RESUMEN

High-pressure processing (HPP) of donor human milk (DM) minimally impacts the concentration and bioactivity of some important bioactive proteins including lactoferrin, and bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) compared to Holder pasteurization (HoP), yet the impact of HPP and subsequent digestion on the full array of proteins detectable by proteomics remains unclear. We investigated how HPP impacts undigested proteins in DM post-processing and across digestion by proteomic analysis. Each pool of milk (n = 3) remained raw, or was treated by HPP (500 MPa, 10 min) or HoP (62.5 °C, 30 min), and underwent dynamic in vitro digestion simulating the preterm infant. In the meal, major proteins were minimally changed post-processing. HPP-treated milk proteins better resisted proximal digestion (except for immunoglobulins, jejunum 180 min) and the extent of undigested proteins after gastric digestion of major proteins in HPP-treated milk was more similar to raw (e.g., BSSL, lactoferrin, macrophage-receptor-1, CD14, complement-c3/c4, xanthine dehydrogenase) than HoP.

Asunto(s)

Digestión , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Proteínas de la Leche , Leche Humana , Pasteurización , Proteómica , Humanos , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Presión , Recién Nacido , Lactoferrina/análisis , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Manipulación de Alimentos , Femenino , Lactante , Modelos Biológicos

RESUMEN

Fortification of human milk (HM) is often necessary to meet the nutritional requirements of preterm infants. The present experiment aimed to establish whether the supplementation of HM with either an experimental donkey milk-derived fortifier containing whole donkey milk proteins, or with a commercial bovine milk-derived fortifier containing hydrolyzed bovine whey proteins, affects peptide release differently during digestion. The experiment was conducted using an in vitro dynamic system designed to simulate the preterm infant's digestion followed by digesta analysis by means of LC-MS-MS. The different fortifiers did not appear to influence the cumulative intensity of HM peptides. Fortification had a differential impact on the release of either donkey or bovine bioactive peptides. Donkey milk peptides showed antioxidant/ACE inhibitory activities, while bovine peptides showed opioid, dipeptil- and propyl endo- peptidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activity. A slight delay in peptide release from human lactoferrin and α-lactalbumin was observed when HM was supplemented with donkey milk-derived fortifier.

Asunto(s)

Digestión , Equidae , Proteínas de la Leche , Leche Humana , Péptidos , Humanos , Animales , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Bovinos , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/metabolismo , Alimentos Fortificados/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Modelos Biológicos , Proteína de Suero de Leche/química , Proteína de Suero de Leche/metabolismo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate whether a 1-month-long milk-free diet results in a reduction in faecal calprotectin (FC) and faecal-zonulin-related proteins (FZRP) in children with milk-protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (MPIAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single-centre, prospective, observational cohort study involving 86 infants with MPIAP, aged 1-3 months, and 30 healthy controls of the same age. The FC and FZRP were marked using the ELISA method (IDK® Calprotectin or Zonulin ELISA Kit, Immunodiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany). The diagnosis of MPIAP was confirmed with an open milk challenge test. RESULTS: FFC and FZRP proved useful in evaluating MPIAP treatment with a milk-free diet, and the resolution of allergic symptoms and a significant (p = 0.0000) decrease in the concentrations of both biomarkers were observed after 4 weeks on the diet. The FC and FZRP concentrations were still higher than in the control group. A high variability of FC concentrations was found in all the study groups. An important limitation is the phenomenon of FZRP not being produced in all individuals, affecting one in five infants. CONCLUSIONS: FC and FZRP can be used to monitor the resolution of colitis in infants with MPIAP treated with a milk-free diet, indicating a slower resolution of allergic inflammation than of allergic symptoms. The diagnosis of MPIAP on the basis of FC concentrations is subject to considerable error, due to the high individual variability of this indicator. FZRP is a better parameter, but this needs further research, as these are the first determinations in infants with MPIAP.

