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An electrochemical sensor based on an electroactive nanocomposite was designed for the first time consisting of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(alizarin red S) (PARS) for ciprofloxacin (CIPF) detection. The ERGO/PANI/PARS-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was constructed through a three-step electrochemical protocol and characterized using FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, FESEM, CV, LSV, and EIS. The new electrochemical CIPF sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.0021 µM, a broad linear range of 0.01 to 69.8 µM, a high sensitivity of 5.09 µA/µM/cm2, and reasonable selectivity and reproducibility. Moreover, the ERGO/PANI/PARS/SPCE was successfully utilized to determine CIPF in milk with good recoveries and relative standard deviation (< 5%), which were close to those with HPLC analysis.

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Copper-doped carbon dots and aminated carbon nanotubes (Cu-CDs/NH2-CNTs) nanocomposites were synthesized by a one-step growth method, and the composites were characterized for their performance. An electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of bisphenol A (BPA) was developed for using Cu-CDs/NH2-CNTs nanocomposites modified with glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The sensor exhibited an excellent electrochemical response to BPA in 0.2 M PBS (pH 7.0) under optimally selected conditions. The linear range of the sensor for BPA detection was 0.5-160 µM, and the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.13 µM. Moreover, the sensor has good interference immunity, stability and reproducibility. In addition, the feasibility of the practical application of the sensor was demonstrated by the detection of BPA in bottled drinking water and Liu Yang River water.

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The existing DNA damage detection technology cannot meet the current detection requirements. It is critical to build new methods and discover novel biomarkers. In this study, alkaline comet and 8-OHDG ELISA assays were used to identify DNA damage in HT-1080 cells exposed to K2Cr2O7, and electrochemical behaviors of HT-1080 cells with DNA damage was studied. With an increase in K2Cr2O7 exposure time, two electrochemical signals from HT-1080 cells at 0.69 and 1.01 V steadily grew before decreasing after reaching their highest values. The electrochemical signal's initial response time and peak time decreased as the concentration of K2Cr2O7 increased. The duration of the high dose group was 0.5 and 1 h, while the low dose group was 1.5 and 6 h. Western blotting analysis revealed that DNA damage increased the expression of proteins involved in catabolism and de novo purine synthesis, particularly de novo purine synthesis. Expressions of PRPP amidotransferase, IMPDH, and ADA were all higher than those of ADSS, XOD, and GDA, which resulted in larger concentrations of hypoxanthine, guanine, and xanthine, and in turn improved electrochemical signaling. These findings suggest that intracellular purine identified by linear scan voltammetry is predicted to evolve as a marker of early DNA damage.

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Zirconium copper oxide microflowers (Zr/CuO MF) based non-enzymatic sensor was developed for glucose detection in saliva, urine, and blood. An easy urea hydrolysis method was employed for the synthesis of the metal oxide and further calcined to improve the catalytic property. The flower-like morphology of the Zr/CuO was confirmed by SEM analysis and the presence of copper and zirconium was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The Zr/CuO MF modified screen-printed electrodes exhibited excellent glucose sensing performance in 0.15 M NaOH medium and could quantify glucose in the range from 10 µM to 27 mM. A high sensitivity of 1.815 ± 0.003 mA mM-1 cm-2 was obtained for lower glucose concentration from 15 µM to 3 mM and 1.250 ± 0.006 mA mM-1 cm-2 for higher concentration glucose from 3 to 27 mM. The limit of detection of the fabricated sensor was found to be 0.8 µM. The sensor displayed high selectivity and stability towards glucose in different body fluids like saliva, urine, and blood serum at a working potential of 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In saliva, urine, and serum samples, the sensor exhibited excellent recovery of 95-108, 92-108, and 93-101% in saliva, urine, and serum, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability of the sensor. The developed sensor is promising for developing an invasive and non-invasive point-of-care testing device for glucose detection.

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A cost-effective approach has been developed to synthesize Cu nanoparticles encapsulated into B and N double-doped carbon nanotubes (Cu@BCNNTs) by one-step pyrolysis. According to the specific binding of Cu-Cl and Cu-glutathione (GSH), we employed Cu@BCNNTs to build an electrochemical sensing platform to detect GSH. The unique space-confined structure can prevent Cu nanoparticles from agglomeration. In addition, B and N co-doped porous hollow tubes can improve the electrochemical conductivity, expand the number of active sites, enhance surface adsorption, and shorten the transport path. These favorable characteristics of Cu@BCNNTs make them have excellent electrocatalytic properties. These results display that the prepared sensor can detect GSH from 0.5 to 120 µM with a detection limit of 0.024 µM. The obtained sensors can be successfully applied in the human serum with recovery of GSH ranging from 100.2 to 103.9%. This work provides a new vision to synthesize nanoparticles confined in a hollow tube for the applications in biosensing and medical diagnostics.

