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The influence of oxygen on the thermal treatment (TT) of secondary metabolite-enriched extracts (SMEEs) from Tórtola beans and procyanidin C1 (PC1) on the inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generation in proteins was investigated. SMEE was incubated at 4 °C (control) or thermally treated at 60 °C for 2 h, at either 0 % O2 (I) or 20 % O2 (II). Treatments I and II increased the content of procyanidin dimers B2. Treatment II was more effective than the control or treatment I in preventing homocysteine oxidation and AGEs generation. TT of PC1 at 0 % or 20 % O2 generated procyanidin dimers and tetramers. PC1 TT at 20 % O2 exhibited higher oxidation potentials and lower IC50 values of fluorescent AGEs than those of controls or TT at 0 % O2. These findings indicate that SMEE from Tórtola beans after treatment II changes the degree of polymerization and oxidation procyanidins, thereby increasing their antiglycation activity.

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Green tea is an economic resource in Thailand because it is derived from smallholder agriculture and has expanded into food production. The purpose of this study is to optimize the parameters of pulsed electric field (PEF) assisted green tea extraction to produce a natural health product. A central composite design was involved to determine the effect of independent variables, including the intensity of electric field (I; 3-5 kV/cm), number of pulses (Np; 1000 to 3000 pulses) and green tea-to-water ratio (GT/W; 0.05-0.15 g/mL) on catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), total phenolic compound, antioxidant and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulating activities. The results indicated that the Np had the most significant impact (p < 0.05) on the content of catechin and its derivatives and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulating activity. The observations revealed that the I had a greater impact on antioxidant activities compared to the Np. The optimal conditions for PEF using the response surface method were determined to be I of 5 kV/cm, Np of 3000 pulses, GT/W of 0.14 g/mL and specific energy of 27 kJ/kg. Under the optimized conditions, the content of C, EC, ECG, EGC and EGCG were 7.34 ± 0.33, 11.26 ± 0.25, 3.75 ± 0.13, 7.53 ± 0.77 and 37.78 ± 0.58 mg/g extract, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that green tea extract exhibited the ability to modulate the deacetylation activity of the sirtuin 1 enzyme, with a value of 22.63 ± 0.17 FIR. The results emphasized that the PEF led to achieving better responses compared to without pre-treatment using the PEF. Therefore, innovative technologies as PEF can be utilized for green tea extraction to produce natural ingredients, which can contribute to improved accessibility to healthcare. Additionally, the implementation of innovation techniques, such as PEF, in the extraction industry can enhance productivity growth and economic development.

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The liver is a highly metabolically active organ, and one of the causes of its dysfunction is the damage caused by drugs and their metabolites as well as dietary supplements and herbal preparations. A common feature of such damage is drugs, which allows it to be defined as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this review, we analysed available research findings in the global literature regarding the effects of green tea and/or its phenolic compounds on liver function in the context of protective action during prolonged exposure to xenobiotics. We focused on the direct detoxifying action of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the liver, the impact of EGCG on gut microbiota, and the influence of microbiota on liver health. We used 127 scientific research publications published between 2014 and 2024. Improving the effectiveness of DILI detection is essential to enhance the safety of patients at risk of liver damage and to develop methods for assessing the potential hepatotoxicity of a drug during the research phase. Often, drugs cannot be eliminated, but appropriate nutrition can strengthen the body and liver, which may mitigate adverse changes resulting from DILI. Polyphenols are promising owing to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as their prebiotic effects. Notably, EGCG is found in green tea. The results of the studies presented by various authors are very promising, although not without uncertainties. Therefore, future research should focus on elucidating the therapeutic and preventive mechanisms of polyphenols in the context of liver health through the functioning of gut microbiota affecting overall health, with particular emphasis on epigenetic pathways.

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The taste profile of oolong tea is intricately shaped by origins and roasting. Herein, a comprehensive approach integrating non-targeted metabolomics, quantitative analysis and sensory evaluations was employed to analyze the taste profile of oolong tea. 25 selected representative oolong teas, including Southern Fujian (MN), Northern Fujian (MB), and Taiwan (TW), were meticulously were classified into SX-RG-DD, GS, and TGY based on the chemical taste phenotypes. A total of 314 non-volatile compounds were identified, among which 87 and 77 compounds, including catechin, theaflavins, flavonoids and amino acids were screened as critical taste metabolites responsible for regions and roasting degree, respectively. The reduction of bitter and astringent, coupled with the enhancement of umami, sweet and sweet aftertaste exhibited a correlation with the decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), while the increase in catechin (C). These findings provide insights for further research on optimizing tea quality and refining processing techniques.