Asunto(s)

Biomarcadores , Heces , Haptoglobinas , Complejo de Antígeno L1 de Leucocito , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche , Proteínas de la Leche , Proctocolitis , Precursores de Proteínas , Humanos , Complejo de Antígeno L1 de Leucocito/análisis , Complejo de Antígeno L1 de Leucocito/metabolismo , Heces/química , Lactante , Femenino , Estudios Prospectivos , Masculino , Biomarcadores/análisis , Proctocolitis/diagnóstico , Haptoglobinas/análisis , Haptoglobinas/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/dietoterapia , Precursores de Proteínas/análisis , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Toxina del Cólera/análisis , Estudios de Seguimiento

RESUMEN

The main objective of this study was to assess the ability of the NEar Real Digestive Tract (NERDT), a computer-controlled biomimetic in vitro digestion system that considers the biomechanics of the stomach, to reproduce physiologically relevant features of skimmed milk gastric digestion. A second objective was to evaluate the influence of pepsin on the gastric coagulation and emptying of milk proteins from experiments performed with and without pepsin. A mass balance model over the stomach, assuming a perfectly stirred reactor behaviour, has been developed. The results show that the NERDT can adequately reproduce the targeted kinetics of gastric acidification and emptying, with a sieving effect that naturally leads to a delayed emptying of caseins. Milk coagulated earlier and more chyme was emptied towards the end of the experiments in the presence of pepsin than without, hence illustrating the key influence of pepsin on the gastric coagulation of caseins and subsequent hydrolysis and emptying of dairy particles. Overall, this study shows that the NERDT can be adequately controlled to achieve desired gastric digestion conditions, and appears to be a very useful tool to further improve the knowledge of the gastric digestion behaviour of complex foods such as milk.

Asunto(s)

Biomimética , Digestión , Leche , Pepsina A , Digestión/fisiología , Animales , Pepsina A/metabolismo , Humanos , Leche/química , Biomimética/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Vaciamiento Gástrico/fisiología , Caseínas/metabolismo , Estómago/fisiología , Cinética , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The gelation of milk proteins can be achieved by various means, enabling the development of diverse products. In this study, heat-set milk protein gels (15 % protein) of diverse textures were made by pH modulation and two gels were selected for dynamic in vitro gastric digestion: a spoonable soft gel (SG, pH 6.55' G' of ∼100 Pa) and a sliceable firm gel (FG, pH 5.65; G' of ∼7000 Pa). The two gels displayed markedly different structural changes and digestion kinetics during gastric digestion. The SG underwent substantial structural compaction during the first 120 min of gastric digestion into a denser and firmer gastric chyme (26.3 % crude protein, G* of ∼8500 Pa) than the chyme of the FG (15.7 % crude protein, G* of ∼3000 Pa). These contrasting intragastric structural changes of the gels reversed their original textural differences, which led to slower digestion and gastric emptying of proteins from the SG compared with the FG. The different intragastric pH profiles during the digestion of the two gels likely played a key role by modulating the proteolytic activity and specificity (to κ-casein) of pepsin. Preferential early cleavage of κ-casein in SG stimulated coagulation and compaction of solid chyme, whereas rapid hydrolysis of αS- and ß-caseins in the FG weakened coagulation. This study provided new insights into controlling the structural development of dairy-based foods during gastric digestion and modulating digestion kinetics.

Asunto(s)

Digestión , Geles , Calor , Proteínas de la Leche , Geles/química , Digestión/fisiología , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Vaciamiento Gástrico , Caseínas/química , Caseínas/metabolismo , Pepsina A/metabolismo , Animales , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Proteolisis

RESUMEN

Milk boasts an array of potent bioactive compounds, such as lactoferrin (Lf), immunoglobulins, and functional proteins, all delivering substantial therapeutic benefits. In this study, Immune Powder (a functional dairy formulation) and its primary component called Fractionated Milk Protein (FMP) containing Lf, zinc, and immunoglobulins and formulated by Ausnutria Pty Ltd. were evaluated for their potential broad-spectrum pharmacological activity. In particular, this study investigated the antibacterial (against pathogenic Escherichia coli), prebiotic (promoting Lactobacillus delbrueckii growth), anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages), and antiviral (against human coronavirus 229E) effects of the samples. In addition, the impact of simulated gastric digestion on the efficacy of the samples was explored. LCMS-based proteomics was implemented to unveil cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying antiviral activity. The Immune Powder demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli (up to 99.74 ± 11.47% inhibition), coupled with prebiotic action (10.84 ± 2.2 viability fold-change), albeit these activities diminished post-digestion (p < 0.01). The Immune Powder effectively mitigated NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, with declining efficacy post-digestion (p < 0.0001). The Immune Powder showed similar antiviral activity before and after digestion (p > 0.05) with up to 3-fold improvement. Likewise, FMP exhibited antibacterial potency pre-digestion at high concentrations (95.56 ± 1.23% inhibition at 125 mg/mL) and post-digestion at lower doses (61.82 ± 5.58% inhibition at 3906.25 µg/mL). FMP also showed enhanced prebiotic activity post-digestion (p < 0.0001), NO inhibition pre-digestion, and significant antiviral activity. The proteomics study suggested that the formulation and its primary component shared similar antiviral mechanisms by inhibiting scavenger receptor binding and extracellular matrix interaction.

