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States have long used economic sanctions in response to violations of international law as a strategy to restore order. Increasingly, firms also reject doing business with violators. In response to the war in Ukraine, hundreds of multinational corporations voluntarily withdrew from Russia, even when policymakers were still debating the extent of sanctions. How did firm managers evaluate whether to withdraw from the Russian market? Using a survey experiment with Japanese firm managers conducted three months after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, we explore how peer effects-information on what other firms are doing in response to the crisis-influence support for withdrawal of business activity with Russia. Our findings show that information about withdrawal by other firms from a diverse set of countries promotes peer conformity that increases support. In contrast, information about ongoing business with Russia by Chinese firms fosters competition that reduces support. Market exposure moderates these reactions, although the concern about peer behavior does not appear to be driven by a reputation mechanism. Our research provides insight into how business actors perceive the strategic interplay of peer influence and market dynamics in the context of geopolitical conflicts.

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Digital social responsibility (DSR) has emerged as a wise strategic decision for all higher education institutions during the new crown pandemic. This study explores whether the DSR dimensions (social, economic, legal, and environmental) enhance digital education (DE) in universities. Specifically, this paper intends to investigate the impact of digital culture (DC) on these relationships as a mediator variable. By adopting a cross-sectional approach, data are gathered through an online survey among a sample of 181 students from different nationalities in higher education institutions in Chang'an-China. The partial least squares-structural equation modelling has been used to perform the statistical analyses. Results revealed that all DSR dimensions directly and indirectly affect DE. DC also significantly influences students' DE during the new crown pandemic. Furthermore, our findings show that DC mediates the link between the social, economic, and environmental DSR aspects and students' DE. The study suggests Chinese universities review their DSR policies and student DC perspectives, and design social digital responsibility education programs. These measures can predict the success of student DE and provide a competitive edge as social media technology advances.

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This study examines the complex relationships necessary for a sustainable economic recovery, focusing on the interplay between contracts for renewable energy, natural resource use, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and rights frameworks. Motivated by the increasing scrutiny of environmental practices, this research aims to highlight the need for sustainable business models during the transition to a more environmentally sensitive economy. The study area encompasses diverse sectors where CSR goals can be aligned with renewable energy project frameworks through natural resource utilization. Methodologies include a novel composite CSR evaluation indicator designed to complement industry rankings and a thorough analysis of CSR within the mining industry. Results demonstrate how aligning CSR with renewable energy initiatives can reshape profit models for stakeholders and emphasize the changing green product market as a catalyst for economic resurgence. Recommendations in the area of policies focus on the reasoned utilization of natural resources and the application of innovations following the principles of CSR. This research provides critical guidance to relevant authorities and institutions charged with ethical responsibility, ensuring the proper utilization and implementation of renewable energy sources to create a more ecological future based on green technology and sustainable resource management.

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With increased corporate liquidity and debt repayment pressure, CSR's "insurance" role has received more attention. We conducted a comprehensive empirical analysis of 4988 listed companies in the Chinese context during 2011-2020. Our research has three findings: First, the initial increase in CSR will lead to a rise in default risk. However, once the CSR level exceeds a specific threshold, the default risk decreases as the CSR rises. We tested the robustness of the results by replacing the explanatory and the explained variables and taking into account the lag time effect, which proved the reliability of our research conclusions. Second, the mediation analysis shows financing constraints play an important mediating role in this inverted U-shaped relationship. On the left side of the U-shape, CSR performance intensifies financing constraints, while on the right side, increasing CSR reduces financing constraints. Finally, we confirm heterogeneity in the impact of CSR on the default risk of different enterprises' ownership and size. Our study complements the current literature on the effects of CSR on default risk. We are making policymakers and stakeholders aware of the importance of mandatory CSR disclosure.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers great promise for healthcare, but integrating it comes with challenges. Over-reliance on AI systems can lead to automation bias, necessitating human oversight. Ethical considerations, transparency, and collaboration between healthcare providers and AI developers are crucial. Pursuing ethical frameworks, bias mitigation techniques, and transparency measures is key to advancing AI's role in healthcare while upholding patient safety and quality care.

