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OBJECTIVE: Empirical research and theory support the interaction of executive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, working memory) and emotion regulation in guiding goal-oriented behavior; however, applications to eating pathology (e.g., binge eating) are limited. Such research is scant with adults with overweight/obesity (AwO/O), a population reporting high levels of binge eating, emotion regulation difficulties, and deficits in inhibitory control and working memory. We tested interactions between emotion regulation and executive functioning in relation to eating pathology in AwO/O while considering stimuli-specific deficits (e.g., food-specific deficits) in behavioral task performance. METHOD: AwO/O (N = 204; MBMI = 32.11; Mage = 38.30 [SD = 12.16]) completed a preregistered, online study assessing demographics and emotion regulation difficulties (Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale), inhibitory control (go/no-go task, food and general stimuli), working memory (N-Back Task, food and general stimuli), binge eating (Binge Eating Scale), and disordered eating (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire). RESULTS: There was limited evidence of moderation in models examining food-specific and general inhibitory control and working memory, emotion regulation difficulties, and binge eating. Preliminary support was found for emotion regulation difficulties to be more strongly associated with more disordered eating in AwO/O reporting more food-specific and general working memory deficits. Consistent, positive associations between emotion regulation difficulties and eating pathology were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Among adults with AwO/O, emotion regulation difficulties are closely related to eating pathology, regardless of performance on working memory and inhibitory control tasks. Clinicians and researchers working with AwO/O may consider how emotion regulation difficulties and working memory deficits work together to influence disordered eating.

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Sirtuins 1 (SIRT1) and Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) expression have been associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Exercise and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation have shown beneficial effects on MASLD. The current study aims to assess the relationships between Sirt1, Foxo1 mRNA levels and several MASLD biomarkers, as well as the effects of DHA-rich n-3 PUFA supplementation and/or exercise in the steatotic liver of aged obese female mice, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. In the liver of 18-month-old mice, Sirt1 levels positively correlated with the expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation, and negatively correlated with lipogenic and proinflammatory genes. Exercise (long-term treadmill training), especially when combined with DHA, upregulated hepatic Sirt1 mRNA levels. Liver Foxo1 mRNA levels positively associated with hepatic triglycerides (TG) content and the expression of lipogenic and pro-inflammatory genes, while negatively correlated with the lipolytic gene Hsl. In PBMCs of postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity, FOXO1 mRNA expression negatively correlated with the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and the Zhejiang University index (ZJU). After 16-weeks of DHA-rich PUFA supplementation and/or progressive resistance training (RT), most groups exhibited reduced MASLD biomarkers and risk indexes accompanying with body fat mass reduction, but no significant changes were found between the intervention groups. However, in PBMCs n-3 supplementation upregulated FOXO1 expression, and the RT groups exhibited higher SIRT1 expression. In summary, SIRT1 and FOXO1 could be involved in the beneficial mechanisms of exercise and n-3 PUFA supplementation related to MASLD manifestation.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) adversely affects offspring glucose homeostasis and risk of developing obesity. Here, we examined the association between glycemia in pregnant women with overweight or obesity without GDM and offspring metabolic health. Maternal fasting glucose concentrations and glucose 2-h after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were measured in 208 women with a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 28-45 kg/m2 without GDM. Offspring outcomes were collected at birth, 3, and 5 years of age. Linear mixed models with time as fixed factor and subject ID as random effects were used for analysis. No associations were found between maternal fasting or 2-h glucose concentrations with offspring glucose and insulin concentrations from birth to 5 years of age. However, maternal fasting glucose in GW 28 and 36, and 2-h OGTT glucose in GW 28 were positively associated with C-peptide concentration at birth. Maternal fasting glucose concentrations in GW 28 and 36 were positively associated with weight-for-length, and maternal fasting glucose in GW 36 was associated with BMI z-score at birth. In summary, blood glucose in pregnant women with overweight or obesity is positively associated with offspring C-peptide concentration, weight-for-length, and BMI z-score at birth, even in the absence of GDM.

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Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of follistatin and activin A in the serum of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to assess their relationship with selected biochemical parameters, specifically stratifying the analysis based on tobacco smoke, insulin resistance, and abnormal weight. Methods: The research was carried out within a cohort of 88 women (60 women with and 28 without PCOS). Results: We observed significant differences (p < 0.05) in follistatin concentrations between women with PCOS stratified by homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. These differences were consistent across both smoking and non-smoking subgroups with PCOS. Similar results were observed when comparing normal-weight women with PCOS to those with overweight or obesity. Additionally, activin A concentrations were significantly increased by higher body mass index (BMI) and HOMA-IR values in non-smoking women with PCOS. Moreover, we identified a negative correlation (r = -0.30; p < 0.023) between cotinine levels and Anti-Müllerian hormone. Among smoking women with PCOS, we noted decreased concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin and high-density lipoproteins, alongside increased fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and free androgen index values. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that activin A and follistatin concentrations are more strongly influenced by disruptions in glucose metabolism and BMI than by tobacco smoke exposure. The observed changes were more pronounced in follistatin than in activin A level.