Asunto(s)

Polvos , Probióticos , Animales , Ratones , Probióticos/farmacología , Células RAW 264.7 , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/crecimiento & desarrollo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas de la Leche/farmacología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Prebióticos , Productos Lácteos/microbiología , Coronavirus/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Medin amyloid, prevalent in the vessel walls of 97 % of individuals over 50, contributes to arterial stiffening and cerebrovascular dysfunction, yet our understanding of its aggregation mechanism remains limited. Dividing the full-length 50-amino-acid medin peptide into five 10-residue segments, we conducted individual investigations on each segment's self-assembly dynamics via microsecond-timescale atomistic discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) simulations. Our findings showed that medin1-10 and medin11-20 segments predominantly existed as isolated unstructured monomers, unable to form stable oligomers. Medin31-40 exhibited moderate aggregation, forming dynamic ß-sheet oligomers with frequent association and dissociation. Conversely, medin21-30 and medin41-50 segments demonstrated significant self-assembly capability, readily forming stable ß-sheet-rich oligomers. Residue pairwise contact frequency analysis highlighted the critical roles of residues 22-26 and 43-49 in driving the self-assembly of medin21-30 and medin41-50, acting as the ß-sheet core and facilitating ß-strand formation in other regions within medin monomers, expecting to extend to oligomers and fibrils. Regions containing residues 22-26 and 43-49, with substantial self-assembly abilities and assistance in ß-sheet formation, represent crucial targets for amyloid inhibitor drug design against aortic medial amyloidosis (AMA). In summary, our study not only offers deep insights into the mechanism of medin amyloid formation but also provides crucial theoretical and practical guidance for future treatments of AMA.

Asunto(s)

Amiloide , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Humanos , Amiloide/química , Amiloide/metabolismo , Aorta/metabolismo , Agregado de Proteínas , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/metabolismo , Conformación Proteica en Lámina beta , Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superficie/química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de la Leche

RESUMEN

As vastly modified on secreted proteins, N-glycosylation is found on milk proteins and undergo dynamic changes during lactation, characterizing milk protein glycosylation would benefit the elucidation of glycosylation pattern differences between samples. However, their low abundance required specific enrichment. Herein, through rational design and controllable synthesis, we developed a novel multi-functional polymer for the isolation of protein glycosylation. It efficiently separated glycopeptides from complex background inferences with mutual efforts of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), metal ion affinity and ion exchange. By fine-tuning Ca2+ as regulators of aldehyde hyaluronic acid (HA) conformation, the grafting density of HA was remarkably improved. Moreover, grafting Ti4+ further enhanced the enrichment performance. Application of this material to characterize bovine milk and colostrum proteins yields 479 and 611 intact glycopeptides, respectively. Comparative analysis unraveled the distinct glycosylation pattern as well the different distribution of glycoprotein abundances between the two samples, offering insights for functional food development.

Asunto(s)

Calostro , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Leche , Polímeros , Polisacáridos , Animales , Bovinos , Calostro/química , Leche/química , Glicosilación , Polisacáridos/química , Polímeros/química , Femenino , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Glicoproteínas/química

RESUMEN

Selenomethionine (SeMet) is an important nutrient, but its role in milk synthesis and the GPCR related to SeMet sensing is still largely unknown. Here, we determined the dose-dependent role of SeMet on milk protein and fat synthesis and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and we also uncovered the GPCR-mediating SeMet function. At 24 h postdelivery, lactating mother mice were fed a maintenance diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg SeMet, and the feeding process lasted for 18 days. The 10 mg/kg group had the best increase in milk production, weight gain of offspring mice, and mammary gland weight and acinar size, whereas a higher concentration of SeMet gradually decreased the weight gain of the offspring mice and showed toxic effects. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the mammary gland tissues of mother mice in the 10 mg/kg SeMet treatment group and the control group. A total of 258 DEGs were screened out, including 82 highly expressed genes including GPR37 and 176 lowly expressed genes. SeMet increased milk protein and fat synthesis in HC11 cells and cell proliferation, mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation, and expression of GPR37 in a dose-dependent manner. GPR37 knockdown decreased milk protein and fat synthesis in HC11 cells and cell proliferation and blocked SeMet stimulation on mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SeMet can promote milk protein and fat synthesis and proliferation of MECs and functions through the GPR37-mTOR-S6K1 signaling pathway.