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Given the increasing emphasis on teamwork in contemporary organizations and the growing prominence of younger employees in the workplace, it is crucial to encourage their proactivity in navigating complex internal and external environments. Total rewards are a highly effective means of motivating the new generation of employees; however, there is limited research on whether and how total rewards stimulate team member proactivity. To address this objective, this study utilizes survey data (n = 423) and employs hierarchical regression and bootstrap methods. In essence, this paper aims to construct a moderated mediation model to examine the relationship between total rewards and team member proactivity among Chinese new-generation employees (born after 1990). The results indicate that total rewards significantly enhance the team member proactivity of new-generation employees. Furthermore, calling serves as a significant mediator in this relationship. The perception of corporate social responsibility also plays a crucial role, positively moderating the relationship between total rewards and calling. This, in turn, positively influences team member proactivity through the mediation of calling. Accordingly, this research provides valuable insights for managers aiming to effectively engage the new generation of employees and boost team performance. In essence, our model enriches the understanding of how compensation practices can be leveraged to boost proactivity among the new generation of employees.

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Introduction: The 2030 Agenda and the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) define companies and public authorities as agents for social change sharing objectives such as promotion of health, personal development and social engagement, among others. Care homes for the older adult are an example of organizations that should be particularly aware of these priorities. Since they work with vulnerable groups, collaboration with the families is essential in ensuring residents' wellbeing. Methods: The objective of this study is to analyse the factors that condition the satisfaction of relatives of residents in a care home for the older adult located in a rural environment in the province of Huesca (Spain). Results and discussion: The 51 relatives interviewed rated the following points very positively: location and accessibility, food service, medical resources, communication with the staff and management team. A high percentage, however, did not know about the channels for volunteer work and institutional involvement. Some psychosocial indicators related to families' interaction and communication with the staff and their potential involvement in the dynamics of the institution have considerable weight in how they explain their satisfaction. These results may lead to new lines of research and intervention that contribute to improving the quality of this type of resources and their commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and social responsibility.

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On social media, numerous animal videos are uploaded and viewed every day. However, these videos, which are apparently funny for humans, are often associated with animal suffering. In this study, 3246 participants of an online survey were asked about their personal perception of animal videos on social media, about recognising animal suffering in these videos, and about their respective reactions. A total of 98.5% of participants who used social media already saw animal videos. Participants most frequently viewed informative videos (52.9%), followed by funny/entertaining animal videos (41.8%). For 45.8% of participants, animal suffering was often recognisable in animal videos. Female participants were more likely to recognise animal suffering than male participants (p < 0.001), and participants living in a rural residence were more likely to recognise it than those from an urban residence (p = 0.017). Furthermore, 62.5% of participants had left a critical comment or disliked a video with animal suffering. Animal videos seem to be highly popular on social media, but animal suffering may go unnoticed in funny videos. The fact that 91.8% of participants want a warning label for animal suffering in videos shows that social media users would like to see animal welfare be given more prominence on social media.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as an essential tool in healthcare for optimizing healthcare delivery and improving patient outcomes. This study is motivated by using AI in healthcare as a step for social responsibility implementation. The research aimed to investigate the attitudes of healthcare professionals on this issue, and it assessed physicians' opinions regarding their perceptions of AI and their intention to use and implement AI tools in their activity. An electronic survey was proposed during February-June 2024 to a sample of healthcare professionals (309 were admitted into the study, 62 males and 247 females, with a mean age of 42). The results of the survey highlighted both groups' excellent perceptions of AI and the low perceived knowledge of AI, which arises from more technical questions. The use of AI in healthcare represents a step for social responsibility implementation; it is an unstoppable process, and stakeholders should take into consideration investing more in monitoring and training activities.