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Overweight/obesity among adolescents in Shandong Province, China, has been rising, posing significant public health challenge. Comprehensive investigation is needed to develop effective interventions. Following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, a stratified random cluster sampling approach was used from September to October 2023 across 17 cities in Shandong Province. The study included 165 middle schools, surveying 99,638 students aged 12 ∼ 15. After applying exclusion criteria, 97,356 students (97.71% effective rate) completed anthropometric measurements and questionnaires. Overweight/obesity were assessed based on national and international standards. Univariable chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze factors influencing overweight/obesity. In 2023, the overweight/obesity rate among 12 ∼ 15-year-olds in Shandong was 19.75%. Significant factors included sex, age, residence, family income, parental weight status and activity, mother's gestational diabetes history, birth weight, physical activity, sleep, screen time, homework, and diet. Girls, older adolescents, and those with physically active parents or who themselves engaged in over 1.5 h of daily physical activity had lower odds of being overweight/obese. Adequate sleep and frequent consumption of vegetable and fruit were also protective. Higher odds were associated with urban residence, high family income, overweight/obese parents, maternal gestational diabetes, high birth weight, excessive screen time, extensive homework, and frequent fast food consumption. Overweight/obesity in Shandong adolescents is influenced by multiple determinants. Holistic interventions addressing genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors are essential for promoting healthier lifestyles and reducing the prevalence in this demographic.

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AIMS: Very low-calorie diet (VLCD) can induce weight loss and diabetes remission (DR) amongst people with obesity and recent-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to determine the effectiveness and acceptability of VLCD in achieving DR amongst Sri Lankan adults with T2D. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in a diabetes practice where VLCD-based Diabetes Remission Programme (VDRP) was offered for adults (>18 years) with T2D for <3 years and body mass index over 25 kg/m2. VLCD (~800 kcal/day, provided with/without diet replacement formula) was offered for 8-12 weeks, followed by gradual food reintroduction and exercise. DR was defined as HbA1c <6.5% at least 3 months after stopping glucose-lowering medications. RESULTS: A total of 170 participants who enrolled in the VDRP (mean age 38.4 years [±11.1], men 68%, mean baseline HbA1c 86.9 [±18.1] mmol/mol (10.1 [±2.1]%), median duration of T2D 2 years [IQR 1-2]) and 87 (51%) of them followed the programme (attended at least one follow-up visit). Amongst the individuals who followed the VDRP, 40.2% achieved DR (35/87), compared with 2.4% (2/83) amongst those who did not follow the VDRP (aHR 9.3, 95% CI 2.2-16.4, p = 0.002). The proportion achieving normoglycaemia (HbA1c < 6.5%) but continued to take glucose-lowering medication was 20/87 among VDRP followers and 20/85 amongst VDRP non-followers. The commonest reasons for not following the VDRP were too restrictive dietary quantity (92%) and difficulties in finding recommended food items (67%). Majority (79%) would recommend VDRP to others. CONCLUSIONS: VDRP is effective in achieving T2D remission amongst Sri Lankan adults with recently diagnosed T2D and obesity. Over half of the participants followed the programme and over 75% would recommend it to others, indicating good acceptability.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Current evidence of the association between egg consumption and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is controversial. We aim to investigate the longitudinal association between egg consumption and the risk of CVD among Chinese adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 16,030 adults who attended China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991-2015 were included in this study. Egg consumption was collected with 3-day 24-h recall method supplemented by household inventory record. Cumulative mean egg intake during 1991-2011 were calculated as the habitual intake. CVD incidence was self-reported as being diagnosed by physicians following study entry. The association between egg consumption and incident CVD was examined using Cox regression. The mean age (SD) of the study population was 43.7 (14.8) years and 51% were women. During a 9.9-year (median 9.0) follow up, 663 CVD incidents were reported. The corresponding incident rate (per 1000 person-year) by egg consumption level of none, 1-20, 21-50, and 50+gram/day was 2.6, 4.8, 4.2, 5.5 (P < 0.001) with the unadjusted HR (95% CI) of 1.0, 1.42 (1.12-1.80), 1.31 (1.02-1.67), 2.01 (1.53-2.64). After adjusted for demo socioeconomic, and behaviour factors, egg consumption>50 g/day increased the CVD incident by 43% (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.02-2.00. BMI, hypertension, and diabetes mediated the association between egg consumption and CVD. CONCLUSION: Higher egg intake, as part of the modern dietary pattern high in sugars, fat, and animal-source foods, increased the risk of CVD. The effect of egg on CVD incident was partly mediated by overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.