Asunto(s)

Proliferación Celular , Células Epiteliales , Glándulas Mamarias Animales , Proteínas de la Leche , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Selenometionina , Transducción de Señal , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Animales , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/genética , Femenino , Ratones , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Selenometionina/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/citología , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Lactancia , Humanos , Proteínas Quinasas S6 Ribosómicas 90-kDa

RESUMEN

Neuronal loss is a hallmark of stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases, and as such, neuronal loss caused by microglia has been thought to be a contributing factor to disease progression. Here, we show that microglia indeed contribute significantly to neuronal loss in a mouse model of stroke, but this microglial-dependent process of neuronal clearance specifically targets stressed and degenerating neurons in the ischemic cortical region and not healthy non-ischemic neurons. Nonspecific stimulation of microglia decreased the density of neurons in the ischemic cortical region, whereas specific inhibition of MFG-E8 signaling, which is required for microglial phagocytosis of neurons, had the opposite effect. In both scenarios, the effects were microglia specific, as the same treatments had no effect in mice whose microglia were depleted prior to stroke. Finally, even though the inhibition of MFG-E8 signaling increased neuronal density in the ischemic brain region, it substantially exacerbated the development of cortical infarction. In conclusion, microglia through MFG-E8 signaling contribute to the loss of ischemic neurons and, in doing so, minimize the development of cortical infarction after stroke.

Asunto(s)

Antígenos de Superficie , Microglía , Proteínas de la Leche , Neuronas , Transducción de Señal , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Animales , Microglía/metabolismo , Microglía/patología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Ratones , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/metabolismo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/patología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicaciones , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infarto Cerebral/patología , Infarto Cerebral/metabolismo , Infarto Cerebral/etiología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Fagocitosis , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/patología

RESUMEN

Supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX) processing was used to develop milk protein-based orally self-disintegrating puffs enriched with fruit and dairy by-products, designed specifically to cater to the needs of elderly population having swallowing issues and lactose intolerance. Lactose hydrolyzed skim milk powder (LHSMP) was also added in the formulation to mitigate lactose intolerance while LHSMP was also exploited as a precursor for the polymerization of galactose and lactose to generate galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in the puffs. This study for the first time took advantage of the unique features of SCFX processing for in-process GOS formation and enrichment of puffs, achieving GOS contents up to 0.48 g/30 g serving of puffs, thereby making them nutritionally superior and functionally attractive snacks. The estimated nutritional profile revealed that SCFX puffs contained higher levels of protein (16.3 g/30 g), fiber (1.6 g/30 g), phenolics and other valuable nutrients compared to the starch-rich, disintegrating Market Baby puffs.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de la Leche , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Humanos , Anciano , Animales , Valor Nutritivo , Oligosacáridos/química , Leche/química , Alimentos Fortificados/análisis , Frutas/química

RESUMEN

Milk thermal treatment, such as pasteurization, high-temperature short-time processing, and the emerging ultra-short-time processing (<0.5 s), are crucial for ensuring milk safety and extending its shelf life. Milk is a nutritive food matrix with various macro/micro-nutrients and other constituents that are possibly affected by thermal treatment for reasons associated with processing strength. Therefore, understanding the relationship between heating strength and milk quality is vital for the dairy industry. This review summarizes the impact of thermal treatment strength on milk's nutritional and sensory properties, the synthesizing of the structural integrity and bioavailability of milk proteins, the profile and stability of fatty acids, the retention of macro/micro-nutrients, as well as the overall flavor profile. Additionally, it examines the formation of heat-induced markers, such as Maillard reaction products, lactulose, furosine, and alkaline phosphatase activity, which serve as indicators of heating intensity. Flavor and heating markers are commonly used to assess the quality of pasteurized milk. By examining former studies, we conclude that ultra-short-time-processing-treated milk is comparable to pasteurized milk in terms of specific parameters (such as whey protein behavior, furosine, and ALP contents). This review aims to better summarize how thermal treatments influence the milk matrix, guiding the dairy industry's development and balancing milk products' safety and nutritional value.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Grasos , Leche , Animales , Leche/química , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Calor , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Pasteurización/métodos , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Gusto , Humanos , Nutrientes/análisis , Biomarcadores