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BACKGROUND: Social innovation is often used as a mechanism to jump-start public-private partnerships to leverage resources to achieve social impact; the analysis of sustainability and the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) cannot be emphasized enough. Due to advances in the information and communication technology industry in Taiwan, this paper aims to explore whether these advancements drive CSR as a form of social innovation to meet health needs in Taiwan. METHODOLOGY: This paper uses a case study to look at CSR programs in the health sector in Taiwan. Corporations with diverse missions and different CSR approaches that are available on the internet are selected. The analysis of the case study takes a qualitative, exploratory approach to shed light on current initiatives. RESULTS: The majority of CSR programs in Taiwan are private sector activities that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic; current CSR activities in Taiwan are driven by awards, public relations, and external interests. Corporations in Taiwan have the potential to address the health care gaps of urban-rural health utilization among Taiwanese indigenous communities. It is recommended for corporations to (1) develop partnerships with public health experts or to (2) employ CSR personnel with health care backgrounds who can navigate the intersection between health, business, and policies to develop CSR strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Further evaluation of the projects mentioned in this paper to assess the direct and indirect impact on health outcomes could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the field of CSR in the health sector in Taiwan.

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The integration of social and environmental issues into their business model is today a major issue for companies facing the challenge of sustainability. This is leading them to redefine their models of performance measurement. In this perspective, integrated and multi-dimensional frameworks such as Balanced Scorecards (BSCs) and Sustainability Balanced Scorecards (SBSCs) offer attractive opportunities. Drawing on a systematic literature review (SRL), this article provides an analysis of the literature to identify the main trends in research on (S)BSCs and their contribution to CSR and sustainability issues. While the SLR reveals a major stream of instrumentalist and functionalist research aimed at demonstrating the relevance of SBSC in the strategic alignment of CSR, more critical approaches question the foundations, purposes and architecture of these instruments regarding the macroscopic challenges of sustainability. More precisely, focused on an organizational performance measurement, these tools would struggle to embrace the full complexity of sustainability issues. The article contributes novel insights to expand current models of SBSC from the perspective of a real contribution to strong sustainability challenges.

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How are decisions around Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) arrived at in the mining sector, particularly in Ghana? To date, the literature on mining and development in the region has mostly analysed individual interventions made in the name of CSR and critiqued the case for embracing it. These assessments, however, very crucially overlook exploration, an essential phase of the mine lifecycle, during which inaugural dialogues are initiated with local communities that ultimately have a bearing on CSR strategy over the long term. This paper examines the dynamics of CSR at the exploration phase of mining projects, surveys local communities' perspectives on the subject, and assesses the actions of international mineral exploration companies. It does so using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with policymakers, exploration company officials, and inhabitants of and leaders in mining communities in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The findings suggest that while mineral exploration companies use CSR as platform to showcase their commitments to social and environmental standards, they have made little efforts to understand the socio-cultural, economic and political dynamics of their host communities. It was also revealed that host communities are not afforded the opportunity to provide inputs into decisions on how CSR should be operationalised. The paper calls for a revision of policies and regulations governing mining in Ghana by making CSR a key requirement for mineral exploration companies seeking to undertake exploration or prospecting activities in the country.

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The establishment of green finance reform and innovation pilot zone (GFRIPZ) is a pivotal strategy for harmonizing the twin goals of economic prosperity and environmental preservation. By applying panel data on Chinese A-share listed firms from 2011 to 2022, this study examines the influence of China's green finance pilot policy on corporate environmental social responsibility (ESR) using a difference-in-differences (DID) model. The study's findings indicate that the green finance pilot policy promotes corporate environmental social responsibility. The results remain robust after a series of robustness tests. Moreover, mechanism analysis reveals that the pilot policy promotes firms' ESR through three key channels: financing constraints, green innovation, and corporate governance mechanisms. Additionally, analyst attention can positively moderate the promotional effect of the green finance pilot policy on corporate ESR. Furthermore, this study reveals that the green finance pilot policy's impact on corporate ESR is more pronounced among large-scale firms and firms operating in regions characterized by stringent environmental regulations and greater marketization. The empirical findings present evidence for enhancing ESR through the implementation of the green finance pilot policy in China and offer insights for refining the green finance system.