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Lindane (LDN) is a well-known herbicidal drug that exerts deleterious impacts on vital body organs including the liver. Catechin (CTN) is a plant-based flavonoid that demonstrates various pharmacological abilities. This trial was executed to evaluate the ameliorative efficacy of CTN to combat LDN instigated hepatotoxicity in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Thirty-two rats were categorized into four groups including control, LDN (30 mg/kg), LDN (30 mg/kg) + CTN (40 mg/kg) and CTN (40 mg/kg) alone treated group. It was observed that LDN dysregulated the expressions of PI3K/PIP3/Akt and Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathway. Moreover, the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme­oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione reductase (GSR) were subsided after LDN intoxication. Besides, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate transaminase), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) were increased whereas reduced the levels of albumin and total proteins in response to LDN exposure. Additionally, LDN administration escalated the levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, the gene expressions of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Cysteinyl aspartate-acid proteases-3 (Caspase-3) were enhanced whereas the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was lowered following the LDN treatment. LDN instigated various histological impairments in hepatic tissues. Nonetheless, concurrent administration of CTN remarkably ameliorated liver impairments via regulating aforementioned disruptions owing to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and histo-protective potentials.

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Pyroptosis induced by oxidative stress is a significant contributor to mental health disorders, including depression (+)-Catechin (CA), a polyphenolic compound prevalent in various food sources, has been substantiated by prior research to exhibit potent antioxidant properties and potential antidepressant effects. Nonetheless, the precise antidepressive mechanisms and effects of CA remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, we employed corticosterone (CORT) and PC12 cells to develop a cellular model of depression, aiming to investigate the protective effects of CA against CORT-induced cellular damage. Our objective was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of protective action. We utilized transcriptomic analysis to identify differentially expressed genes and employed bioinformatics approaches to predict the potential mechanisms of CA's protective effects in PC12 cells. These transcriptomic predictions were subsequently validated through western blot analysis. The findings indicated that CA possesses the capacity to mitigate oxidative stress and suppress pyroptosis in PC12 cells via the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This activation subsequently modulates the Nrf2/HO1/NF-κB pathways, thereby providing protection to PC12 cells against damage induced by CORT. Furthermore, we investigated the interaction between CA and the Keap1 protein employing molecular docking and protein thermal shift assays. We propose that CA can activate Nrf2 through two mechanisms to decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibit pyroptosis: one mechanism involves the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the other involves direct binding to Keap1, leading to an increase in p-Nrf2.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms by which (+)-catechin alleviates neuropathic pain. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the sham group, the chronic constriction injury (CCI)group, the CCI+ ibuprofen group, and the CCI+ (+)-catechin group. CCI surgery induces thermal hyperalgesia in rats and (+)-catechin ameliorated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and repaired damaged sciatic nerve in rats. CCI decreased SOD levels in male rat spinal cord dorsal horn and promoted MDA production, induced oxidative stress by increasing NOX4 levels and decreasing antioxidant enzyme HO-1 levels, and also increased protein levels of TLR4, p-NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome components, and IL-1ß. In contrast, (+)-catechin reversed the above results. In i vitro experiments, (+)-catechin reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GMI-R1 cells after LPS stimulation and attenuated the co-expression of IBA-1 and NLRP3. It also showed significant inhibition of the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammatory pathways and activation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant system. Overall, these findings suggest that (+)-catechin inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through the triggering of the Nrf2-induced antioxidant system, the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and the production of ROS to alleviate CCI-induced neuropathic pain in male rats.

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Muscle atrophy is known to be one of the symptoms leading to sarcopenia, which significantly impacts the quality of life, mortality, and morbidity. Therefore, the development of therapeutics for muscle atrophy is essential. This study focuses on addressing muscle loss and atrophy using Ulmus macrocarpa extract and its marker compound, catechin 7-O-ß-D-apiofuranoside, by investigating their effects on biomarkers associated with muscle cell apoptosis. Additionally, protein and gene expression in a muscle atrophy model were examined using Western blotting and RT-PCR. Ulmus macrocarpa has been used as food or medicine due to its safety, including its roots, barks, and fruit. Catechin 7-O-ß-D apiofuranoside is an indicator substance of plants of the Ulmus genus and has been reported to have various effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The experimental results demonstrated that catechin glycoside and Ulmus macrocarpa extract decreased the expression of the muscle-degradation-related proteins Atrogin-1 and Muscle RING-Finger protein-1 (MuRF1) while increasing the expression of the muscle-synthesis-related proteins Myoblast determination (MyoD) and Myogenin. Gene expression confirmation experiments validated a decrease in the expression of Atrogin and MuRF1 mRNA and an increase in the expression of MyoD and Myogenin mRNA. Furthermore, an examination of muscle protein expression associated with the protein kinase B (Akt)/forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway confirmed a decrease in the expression of FoxO, a regulator of muscle protein degradation. These results confirm the potential of Ulmus macrocarpa extract to inhibit muscle apoptosis, prevent muscle decomposition, and promote the development of functional materials for muscle synthesis, health-functional foods, and natural-product-derived medicines.

