação , Intoxicação por Cádmio/patologia , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Poluentes Ambientais/intoxicação , Humanos , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias Protetoras/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , RegeneraçãoRESUMO
The aim of the study was to evaluate cyto- and genotoxic effects in populations living in subnormal clusters in Santos São Vicente estuary. For in vivo study, samples of buccal mucosa and peripheral blood cells were collected. Micronucleus assay and single-cell gel (comet) assay were performed. For in vitro study, Chinese ovary hamster (CHO) cells were exposed to contaminated water. The results showed that people living in the contaminated estuary have increased DNA damage in oral mucosa and peripheral blood cells, as detected in the micronucleus and comet assays respectively. In addition, estuarine water was able to promote cytotoxicity at the highest concentrations, as well as decrease the number of cells in the G1 phase. In summary, our results indicate that water from the Santos-São Vicente estuary is capable of inducing cytogenotoxicity in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.
Assuntos
Estuários , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Ensaio Cometa , Cricetinae , Dano ao DNA , Testes para Micronúcleos , ÁguaRESUMO
Despite the crucial role played by the executive functions (EF) to cognitive, emotional, and social development of children before and during school years, little attention has been given to construct and analyze the efficacy of programs that intend to develop them. The program of neuropsychological stimulation of cognition in students: emphasis on EF, or PENcE (an acronym from its original name in Portuguese, Programa de Estimulação Neuropsicológica da Cognição em Escolares: ênfase nas Funções Executivas), is an early and preventive intervention program for school-aged children, and implemented at school three times a week for 5 months. The PENcE was structured in four modules, each focusing on a different executive component: organization and planning, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. The objectives of this study were to verify the effectiveness of the PENcE among elementary school children and to investigate whether there are transfer effects to other executive, cognitive, and academic abilities. The sample consisted of 113 children attending 3rd or 4th grade at two public elementary schools. Eight classes participated in the study, divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG) (four classes; n = 64), which received the intervention, and a control group (CG) (four classes; n = 49), which continued their regular school activities. The EF and academic skills of both participant groups were evaluated before and after the intervention. The EG showed significantly greater improvements in inhibitory control, working memory, and abstract planning relative to the CG, with a small to medium effect size. There were transfer effects to other cognitive and academic abilities. These findings suggest the PENcE may be a useful method of improving EF and could benefit both school-aged children and education professionals.
RESUMO
Centropomus undecimalis fish inhabit the highly contaminated Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (SESS) and could be a good biomonitor of contaminants. This study aimed to investigate the cytogenotoxic potential of superficial water from SESS using C. undecimalis as a biomonitoring model and to validate the use of farmed fish as controls. Using biochemical (DNA damage and Lipid Peroxidation - LPO), cellular (erythrocyte nuclear abnormality - ENA) and tissue (8-OHdG immunoexpression) biomarkers, our results showed fish from SEES had higher LPO concentration in gills and higher frequency of reniform, lobed and total ENA in erythrocytes when compared with control farmed fish. Thus, SESS surface water are cytogenotoxic for blood and gills cells of fishes. C. undecimalis has shown to be a good biomonitor model and farmed fish can be used as control only if livers were not the target organs of study since the dietary food from farmed fish causes steatosis.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Biológico/métodos , Perciformes/genética , Espécies Sentinelas , Poluição da Água , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina/metabolismo , Animais , Aquicultura , Brasil , Dano ao DNA , Eritrócitos/patologia , Estuários , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Poluição da Água/efeitos adversos , Poluição da Água/análiseRESUMO
Juçara berry is a potential inflammatory modulator, rich in dietary fiber, fatty acids, and anthocyanins. Considering this, we evaluated the high-fat diet (HFD) intake supplemented with different doses of freeze-dried juçara pulp on the TLR4 pathway. Twenty-seven male Wistar rats with ad libitum access to food and water were divided into four experimental groups: control standard chow group (C); high-fat diet control group (HFC); high-fat diet juçara 0.25% group (HFJ0.25%); and high-fat diet juçara 0.5% group (HFJ0.5%). The inflammatory parameters were analyzed by ELISA and Western blotting in liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RET). The HFJ0.25% group had the energy intake, aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and liver triacylglycerol accumulation reduced; also, the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) expression in RET were reduced. However, there were no changes in other protein expressions in liver and adipose tissue. Adiposity and pNFκBp50 had a positive correlation in HFC and HFJ0.5%, but not in the C group and HFJ0.25%. The necrosis hepatic score did not change with treatment; however, the serum (AST) levels and the hepatic triacylglycerol were increased in HFC and HFJ0.5%. These results demonstrated that one week of HFD intake triggered pro-inflammatory mechanisms and liver injury. Additionally, 0.25% juçara prevented inflammatory pathway activation, body weight gain, and liver damage.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Euterpe/química , Frutas/química , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Biomarcadores , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Polifenóis/química , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Grapes are fruits that grow in clusters and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. Cadmium is a non-essential metal toxic to living organisms and the environment. Recently, health professionals, food scientists, and consumers have paid much attention to grapes for their health-promoting effects. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reviews describing the ability of grapes to mitigate the toxic effects induced by cadmium exposure in different tissues and/or organs. Herein, the aim of this review is to present the effects of grapes following cadmium exposure on the number of papers published in the scientific literature. The results showed that grapes are able to mitigate the harmful activities induced by exposure to cadmium in several tissues and organs. The main actions are closely related to tissue regeneration as a result of the reestablishment of morphology and antioxidant activity. However, further studies are welcomed in order to elucidate new biological pathways regarding the outcomes promoted by grapes in this context, specially related to inflammation, tissue regeneration and cellular death.