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Objective: Lifestyle intervention can produce clinically significant weight loss and reduced disease risk/severity for many individuals with overweight/obesity. Dietary lapses, instances of non-adherence to the recommended dietary goal(s) in lifestyle intervention, are associated with less weight loss and higher energy intake. There are distinct "types" of dietary lapse (e.g., eating an off-plan food, eating a larger portion), and behavioral, psychosocial, and contextual mechanisms may differ across dietary lapse types. Some lapse types also appear to impact weight more than others. Elucidating clear lapse types thus has potential for understanding and improving adherence to lifestyle intervention. Methods: This 18-month observational cohort study will use real-time digital assessment tools within a multi-level factor analysis framework to uncover "lapse phenotypes" and understand their impact on clinical outcomes. Adults with overweight/obesity (n = 150) will participate in a 12-month online lifestyle intervention and 6-month weight loss maintenance period. Participants will complete 14-day lapse phenotyping assessment periods at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months in which smartphone surveys, wearable devices, and geolocation will assess dietary lapses and relevant phenotyping characteristics. Energy intake (via 24-h dietary recall) and weight will be collected at each assessment period. Results: This trial is ongoing; data collection began on 31 October 2022 and is scheduled to complete by February 2027. Conclusion: Results will inform novel precision tools to improve dietary adherence in lifestyle intervention, and support updated theoretical models of adherence behavior. Additionally, these phenotyping methods can likely be leveraged to better understand non-adherence to other health behavior interventions. Trial Registration: This study was prospectively registered https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05562427.

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The association of overweight/obesity and metabolically unhealthy (MU) with the risk of developing Barrett's esophagus (BE) remains uncertain. We evaluated whether MU and overweight/obesity are associated with increased BE incidence and whether they have a synergistic impact on BE development. We analyzed the body mass index (BMI) and metabolic indicators at baseline of 402,510 individuals from the UK Biobank with no history of BE. Overweight/obesity and MU were defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 and presence of ≥ 1 MU indicators, respectively. Accordingly, the participants were categorized into four groups: (1) metabolically healthy non-overweight/obesity (MHNO), (2) metabolically unhealthy non-overweight/obesity (MUNO), (3) metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO), and (4) metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO). During a median follow-up of 13.5 years, 6195 (1.5%) individuals were newly diagnosed with BE. Among them, 39,281 (9.8%), 92,000 (22.9%), 25,297 (6.3%), and 245,932 (61.1%) individuals were classified as MHNO, MUNO, MHO, and MUO, respectively. In Cox regression analyses, both MU and overweight/obesity were independently associated with BE incidence. Moreover, BE incidence was significantly higher in the MUNO, MHO, and MUO groups, compared to the MHNO group. MU and overweight/obesity are independent risk factors for BE and have a synergistic effect on BE development.

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(1) Background: Artificial intelligence using machine learning techniques may help us to predict and prevent obesity. The aim was to design an interpretable prediction algorithm for overweight/obesity risk based on a combination of different machine learning techniques. (2) Methods: 38 variables related to sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health aspects from 1179 residents in Madrid were collected and used to train predictive models. Accuracy, precision, and recall metrics were tested and compared between nine classical machine learning techniques and the predictive model based on a combination of those classical machine learning techniques. Statistical validation was performed. The shapely additive explanation technique was used to identify the variables with the greatest impact on weight gain. (3) Results: Cascade classifier model combining gradient boosting, random forest, and logistic regression models showed the best predictive results for overweight/obesity compared to all machine learning techniques tested, reaching an accuracy of 79%, precision of 84%, and recall of 89% for predictions for weight gain. Age, sex, academic level, profession, smoking habits, wine consumption, and Mediterranean diet adherence had the highest impact on predicting obesity. (4) Conclusions: A combination of machine learning techniques showed a significant improvement in accuracy to predict risk of overweight/obesity than machine learning techniques separately.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adipose tissue (AT) serves as a vital energy storage site and plays a pivotal role in metabolic regulation, exhibiting a high response to insulin. Impairment in this response may closely associate with obesity, and NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family genes may be involved in the process. However, human data linking NFAT and AT remains elusive. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of NFAT family genes and markers of adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) among normal-weight and overweight/obese individuals before and after weight loss, in relation to insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 45 participants, 15 normal-weight (control group) and 30 overweight or obese, who underwent a 12-week dietary intervention (DI) program. Before and after the program hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and SAT biopsy were conducted. Before DI, a positive correlations was observed in the expression of NFATc1, NFATc4, and NFAT5 with insulin sensitivity. The expression of NFAT family genes and markers of adipogenesis in SAT was lower in individuals with overweight or obesity compared to normal-weight. Additionally, a positive correlation was noted between NFAT family genes and adipogenesis markers both before and after weight loss. Following the DI program, there was an increase in the expression of NFATc3, NFATc4, and NFAT5 in SAT. CONCLUSION: Decreased SAT expression of NFAT genes in obesity is partly reversed in response to weight loss. NFAT genes in SAT are associated with insulin sensitivity and adipogenesis. Registration number for clinical trial: NCT01393210.