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BACKGROUND: The significant challenges of the twenty-first century revolve around environmental issues. Knowing individuals' environmental attitudes and what they see as environmental problems is crucial to mobilizing them to action. Nurses hold a significant responsibility in addressing and combating environmental challenges. RESEARCH AIM: This study had two objectives: understanding how nursing students classify environmental issues and examining the effects of gender, economic status, school district, family environmental awareness, and perception of global responsibility on their conceptualization of environmental issues. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study using a questionnaire. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 1466 nursing students from four faculties of two public universities in Turkiye. The study was conducted between January and April 2023. METHODS: Data were collected using a form that included 19 issues ranging from ecological problems to social problems related to the environment, as well as the Global Social Responsibility Scale (GSRS). The data were analyzed using explanatory factor analysis, multiple regression, and mediator analysis. RESULTS: Participants classified the environmental issues as eco-social-oriented and human-oriented. First-year students (B = -0.201), male students (B = -0.263), those studying in rural schools (B = -0.123), and those who rarely discuss environmental issues in the family (B = -0.197) describe the problems in the eco-social oriented dimension as less "environmental." The increase in the action-oriented responsibility (B = 0.014) and ecological responsibility (B = 0.077) scores of The Global Social Responsibility Scale leads to an increase in recognizing the problems in this area as environmental issues. Similarly, first-year students (B = -0.340), male students (B = -0.293), and those who rarely discussed environmental issues in the family (B = -0.243) led to a decrease in recognizing problems as environmental in the human-oriented issues dimension. In contrast, poor socioeconomic perception (B = 0.245), negative perception of the future (B = 0.145), and increased action-oriented responsibility (B = 0.024) and ecological responsibility (B = 0.042) led to an increase in recognition of human-oriented issues. The increase in the national responsibility score decreased the score of environmental assessment of the problems in this area (B = -0.017). In addition, the perception of global responsibility partially mediates between students' sociodemographic characteristics and environmental issues recognition scores in both sub-dimensions. CONCLUSION: This study presents results that point to individual differences among nursing students in addressing environmental issues, reveal the impact of family on these differences, and finally show the importance of curricula to increase students' global social responsibility during their education.

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The significance of accurate energy production prediction cannot be overstated, especially in the context of achieving carbon neutrality and balancing traditional and clean energy sources. Unlike conventional models with simplified assumptions or limited data inputs hindering energy usage optimization, waste reduction and efficient resource allocation, we introduced a novel structural equation modelling approach to eight manufacturing industries' sustainable waste management practices (SWMPs) in Iraq. This comprehensive analysis, conducted with Smart PLS software on 375 responses aims to enhance energy production predictions' accuracy and support sustainability goals contribute to achieving carbon neutrality goals and promote a balanced energy mix that supports sustainability and environmental stewardship. The findings reveal noteworthy insights: notably, chemical manufacturing companies exhibit a substantial advantage from green accounting practices, witnessing a 78.1 % and 45.8 % improvement in environmental auditing oversight and SWMPs, respectively, compared to other manufacturing sectors. Compared to conventional grey models, our model demonstrates that a 1-unit improvement in CSR enhances environmental auditing oversight effectiveness by 33.4 % and sustainable waste management by 56.9 % across industries. By leveraging these data-driven insights and innovative approaches, we can drive positive change towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future, collectively contributing to a more resilient, efficient, and sustainable energy ecosystem that benefits societies, economies, and the environment. The heightened accuracy of energy production prediction facilitated by our novel model empowers stakeholders at regional and global levels to make informed decisions, mitigate risks, support policy development, achieve sustainability goals, formulate effective policies and foster collaboration.

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This research examines food delivery couriers' preferred employment status and factors explaining their opinions. Previous studies have used qualitative research methods and are unable to explain couriers' general views on employment status. In this research, a survey of 1,539 Wolt couriers was carried out in Finland with logistic regression, cross-tabulation, and content analysis as analysis methods. The results show that 56% of the couriers wanted to work as self-employed and 25% as employed. The opinion was most strongly explained by valuing work-related freedom and flexibility, which were associated with the right to refuse delivery tasks offered and to choose the amount of work, working hours and delivery vehicle. The preference for self-employment was also increased by the duration of courier work, one's own choice to work as a courier, and age. Freedom and flexibility are dependent on the sufficient availability of delivery tasks, posing challenges when the demand is low.