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This study presents a sensitive approach for electrochemical determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in food. The electrochemical sensor was fabricated on a copper electrode (CuE) modified with co-electrodeposited Cu-Ni bimetallic particles. This sensor, fabricated by 30 cycles of cyclic voltametric scanning with a scan rate of 50 mV s-1, exhibits good electrocatalytic ability to 5-HMF oxidation. Under the optimal conditions, linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry were conducted for the determination of 5-HMF. The results of LSV show that a linear dependency within the 0.4-10 mM range with a detection limit (LOD) of 3.51 µM (S/N = 3) was achieved, while a linear range in 1 × 10-4-11 mM with a LOD of 0.043 µM (S/N = 3) was obtained by chronoamperometric measurement. The electrochemical sensor was finally applied in determination of 5-HMF in various foods, and the reliability and accuracy of the method were assessed by adopting an UV method as a standard method. Results show that the concentrations of 5-HMF in real samples are close to those measured by the standard method. In addition, standard addition method was further performed to evaluate the accuracy of our approach. The recoveries ranged from 90.0% to 110.0% are calculated, demonstrating good accuracy of the electrochemical sensor.

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A method to develop thermo-kinetic (TK) diagrams for the Cu-H2O-acetate and Cu-H2O systems is described. Conventional Eh-pH diagrams, also known as Pourbaix diagrams, are developed based on the thermodynamic stability of component species, typically in aqueous media. TK diagrams are an improvement on Eh-pH diagrams as they also describe the kinetics of electrochemical processes. These diagrams are developed by using data from linear scan voltammetry of Cu rotating disk electrodes exposed to aqueous media of different pH. By applying the same procedure, the TK diagrams can be developed for other metals or mineral systems exposed to aqueous media containing ligands. To ensure reproducibility and reconstruction of the TK diagrams for other metal/mineral/electrolyte systems, some important experimental considerations are highlighted in this study. These TK diagrams are useful to evaluate the corrosion of metals, the leaching performance of minerals and to predict the suitable conditions for metal recycling processes. Briefly, this article explains:•Important experimental considerations that could affect the kinetics of electrochemical processes.•A method to construct TK diagrams with examples of the Cu-H2O-acetate and Cu-H2O systems.•With overlaid Eh-pH diagrams, TK diagrams explain both the thermodynamic stability of component species and the kinetics of the electrochemical processes.

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Voltammetric determination of Tartrazine (Tz) and Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) in their mixture using novel type of carbon black-polyethylene composite electrode (CBPCE) with renewable surface modified by carbon ink (CI) was developed. Electrochemical properties of the tested dyes were investigated in 0.1 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear scan voltammetry (LSV). Simultaneous determination of the dyes is based on the application of supporting electrolytes with different pH: 2.0 for Tz and 10.0 for BB. Under the optimum experimental conditions, linear concentration dependences in the concentration ranges from 0.037 to 1.38 µmol L-1 for Tz and from 0.025 to 2.52 µmol L-1 for BB were obtained by LSV in the first-order derivative mode. Limits of detection (LODs) for Tz and BB were 0.019 and 0.011 µmol L-1, respectively. The modified electrode showed good stability and reproducibility and was successfully applied for the determination of the mixture Tz and BB in a candy and soft drink products.

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In this study, we reported facile synthesis of Fe3O4/C composite and its application for the cost-effective and sensitive determination of tryptophan (Trp) in human serum samples. Fe3O4/C composites were prepared by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method followed by a mild calcination procedure, using FeCl3∙6H2O as Fe3O4 precursor, and glucose as reducing agent and carbon source simultaneously. The Fe3O4/C composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Fe3O4/C/GCE) was prepared by drop-casting method. The microstructure and morphology of Fe3O4/C composite was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Due to large specific surface area and synergistic effect from Fe3O4 nanoparticles and carbon coating, Fe3O4/C composite showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of Trp. As a result, the proposed Fe3O4/C/GCE displayed superior analytical performances toward Trp determination, with two wide detection ranges (1.0-80 µM and 80-800 µM) and a low detection limit (0.26 µM, S/N = 3). Moreover, successful detection of Trp in human serum samples further validate the practicability of the proposed sensor.

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l-tryptophan is one of the eight kinds of essential amino acids for sustainable human life activity. It is common to detect the concentration of tryptophan in human serum for diagnosing and preventing brain related diseases. Herein, in this study, GCE (glassy carbon electrode) modified by Ta2O5-reduced graphene oxide (-rGO) composite (Ta2O5-rGO-GCE) is synthesized by the hydrothermal synthesis-calcination methods, which is used for detecting the concentration of tryptophan in human serum under the as-obtained optimal detection conditions. As a result, the obtained Ta2O5-rGO-GCE shows larger electrochemical activity area than other bare GCE and rGO-GCE due to the synergistic effect of Ta2O5 NPs and rGO. Meanwhile, Ta2O5-rGO-GCE shows an excellent response to tryptophan during the oxidation process in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 6). Moreover, three wide linear detection range (1.0-8.0 µM, 8.0-80 µM and 80-800 µM) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.84 µM (S/N = 3) in the detection of tryptophan are also presented, showing the larger linear ranges and lower detection limit by employing Ta2O5-rGO-GCE. Finally, the as-proposed Ta2O5-rGO-GCE with satisfactory recoveries (101~106%) is successfully realized for the detection of tryptophan in human serum. The synthesis of Ta2O5-rGO-GCE in this article could provide a slight view for the synthesis of other electrochemical catalytic systems in detection of trace substance in human serum.