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OBJECTIVE: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin abundant in green tea, exhibits antibacterial activity. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of EGCG on periodontal disease-associated bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Fusobacterium periodontium) were evaluated and compared with its effects on Streptococcus mutans, a caries-associated bacterium. RESULTS: Treatment with 2 mg/ml EGCG for 4 h killed all periodontal disease-associated bacteria, whereas it only reduced the viable count of S. mutans by about 40 %. Regarding growth, the periodontal disease-associated bacteria were more susceptible to EGCG than S. mutans, based on the growth inhibition ring test. As for metabolism, the 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of EGCG for bacterial metabolic activity was lower for periodontal disease-associated bacteria (0.32-0.65 mg/ml) than for S. mutans (1.14 mg/ml). Furthermore, these IC50 values were negatively correlated with the growth inhibition ring (r = -0.73 to -0.86). EGCG induced bacterial aggregation at the following concentrations: P. gingivalis (>0.125 mg/ml), F. periodonticum (>0.5 mg/ml), F. nucleatum (>1 mg/ml), and P. nigrescens (>2 mg/ml). S. mutans aggregated at an EGCG concentration of > 1 mg/ml. CONCLUSION: EGCG may help to prevent periodontal disease by killing bacteria, inhibiting bacterial growth by suppressing bacterial metabolic activity, and removing bacteria through aggregation.

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Pantothenate synthetase protein plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), which is a crucial molecule involved in a number of cellular processes including the metabolism of fatty acid, energy production, and the synthesis of various biomolecules, which is necessary for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Therefore, inhibiting this protein could disrupt CoA synthesis, leading to the impairment of vital metabolic processes within the bacterium, ultimately inhibiting its growth and survival. This study employed molecular docking, structure-based virtual screening, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to identify promising phytochemical compounds targeting pantothenate synthetase for tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Among 239 compounds, the top three (rutin, sesamin, and catechin gallate) were selected, with binding energy values ranging from -11 to -10.3 kcal/mol, and the selected complexes showed RMSD (<3 Å) for 100 ns MD simulation time. Furthermore, molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) binding free energy calculations affirmed the stability of these three selected phytochemicals with binding energy ranges from -82.24 ± 9.35 to -66.83 ± 4.5 kcal/mol. Hence, these identified natural plant-derived compounds as potential inhibitors of pantothenate synthetase could be used to inhibit TB infection in humans.

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SCOPE: Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a complication of diabetes mellitus, is becoming a significant global health concern, with no complete cure currently available. Tea is regarded as an essential component of a balanced diet and contains (+)-Catechin (CE), which exert a range of pharmacological effects. Consequently, CE may be a potential treatment for DN. The objective of this study is to examine the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of CE on DN, with a particular focus on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which plays a pivotal role in regulating DN. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study db/db mice are treated with catechins. The results demonstrate that CE reduces obesity and hyperglycemia, improves renal dysfunction and morphological changes in diabetic mice, and inhibits the development of DN through the RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway. Among them differentially expressed messenger RNA (mRNA) results, those related to EMT, including Cav1, grem2, macrod2, and kap, are identified. To further validate the results, the same experiments are performed on HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The research results offer novel perspectives by emphasizing the anti-inflammatory properties of CE and their potential role in mitigating DN through the regulation of EMT-related genes such as RAGE, Cav1, grem2, macrod2, and kap.

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The introduction of arsenic, a hazardous metalloid, into the soil system due to heavy industrialization has negatively affected agricultural productivity, resulting in limited crop yields. A recent breakthrough in stress-responsive hormones, specifically brassinosteroids, has extensively covered the role of antioxidant enzyme defense systems in heavy metal stress mitigation. Considering the antioxidant properties and metal complex formation abilities of polyphenols, our study focuses on examining their role in arsenate toxicity amelioration by 24-epibrassinolide. We demonstrate enhanced growth parameters of sodium arsenate-stressed seedlings upon application of 24-epibrassinolide, with increased root and shoot polyphenol levels analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Specifically, the concentration of catechin, sinapic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-coumaric acid, and myricetin were elevated, indicating induction of phenylpropanoid signaling pathway. Further, we also report a decrease in the generation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide validated the antioxidant effects of these metabolites through the nitrobluetetrazolium and diaminobenzidine staining method. In addition, evaluation of transcript level of genes encoding for specific enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in shoot and root showed a significant upregulation in mRNA expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-1, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, and caffeic acid o-methyltransferase-1 upon exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide in arsenate stressed Oryza sativa.