RESUMEN

In many parts of the world, goat milk has been part of the human diet for millennia. Allergy to goat's milk, not associated with allergy to cow's milk, is a rare disorder, although some cases have been described. Goat milk proteins have substantial homology with cow's milk proteins and even show cross-reactivity; therefore, they are not advised as an alternative to cow's milk for infants with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergies. However, there are indications that, due to the composition of the goat milk proteins, goat milk proteins show lower allergenicity than cow's milk due to a lower αS1-casein content. For this reason, goat milk might be a better choice over cow's milk as a first source of protein when breastfeeding is not possible or after the breastfeeding period. Additionally, some studies show that goat milk could play a role in specific types of non-IgE-mediated cow milk allergy or even in the prevention of sensitization to cow's milk proteins. This review discusses a possible role of goat milk in non-IgE mediated allergy and the prevention or oral tolerance induction of milk allergy.

Asunto(s)

Cabras , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche , Proteínas de la Leche , Leche , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/prevención & control , Animales , Humanos , Leche/inmunología , Leche/química , Bovinos , Proteínas de la Leche/inmunología , Proteínas de la Leche/efectos adversos , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Lactante , Femenino

RESUMEN

Milk-derived peptides and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) have gained interest as health-promoting food ingredients. However, the mechanisms by which these nutraceuticals modulate the function of biological systems often remain unclear. We utilized Caenorhabditis elegans to elucidate how MFGM-containing protein powder (MProPow), previously used in a clinical trial, affect the physiology of this model organism. Our results demonstrate that MProPow does not affect lifespan but promotes the fitness of the animals. Surprisingly, gene expression analysis revealed that MProPow decreases the expression of genes functioning on innate immunity, which also translates into reduced survival on pathogenic bacteria. One of the innate immunity-associated genes showing reduced expression upon MProPow supplementation is cpr-3, the homolog of human cathepsin B. Interestingly, knockdown of cpr-3 enhances fitness, but not in MProPow-treated animals, suggesting that MProPow contributes to fitness by downregulating the expression of this gene. In summary, this research highlights the value of C. elegans in testing the biological activity of food supplements and nutraceuticals. Furthermore, this study should encourage investigations into whether milk-derived peptides and MFGM mediate their beneficial effects through the modulation of cathepsin B expression in humans.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Caenorhabditis elegans , Suplementos Dietéticos , Glucolípidos , Glicoproteínas , Gotas Lipídicas , Animales , Caenorhabditis elegans/efectos de los fármacos , Glucolípidos/farmacología , Glicoproteínas/farmacología , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Catepsina B/metabolismo , Polvos , Proteínas de la Leche/farmacología , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Level of dam milk production (DMP) and dam milk fat to protein ratio (DFPR), as an indicator of metabolic status in dairy cows, have been identified to be associated with productive and reproductive performance of the offspring. Yet whether the interaction of DMP by DFPR can be associated with performance of the offspring have not been studied to our knowledge. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the association of the main and interactive effects of DMP and DFPR with offspring's birth weight, survival, milk yield and fertility. To this end, data of birth weight, culling rate, milk yield and reproductive variables of offspring born to lactating dams (n = 14,582) and data associated with DMP and DFPR during 305-day lactation were retrieved. Afterwards, offspring were classified in three categories of DMP, including DMP1 (dams with <10.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP2 (dams with ≥10.00 × 103 kg and <14.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP3 (dams with ≥14.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), and three categories of DFPR, including DFPR1 (offspring born to dams with <1.00 FPR), DFPR2 (offspring born to dams with ≥1.00 and < 1.40 FPR) and DFPR3 (offspring born to dams with ≥1.40 FPR). Statistical analysis revealed no association of the interaction effect of DMP by DFPR with investigated variables in the offspring (P > 0.05). However, the main effect of DMP was positively associated with milk yield, but negatively associated with survival, age at first insemination and conception during nulliparity, and transgenerational improvement in milk yield in the offspring (P < 0.05). Moreover, the main effect of DFPR was positively associated with birth weight, survival and first service conception rate during nulliparity, but negatively associated with metabolic status and reproductive performance during primiparity in the offspring (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study did not find any interaction effect of DMP by DFPR on productive and reproductive variables in the offspring. This finding implicates the association of DMP with milk production in the offspring was regardless of DFPR. Moreover, this finding implies the association of DFPR with postpartum metabolic status and reproductive performance in the offspring was regardless of DMP.