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AIM: To explore the mechanism of proactive personality influence on nurses' sense of social responsibility through a serial multiple mediation model of volunteering motivation and self-efficacy. DESIGN: Further analysis of a cross-sectional and survey-based study. METHODS: In June 2023, a study was conducted with 722 Chinese nurses from four hospitals. Data were collected using the Proactive Personality Scale, the Self-Efficacy Scale, the Motivation to Volunteer Scale and the Nurses' Sense of Social Responsibility Scale. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the relationship between nurses' sense of social responsibility and its correlative factors. RESULTS: Structural equation modelling showed a good model fit. Proactive personality, self-efficacy and motivation to volunteer can directly influence nurses' sense of social responsibility (ß = .12, ß = .04, ß = .50, p < .05). According to the test of chained mediation effects, proactive personality was significant through a single mediation path of self-efficacy (Z = 2.33, p < .05) and motivation to volunteer (Z = 7.32, p < .05) and through successive mediation paths of both variables (Z = 3.33, p < .05). CONCLUSION: A proactive personality can motivate nurses' social responsibility. Therefore, prompting nurses to be more proactive can effectively enhance nurses' sense of social responsibility. REPORTING METHOD: This study was reported following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for cross-sectional studies. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study explored the mechanisms influencing nurses' sense of social responsibility at the end of the epidemic. The results may inform the maintenance of high levels of long-term effects of nurses' social responsibility and shed light on building a standing workforce for public health emergencies.

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Background: Community First Responders are trained volunteers dispatched by ambulance services to potentially life-threatening emergencies such as cardiac arrest in the first vital minutes to provide care until highly skilled ambulance staff arrive. Community First Responder schemes were first introduced to support ambulance services in rural communities, where access to prehospital emergency care is more likely to be delayed. Evidence is lacking on their contribution to rural healthcare provision, how care is provided and how this might be improved. Objectives: We aimed to describe Community First Responder activities, organisation, costs of provision and outcomes of care together with perceptions and views of patients, public, Community First Responders, ambulance service staff and commissioners of their current and future role including innovations in the rural health and care workforce. Design: We used a mixed-methods design, using a lens of pragmatism and the 'actor', 'behaviour change' and 'causal pathway' framework to integrate quantitative routine and qualitative (policy, guideline and protocol documents with stakeholder interview) data from 6 of 10 English ambulance services. We identified potential innovations in Community First Responder provision and prioritised these using a modified nominal group technique. Patients and public were involved throughout the study. Results: In 4.5 million incidents from six English regional ambulance services during 2019, pre COVID-19 pandemic, Community First Responders attended first a higher proportion of calls in rural areas (almost 4% of calls) than in urban areas (around 1.5%). They were significantly more likely to be called out to rural (vs. urban) areas and to attend older (vs. younger), white (vs. minority ethnic) people in more affluent (vs. deprived) areas with cardiorespiratory and neurological (vs. other emergency) conditions for higher-priority emergency or urgent (category 1 and 2 compared with category 3, 4 or 5) calls but did also attend lower-category calls for conditions such as falls. We examined 10 documents from seven ambulance services. Ambulance policies and protocols integrated Community First Responders into ambulance service structures to achieve the safe and effective operation of volunteers. Costs, mainly for training, equipment and support, varied widely but were not always clearly delineated. Community First Responders enabled a faster prehospital response time. There was no clear benefit in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes. A specific Community First Responder falls response reduced ambulance attendances and was potentially cost saving. We conducted semistructured interviews with 47 different stakeholders engaged in Community First Responder functions. This showed the trajectory of becoming a Community First Responder, the Community First Responder role, governance and practice, and the positive views of Community First Responders from stakeholders despite public lack of understanding of their role. Community First Responders' scope of practice varied between ambulance services and had developed into new areas. Innovations prioritised at the consensus workshop were changes in processes and structures and an expanded scope of practice supported by training, which included counselling, peer support, better communication with the control room, navigation and communication technology, and specific mandatory and standardised training for Community First Responders. Limitations: Missing data and small numbers of interviews in some stakeholder groups (patients, commissioners) are sources of bias. Future research: Future research should include a robust evaluation of innovations involving Community First Responders. Trial registration: This trial is registered as ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04279262. Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR127920) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 18. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Community First Responders are volunteers who attend emergencies, particularly in rural areas, and provide help until the ambulance arrives. We aimed to describe Community First Responder activities, costs and effects and get the views of the public, Community First Responders, ambulance staff and commissioners on the current and future role of Community First Responders. Our study design combined different approaches. We examined routine ambulance patient information, reviewed ambulance policies and guidelines, and gathered information from interviews to make sense of our findings. Through interviews we learned about ways that the work of Community First Responders had been enhanced or could be improved. In a 1-day workshop, a group of lay and professional experts ranked in order of importance ideas about future developments involving Community First Responders. Community First Responders arrived before ambulance staff for a higher proportion of calls in rural than in urban areas. They attended people with various conditions, including breathing problems, chest pain, stroke, drowsiness, diabetes and falls, and usually the highest-priority emergencies but also lower-priority calls. Policies aimed to ensure that Community First Responders provided safe, effective care. Costs, mainly used for management, training and equipment, were sometimes incomplete or inaccurate and varied widely between services. Community First Responders attending meant faster responses and positive experiences for those patients and relatives interviewed. A Community First Responder scheme responding to people who had fallen at home led to fewer ambulances attending and possible financial savings. Survival among people attended because their heart had stopped was no better when Community First Responders arrived early. Interviews revealed why and how Community First Responders volunteered and were trained, what they did and how they felt. Interviewees were largely positive about Community First Responders. Improvements suggested included support from colleagues or counsellors, better communication with ambulance services, technology for communication and locating patients, and better training. Community First Responders have benefits in terms of response times and patient care. Future improvements should be evaluated.