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The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) has antimicrobial effects on many bacteria. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of EGCg on Bacillus anthracis spores and vegetative cells. The B. anthracis spores were insensitive to EGCg, but the growth of vegetative cells derived from germinated spores was inhibited by EGCg. Moreover, EGCg decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin and meropenem for penicillin-resistant B. anthracis. In the penicillin-resistant B. anthracis strain, the transcription levels of the beta-lactamase genes (bla1 and bla2) decreased significantly following the treatment with 50 µg/mL EGCg. These results suggest that the appropriate application of EGCg may effectively control the penicillin-resistant B. anthracis growth and beta-lactamase production.

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A novel encapsulation system was designed, utilizing sodium alginate (SA) polysaccharide as the matrix and easily absorbed Fe2+ as the metal-organic framework, to construct microbead scaffolds with both high catechins (CA) and vitamin C (Vc) loading and antioxidant properties. The structure of microbead hydrocolloids was investigated using SEM, XPS, FTIR, XRD and thermogravimetry, and the antioxidant activity, in vitro digestion and the release of CA and Vc were evaluated. These results revealed that the microbead hydrocolloids SA-CA-Fe and SA-CA-Vc-Fe exhibited denser and stronger cross-linking structures, and the formation of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen and coordination bonds improved thermal stability. Moreover, SA-CA-Fe (44.9 % DPPH and 47.8 % ABTS) and SA-CA-Vc-Fe (89.9 % DPPH and 89.3 % ABTS) displayed strong antioxidant activity. Importantly, they were non-toxic in Caco2 cells. The SA-CA-Fe and SA-CA-Vc-Fe achieved significantly higher CA (56.9 and 62.7 %, respectively) and Vc (42.2 %) encapsulation efficiency while maintaining higher CA and Vc release in small intestinal environment. These results suggested that SA polysaccharide-based encapsulation system using Fe2+ framework as scaffold had greater potential for delivery and controlled release of CA and Vc than conventional hydrocolloids, which could provide new insights into the construction of high loading, safe, targeted polyphenol delivery system.

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Catechin is a kind of flavonoids, mainly derived from the plant Camellia sinensis. It has a strong antioxidant effect, and it also has significant therapeutic effects on anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and anti-infection. This study was intended to look at how catechin affected the malignant biological activity of gastric cancer cells. We used databases to predict the targets of catechin and the pathogenic targets of gastric cancer. Venn diagram was used to find the intersection genes, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed on intersection genes. Using the STRING database, the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network was built. The top 8 genes were screened by Cytoscape 3.9.1, then their binding was verified by molecular docking. The proliferation ability, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration of gastric cancer cells were detected, as well as the protein expression levels of PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT and the mRNA expression levels of AKT1, VEGFA, EGFR, HRAS, and HSP90AA1 in gastric cancer cells. Our research revealed that different concentrations of catechin could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, regulate the cell cycle, and promote the death of these cells, and it's possible that the PI3K/Akt pathway was crucial in mediating this impact. Moreover, adding the PI3K/Akt pathway agonist significantly reduced the promoting effect of catechin on the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. This study suggested that catechin was a potential drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.

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Chronic obesity is an alarmingly growing global public health concern, posing substantial challenges for the prevention of chronic diseases, including hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease, and there is an urgent need for early mitigation strategies. We previously reported the obesity-reducing effects of green tea and ß-cryptoxanthin intake. However, since tea has a complex mixture of compounds, it remained unclear which component contributed the most to this effect. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we analyzed the components of tea in this study to determine if consumption of any combination of these compounds with ß-cryptoxanthin had an obesity-reducing effect. Consuming epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea, and ß-cryptoxanthin for 4 weeks led to a decrease in body weight. Moreover, the weight and size of the white adipose tissues were significantly reduced, and blood biochemistry test results were comparable to normal values, with particular improvement in liver function. This indicated that intake of EGCG and ß-cryptoxanthin reduces obesity in both subcutaneous and visceral fat. These findings suggest that simultaneous intake of EGCG and ß-cryptoxanthin not only reduces obesity but also has a systemic beneficial effect on the body's normal physiological function.