Asunto(s)

Peso al Nacer , Lactancia , Proteínas de la Leche , Leche , Reproducción , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Lactancia/fisiología , Femenino , Leche/química , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Reproducción/fisiología , Embarazo , Grasas/metabolismo , Grasas/análisis

RESUMEN

Reconstituted skim milk was subjected to heat treatment at 85 °C for 20 min or high pressure processing (HPP) at 400 or 600 MPa for 15 min with or without subsequent high intensity ultrasound (US) at 68 kHz, 500 W for 15 min at 30 °C. Untreated and treated samples were analyzed for particle size distribution, zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity, and concentration of total and surface sulfhydryl groups in addition to Native- and SDS-PAGE of serum phase upon ultracentrifugation and pH adjustment. Preceding heat- and HPP altered the impact of the subsequent US treatment, demonstrating process- and intensity-dependent exposure and burial of surface reactive sites on milk proteins respectively. US following HPP promoted sedimentation of HPP-dispersed serum casein fractions, while US following heat was directed mainly at the whey proteins originally bound to the micelles. The primary US effect on the untreated and treated milk proteins was at the molecular level.

Asunto(s)

Calor , Leche , Presión , Leche/química , Animales , Ondas Ultrasónicas , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Sonicación , Tamaño de la Partícula , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The milk's nutritional value is determined by its constituents, including fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals. The mammary gland's ability to produce milk is controlled by a complex network of genes. Thereby, the fat, protein, and lactose synthesis must be boost in milk to increase milk production efficiency. This can be accomplished by fusing genetic advancements with proper management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), kappa casein CSN3, and Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) genes expression levels and such milk components as fat, protein, and lactose in different dairy breeds during different stages of lactation. METHODS: To achieve such a purpose, 94 milk samples were collected (72 samples from 36 multiparous black-white and red-white Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows and 22 milk samples from 11 Egyptian buffaloes) during the early and peak lactation stages. The milk samples were utilized for milk analysis and genes expressions analyses using non- invasive approach in obtaining milk fat globules (MFGs) as a source of Ribonucleic acid (RNA). RESULTS: LPL and CSN3 genes expressions levels were found to be significantly higher in Egyptian buffalo than Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows as well as fat and protein percentages. On the other hand, GLUT1 gene expression level was shown to be significantly higher during peak lactation than early lactation. Moreover, lactose % showed a significant difference in peak lactation phase compared to early lactation phase. Also, fat and protein percentages were significantly higher in early lactation period than peak lactation period but lactose% showed the opposite pattern of Egyptian buffalo. CONCLUSION: Total RNA can be successfully obtained from MFGs. The results suggest that these genes play a role in glucose absorption and lactose synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells during lactation. Also, these results provide light on the differential expression of these genes among distinct Holstein-Friesian cow breeds and Egyptian buffalo subspecies throughout various lactation phases.

Asunto(s)

Caseínas , Glucolípidos , Glicoproteínas , Lactancia , Gotas Lipídicas , Glándulas Mamarias Animales , Leche , ARN Mensajero , Animales , Bovinos/genética , Lactancia/genética , Femenino , Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Leche/química , Leche/metabolismo , Glucolípidos/metabolismo , Caseínas/genética , Caseínas/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas/genética , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Lipoproteína Lipasa/genética , Lipoproteína Lipasa/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/genética , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/metabolismo , Búfalos/genética , Búfalos/metabolismo , Lactosa/metabolismo , Lactosa/análisis , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Complete avoidance of milk is the usual management for IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). A baked milk ladder is a method of dietary advancement therapy in IgE-mediated CMPA in Ireland, while in Spain, avoidance of milk awaiting natural tolerance acquisition through an oral food challenge (OFC) is employed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of dietary advancement therapy using a milk ladder compared with complete avoidance of milk for managing IgE-mediated CMPA. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of 371 pediatric patients from the population who have been treated for IgE-mediated CMPA between 2011 and 2020, with the milk ladder (Ireland) or complete avoidance followed by an OFC (Spain). The main outcome was the introduction of cow's milk. RESULTS: Milk ladder patients were 3.67 times more likely to succeed in comparison with milk avoidance (p < .001). Anaphylaxis during the treatment period occurred in 34 patients in the milk avoidance groups, while three patients in the milk ladder group experienced anaphylaxis due to accidental exposure to milk (p < .001). Failure to complete treatment was associated with a higher skin prick test in the milk avoidance group and a raised specific IgE in the milk ladder group. CONCLUSION: This is the first study that compares outcomes of dietary advancement therapy to complete avoidance for CMPA management, demonstrating that cow's milk can be successfully and safely reintroduced using dietary advancement therapy using a milk ladder.