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People with disabilities (PWD) are considered a historically marginalized population that experiences significant health disparities resulting from the unequal distribution of resources as evidenced in the social determinants of health. Health professions education presents an opportunity to explore the policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) changes that are needed to improve social conditions and address known disparities for PWD. Evidence suggests that inclusion of learners with diverse lived experiences, including students with disabilities (SWD), strengthens our understanding of the influence of social determinants on health and our ability to address known barriers. Unfortunately, PWD and other minoritized individuals are grossly underrepresented in physical therapy. It is imperative that Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) education more intentionally promotes the full inclusion of SWD to improve representation and to better support the complex needs of this population. In this perspective we describe key social determinants of health for PWD, offer strategies for increasing representation and inclusion of SWD in DPT education, and summarize how the inclusion of SWD in DPT education can enhance our understanding of and ability to address social barriers for this population.

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OBJECTIVE: This scoping review synthesizes and summarizes the evidence on racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes after physical therapist treatment. METHODS: Four databases from 2001 through 2021 were searched for articles reporting physical therapy outcomes across racial and ethnic groups. The Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework was adapted for this scoping review. Two reviewers screened the abstracts and 5 reviewers screened full texts for inclusion. Five reviewers extracted information including study design, diagnoses, setting, outcomes reported, the domains the outcomes measured, and racial and ethnic groups included. To identify disparities, summarized differences in outcomes (better, worse, no difference) for each racial and ethnic group compared to White patients were calculated. RESULTS: Of 1511 abstracts screened, 65 met inclusion criteria, 57 of which were observational designs. All 65 articles included non-Hispanic White patients as the reference group. A majority of the physical therapy outcomes reported by race were for Black patients and/or Hispanic or Latino patients, whereas outcomes for Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, and/or Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islander patients were reported infrequently. Most articles reported disparities in health outcomes for patients in the inpatient rehabilitation setting (n = 48) and for adults (n = 59) with neurologic diagnoses (n = 36). Compared to White patients, worse outcomes were reported more frequently for all marginalized racial and ethnic groups after physical therapy, with the exception of marginalized groups having the same or better outcomes for successful post-rehabilitation community discharge. CONCLUSION: Gaps remain in understanding outcome disparities beyond older adult and neurologic populations as well as for musculoskeletal diagnoses frequently treated by physical therapists. IMPACT: The presence of racial and ethnic disparities in physical therapy outcomes should motivate physical therapists to understand the mechanisms underlying disparities and focus on social and structural drivers of health inequity in their clinical decision-making.