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The term KgA1c paradox is used to describe the unwanted rise in weight that occurs when HbA1c is controlled using conventional therapy. We highlight facets of pathophysiology, prevention, pharmacology, person centred care, and epidemiology, which correspond to the concept of KgA1c paradox. We suggest a novel index, KgA1c product [(BMI) x (HbA1c)], which can be used to evaluate efficacy of drugs, and assess metabolic control in persons with diabetes.

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Background: The dietary protein proportion may be crucial in triggering overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 4,336 children and adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and March 2020 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic splines assessed the nonlinear relationships between dietary protein intake and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Results: Adjusted logistic regression models showed that each 1% increase in dietary protein proportion was associated with a 4% higher risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07). A nonlinear relationship was noted in children aged 6-11 years (P < 0.05), as demonstrated by restricted cubic spline analysis. After dividing dietary protein intake into quartiles, the highest quartile had an adjusted OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.35, 3.16, P = 0.001) compared to the lowest, among children aged 6-11 years. Conclusion: Dietary protein intake is positively linked to overweight and obesity in American children, irrespective of individual characteristics and total energy consumption.

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Current studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the associations between light at night (LAN) exposure and the risk of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Our study systematically summarized the evidence of the association between LAN exposure and the risk of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. We searched five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane) for observational studies published up to 1 August 2023. The pooled odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by random-effects models for the association. Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the group with the lowest level of LAN, the group with the highest level of LAN is associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity (pooled OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.13-1.26), hypertension (pooled OR: 1.86, 95% CI:1.28-2.72), and diabetes (pooled OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.07-1.31). Our meta-analysis demonstrated LAN exposure is associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.

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Ultraprocessed foods (UPF) consumption is associated with excess adiposity in adults, but this linkage remains unclear among children and adolescents. The present systematic review sought to address this research gap. Publications up to November 2023 were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Outcomes included overweight/obesity anthropometric and body composition indicators; the exposure was UPF consumption based on the NOVA classification system. The review included 23 studies (i.e., 8 cohort and 15 cross-sectional); approximately half were carried out in Brazil. Inconclusive and heterogeneous evidence exists as few cohort studies found positive/mixed associations between UPF consumption and excess adiposity in pediatric populations, whereas most cross-sectional studies reported null associations. Such inconsistencies may be attributed to underlying methodological issues, especially heterogeneity in the outcomes assessed and UPF consumption operationalization and/or categorization. Future studies should adopt longitudinal designs with sufficiently extended follow-up periods, account for relevant confounding factors, employ validated and standardized measurement tools to assess dietary exposure, ensure consistent operationalization of variables, and encompass diverse geographic contexts. Ultimately, strengthening the quality of existing research evidence may better inform current and forthcoming policy and practice interventions aimed at mitigating the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity in childhood and across the life course.

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BACKGROUND: Sleep health and obesity may affect the risk of female infertility. However, few studies focused on the interaction of obesity and sleep health on the female infertility risk. This study aimed to evaluate the combined impact of trouble sleeping / sleep duration and overweight/obesity/ abdominal obesity on the risk of female infertility. METHODS: The data for this cross-sectional study was obtained from National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, which provided information on trouble sleeping, sleep duration, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, and confounding factors. Adopted weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to explore the relationship between trouble sleeping, sleep duration, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, and the risk of infertility, respectively, and the combined effect of trouble sleeping and overweight/obesity, trouble sleeping and abdominal obesity, sleep duration and overweight/obesity, sleep duration and abdominal obesity, on the female infertility risk. RESULTS: This study included a total of 1,577 women, and 191 were diagnosed with infertility. Women with infertility had a higher proportion of people with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, sleep duration ≤ 7 h and trouble sleeping than those with non-infertility. The result indicated that trouble sleeping [odds ratio (OR) = 2.25, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.49-3.39], sleep duration ≤ 7 h (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.03-2.48), and the combined impact of abdominal obesity and trouble sleeping (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.28-3.72), abdominal obesity and sleep duration ≤ 7 h (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.17-3.40), overweight/obesity and trouble sleeping (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.24-4.26), and overweight/obesity and sleep duration ≤ 7 h (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.01-3.49) were associated with increased odds of infertility, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was combined effects of trouble sleeping/sleep duration ≤ 7 h and overweight/obesity/ abdominal obesity on increased odds of female infertility.