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Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a unique self-defense mechanism of neutrophils; however, it is also involved in many diseases, including atherosclerosis. Resveratrol and catechin are antioxidants with anti-atherosclerotic properties. Here, we examined the effects of resveratrol, catechin, and other related compounds on NET formation. HL-60-derived neutrophils were pretreated with resveratrol and other compounds before stimulation with phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA). DNA and myeloperoxidase released from neutrophils were determined. Resveratrol suppressed the DNA release from neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. NET formation was enhanced by 1-palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl phosphatidylcholine (POVPC), a truncated form of oxidized phospholipid, and resveratrol suppressed NET formation induced by POVPC and PMA. Furthermore, we designed several analogs of resveratrol or catechin whose conformation was restricted by the inhibition of the free rotation of aromatic rings. The conformationally constrained analogs were more effective at inhibiting NET formation; however, their inhibitory function decreased when compound was a large, hydrophobic analog. The most potent compounds, planar catechin and resveratrol, suppressed myeloperoxidase release from activated neutrophils. In addition, these compounds suppressed DNA release from neutrophils stimulated with calcium ionophore. These results suggest that resveratrol, catechin and their analogs exert anti-NET effects, and that constraining the geometry of these compounds enhanced their inhibitory effects.

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A unique extreme acute breathing syndrome emerged in China and spread rapidly globally due to a newly diagnosed human coronavirus and declared a pandemic. COVID-19 was formally named by WHO, and the Global Committee on Taxonomy referred to it as extreme Acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently there is no efficient method to control the extent of SARS-CoV-2 other than social distancing and hygiene activities. This study aims to present a simple medicinal strategy for combating fatal viral diseases like COVID-19 with minimum effort and intervention. Different Ayurveda medicines (Curcuma longa, green tea, andPiper nigrum) inhibit virus entrance and pathogen transmission while also enhancing immunity. Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine), as well as curcumin, combine to create an intermolecular complex (ππ) that improves curcumin bioavailability by inhibiting glucuronidation of curcumin in the liver. The receptor-binding domains of the S-protein and also the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the recipient organism are directly occupied by curcumin and catechin, respectively, thereby preventing viruses from entering the cell. As a result, the infection will be tolerated by the animal host.

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Green tea (GT) catechins exhibit antiviral effects in experimental studies. However, we lack clinical evidence on the preventive effects of catechin concentrations in gargling against acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the concentration-dependence of GT catechins in gargling on the incidence of URTIs. We conducted an open-label randomized study. The target population consisted of 209 students from the University of Shizuoka and Meiji University, who were randomly assigned to high-catechin (approximate catechin concentration: 76.4 mg/dL), low-catechin (approximate catechin concentration: 30.8 mg/dL), and a control water gargling (catechin concentration: 0 mg/dL) group. All participants gargled water or GT daily for 12 weeks. The symptoms of URTIs were recorded on a daily survey form by participants. The incidences of URTIs occurred in 6 (9.1%), 7 (10.8%), and 11 (15.7%) participants in the high-catechin, low-catechin, and water groups, respectively. Cox proportional hazards analysis, using background factors and prevention status as covariates, revealed a hazard ratio of 0.57 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.21-1.55, p = 0.261) for the high-catechin vs. water group and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.20-1.50, p = 0.341) for the low-catechin vs. water group. Our findings showed the incidence of URTIs in a concentration-dependent GT gargling was not significantly different, partly owing to the low event rates caused by intense precautions against the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Our study would serve as a foundation for the development of an advanced protocol with optimal concentrations and a larger number of participants.

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This study aimed to investigate the ability of aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds (LSE) to improve the wound healing process in rat models. The gelatin, extracted from the skin of smooth-hound shark using citric acid, was used as a support material for ointment. Animals were divided into four groups of six rats each: an untreated control group, a control group treated with Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO), a treated group with gelatin gel, and a treated group with gelatin gel fortified with 20 mg/mL LSE. Phenolics profile analysis showed that the major compounds in LSE were catechin (125 µg/g) and quinic acid (105 µg/g). In vitro antioxidant tests showed that LSE has interesting activities to scavenge ABTS•+ radicals (IC50 = 0.22 mg/mL) and inhibit the oxidation of linoleic acid. A significant decline in the antioxidant enzymes activities and an increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and inflammatory markers was observed within the injured tissues of the untreated rats compared to rats treated with MEBO. Interestingly, when the wounded tissue was treated with gelatin gel a remarkable reversal of this trend occurred. Further, by enrichment of gelatin gel with LSE, the levels of CAT, GPx and SOD activities significantly increased by 35, 126, and 212 %, respectively, whereas the TBARS level was reduced by 31 %. These results were consistent with the wound contraction percentage and histological analysis, which suggest the potential effect of LSE-enriched gelatin gels to regenerate damaged tissues.