Asunto(s)

Inmunoglobulina E , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche , Proteínas de la Leche , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a la Leche/terapia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Inmunoglobulina E/sangre , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Femenino , Masculino , Preescolar , Animales , Proteínas de la Leche/inmunología , Niño , Lactante , España , Leche/inmunología , Irlanda , Anafilaxia/prevención & control , Anafilaxia/inmunología , Anafilaxia/etiología , Pruebas Cutáneas , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Bovinos , Alérgenos/inmunología , Alérgenos/administración & dosificación , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

This study investigates the dynamic changes in milk nutritional composition and microbial communities in Tibetan sheep and goats during the first 56 days of lactation. Milk samples were systematically collected at five time points (D0, D7, D14, D28, D56) post-delivery. In Tibetan sheep, milk fat, protein, and casein contents were highest on D0, gradually decreased, and stabilized after D14, while lactose and galactose levels showed the opposite trend. Goat milk exhibited similar initial peaks, with significant changes particularly between D0, D7, D14, and D56. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed increasing microbial diversity in both species over the lactation period. Principal coordinates analysis identified distinct microbial clusters corresponding to early (D0-D7), transitional (D14-D28), and mature (D56) stages. Core phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, dominated the milk microbiota, with significant temporal shifts. Core microbes like Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus were common in both species, with species-specific taxa observed (e.g., Pediococcus in sheep, Shewanella in goats). Furthermore, we observed a highly shared core microbiota in sheep and goat milk, including Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus. Spearman correlation analysis highlighted significant relationships between specific microbial genera and milk nutrients. For instance, Lactobacillus positively correlated with total solids, non-fat milk solids, protein, and casein, while Mannheimia negatively correlated with protein content. This study underscores the complex interplay between milk composition and microbial dynamics in Tibetan sheep and goats, informing strategies for livestock management and nutritional enhancement. KEY POINTS: • The milk can be classified into three types based on the microbiota composition • The changes of milk microbiota are closely related to the variations in nutrition • Filter out microbiota with species specificity and age specificity in the milk.

Asunto(s)

Cabras , Microbiota , Leche , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Animales , Cabras/microbiología , Leche/microbiología , Leche/química , Ovinos/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Tibet , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Lactancia , Caseínas , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis

RESUMEN

Human milk reduces risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Necrotizing enterocolitis occurs in the ileocecal region where thousands of milk protein-derived peptides have been released from digestion. Digestion-released peptides may exert bioactivity, such as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, in the gut. In this study, we applied mass spectrometry-based peptidomics to characterize peptides present in colostrum before and after in vitro digestion. Sequence-based computational modeling was applied to predict peptides with antimicrobial activity. We identified more peptides in undigested samples, yet the abundances were much higher in the digested samples. Heatmapping demonstrated highly different peptide profiles between undigested and digested samples. Four peptides (αS1-casein [157-163], αS1-casein [157-165], ß-casein [153-159] and plasminogen [591-597]) were selected, synthesized and tested against common pathogenic bacteria associated with necrotizing enterocolitis. All four exhibited bacteriostatic, though not bactericidal, activities against Klebsiella aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Serratia marcescens, but not Escherichia coli.

Asunto(s)

Calostro , Enterocolitis Necrotizante , Leche Humana , Humanos , Calostro/química , Recién Nacido , Enterocolitis Necrotizante/prevención & control , Leche Humana/química , Péptidos Antimicrobianos/farmacología , Péptidos/farmacología , Femenino , Caseínas/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Digestión , Proteínas de la Leche/farmacología