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Background: Globally, alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for deaths and disability and a causal factor in over 200 diseases, injuries, and health conditions. In April 2016, the manufacture, transport, sale, and consumption of alcohol was banned in Bihar, a populous Indian state. We sought to estimate the impacts of this ban on health outcomes and domestic violence. Methods: Data from the Indian National Family Health Surveys (2005-06, 2015-16, 2019-21), Annual Health Survey (2013), and District Level Household Survey (2012), were used to conduct difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, comparing Bihar (n = 10,733 men, n = 88,188 women) and neighbouring states (n = 38,674 men, n = 284,820 women) before and after the ban. Outcomes included frequent (daily or weekly) alcohol consumption, underweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and intimate partner violence. A triple difference model adding male-female interaction to the DID model was also estimated. Attributable averted cases were calculated to estimate the impact of the ban. Findings: Across all models, the ban led to reduced frequent alcohol consumption (DID: -7.1 percentage points (pp) (95% CI -9.6pp, -4.6pp), lower overweight/obesity (-5.6pp (-8.9, -2.2) among males, and reduced experiences of emotional (-4.8pp (-8.2pp, -1.4pp) and sexual (-5.5pp (-8.7pp, -2.3pp) violence among females. The ban prevented approximately 2.4 million cases of daily/weekly alcohol consumption and 1.8 million cases of overweight/obesity among males, and 2.1 million cases of intimate partner violence among females. Interpretation: Strict alcohol regulation policies may yield significant population level health benefits for frequent drinkers and many victims of intimate partner violence. Funding: No funding was received for this work.

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This study aimed to compare and relate the body composition (obtained through anthropometry with the pentacompartmental model and the tricompartmental model by DXA) with bone mineral density and biochemical and nutritional parameters in Chilean adults with overweight/obesity and normal weight from La Araucanía region, Chile. A case-control study was conducted with 116 adults and volunteers from the PURE cohort, collecting sociodemographic data, BMI assessment, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and body composition using the pentacompartmental model (5CM) and tricompartmental model (3CM) by DXA, as well as bone mineral density (BMD). Blood biochemical parameters (fasting glucose and lipid profile), physical activity (PA) measured by GPAQ, and average dietary habits (R24h) were measured. In the overweight/obesity group, the 5CM and 3CM adipose mass were indirectly and moderately correlated with PA (p < 0.05), except in the male 5CM group. In the overweight/obesity group, muscle and fat-free mass (FFM) of the 5CM and 3CM correlated directly and moderately with blood fasting glucose (BFG) and BMD (p < 0.05), except in females, where FFM was not related to BMD but was related to residual mass (p < 0.01). Independent of gender and BMI, bone mineral content was positively and highly correlated with BMD (p < 0.0000). In the male overweight/obesity group, bone, skin, and residual mass were correlated with BFG (p < 0.05). In conclusion, for the assessment of non-athletic adult populations, more routine use of the 5CM in clinical practice is recommended.

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Obesity is an emerging threat and a current challenge for children and adolescents worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relationship between the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) and the weight status of students in early adolescence. A sample of 1580 students aged 10-12 years from 47 primary schools in Greece were enrolled. Anthropometric characteristics were assessed, and calculation of the Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to categorize students into two weight-status groups. Dietary habits and physical activity were evaluated using a self-completed questionnaire, and the DAI was calculated through derived micronutrients' content, along with energy, macro-, and micro-nutrient intake. Crude and adjusted regression analysis showed a significant inverse association of the DAI and body weight status (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.719, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.576; 0.897, and adjusted Odds Ration (aOR): 0.667, 95% CI: 0.489; 0.907). An antioxidant diet seems to play a protective role against increased body weight among students in early adolescence. Thus, dietary patterns rich in antioxidants should be promoted to facilitate healthy habits early in life, and to fight the obesity threat.

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