RESUMEN

Comparative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids composition, in plants of six species of Monarda from family Lamiaceae was carried out. The 70% (v/v) methanolic extracts of flowering herbs of Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., Monarda bradburiana L.C. Beck, Monarda didyma L., Monarda media Willd., Monarda fistulosa L. and Monarda punctata L. were analyzed for their polyphenol composition as well as antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial effect. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF/MS/MS) was used to identify phenolic compounds. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using a DPPH radical scavenging assay, while antimicrobial activity was measured by the broth microdilution method allowing for MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) determination. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed the presence of eighteen different components including phenolic acids and flavonoids together with their derivatives. The presence of six constituents (gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, luteolin-7-glucoside and apigenin-7-glucoside) was found to be dependent on the species. To differentiate the samples, the antioxidant activity of 70% (v/v) methanolic extracts was studied and expressed as a percent of DPPH radical inhibition and in EC50 values (mg/mL). The latter values were as follows: M. media (EC50 = 0.090 mg/mL), M. didyma (EC50 = 0.114 mg/mL), M. citriodora (EC50 = 0.139 mg/mL), M. bradburiana (EC50 = 0.141 mg/mL), M. punctata (EC50 = 0.150 mg/mL) and M. fistulosa (EC50 = 0.164 mg/mL). Moreover, all extracts indicated bactericidal activity against reference Gram-positive (MIC = 0.07-1.25 mg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 0.63-10 mg/mL) as well as fungicidal effect towards yeasts (MIC = 1.25-10 mg/mL). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus were the most sensitive to them. All extracts showed promising antioxidant properties and noteworthy activity against the reference Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial effect of the extracts against the reference Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi (yeasts) from Candida spp. was slight. All extracts showed bactericidal and fungicidal effect. The obtained results indicated that the investigated extracts from Monarda spp. could be potential sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, especially with activity towards Gram-positive bacteria. The differences in the composition and properties of the studied samples may influence the pharmacological effects of the studied species.

RESUMEN

Bloodroot (Haemodorum spicatum) is an Australian native bulb plant yielding red pigment. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic and carotenoid profiles of the 80% ethanol extract of the H. spicatum bulb by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD. Results revealed the relatively low total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the bulb extract with the maximum absorbance at 477 nm. Only 2 carotenoids (lutein and capsanthin) were detected at relatively low levels in the extract. A total of 40 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified, including 5 phenolic acids, 13 flavonoids and 22 other phenolic compounds, where 35 were reported for the first time in H. spicatum, together with 3 previously reported phenylphenalenones, haemodorol, haemoxiphidone and 2,5,6-trimethoxy-9-phenyl-1H-phenalen-1-one, and 2 oxabenzochrysenones, 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1H-naphtho[2,1,8-mna]xanthen-1-one and 5-hydroxy-1H-naphtho[2,1,8-mna]xanthen-1-one. This study provided the most comprehensive phenolic and carotenoid profiles of H. spicatum up to date.

Asunto(s)

Etanol , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Australia , Carotenoides/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos

RESUMEN

Effects of extrusion with varying barrel temperature, moisture content, and screw speed on hempseed oil cake were studied for the first time. Extrusion at lower moisture (30%) and higher screw speed (300 rpm) significantly increased the proportion of free polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenylpropionamide content, and α -glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities. Full factorial design confirmed the three-way interactions among all extrusion parameters for all chemical assays with the bound phenolic fraction, total flavonoid content, and DPPH inhibition activity of the free phenolic fraction. HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified 26 phenylpropionamides, and the contents of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (66.26 µg/g) and total phenylpropionamides (85.77 µg/g) were significantly increased after extrusion at the lower moisture and higher screw speed extrusion conditions. The higher α -glucosidase inhibition activity at higher screw speed could be due to the N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (r = 0.99, p < 0.01), while the AChE inhibition activity appeared to be influenced more by the cannabisins A-C, M (r > 0.8, p < 0.01). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hempseed oil cake is a byproduct of oil extraction, with high protein and high fiber contents. The results of this research could be used directly in food industry to improve the nutritional and commercial value of hempseed oil cake by extrusion technology.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/farmacología , Cannabis/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Polifenoles/análisis , Antioxidantes/química

RESUMEN

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain is a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds and understanding the phenolic profile of different sorghum genotypes is an important step towards the selection of the most appropriate genotype for industrial applications. The free and bound phenolic compounds of sorghum bran and kernel fractions from five Australian-grown sorghum genotypes (1 white, 2 red, 1 brown and 1 black coloured grain) were identified/tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and quantified/semi-quantified by HPLC-DAD. Firstly, MS chromatograms of sorghum samples and standards and the MS/MS spectra of individual detected compounds and standards are presented. Then quantification data of these compounds is provided. This dataset is supplementary to the research paper "Comprehensive profiling of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS to reveal their location and form of presence in different sorghum grain genotypes" [1].

RESUMEN

In this study, comprehensive profiling of the phenolic compounds in sorghum grain was achieved by analysing the free and bound extracts of sorghum bran and kernel fractions from five Australian sorghum genotypes (1 white, 2 red, 1 brown and 1 black coloured), using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 110 phenolic compounds were annotated, out of which 56 were reported for the first time in sorghum grain. Compounds with matched authentic standards were quantified/semi-quantified. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was performed and heatmaps generated, which provided direct visualisation of the distribution of individual phenolic compounds/subclasses between the sorghum samples. The results indicated that phenolic compounds were concentrated on the bran, and free and bound extracts had different phenolic composition. The phenolic compound/subclass profile varied greatly among sorghum genotypes. Brown sorghum genotype (IS131C) had the highest concentration of total phenolic contents, and the bran fraction of brown sorghum had the most abundant and diverse phenolic composition among all tested samples. This study provides the most comprehensive phenolic profile of Australian representative sorghum grains up to date.

Asunto(s)

Sorghum , Australia , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Genotipo , Extractos Vegetales , Sorghum/genética , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem

RESUMEN

Mediterranean plant Helichrysum italicum represents a rich source of versatile bioactive compounds with potential benefits for human health. Despite extensive research on the plant's active constituents, little attention has yet been paid to characterizing the relationship between its intra-specific genetic diversity and metabolite profile. The study aimed to determine metabolic profile of H. italicum ssp. italicum (HII) and ssp. tyrrhenicum (HIT) cultivated on the experimental plantation in Slovenia and to compare the chemical composition of extracts regarding the solvent extraction process. Extracts were prepared upon conventional extract preparation procedures: maceration with 50 % methanol or ethanol and cold or hot water infusion and analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection-Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS). One hundred compounds were identified in the samples, among them several isomers and derivatives were reported for the first time, while caffeoylquinic acids and pyrones were the most abundant. Semi-quantitative comparison revealed that the extraction procedure had a greater impact on the chemical profile than genetic variability. All HIT extracts showed a higher total phenolic content compared to HII, while the antioxidant potential evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil test was not proportionally higher. In addition, hot water extracts proved to be comparably active as alcoholic ones, confirming high commercial potential of Helichrysum italicum as herbal functional beverages.

RESUMEN

Fava beans are considered basic food in Egypt and all over the world. They are a source of many bioactive secondary metabolites. Since there are many Egyptian cultivars of fava beans, this study addresses comparative chemical profiling of three Egyptian cultivars of fava beans namely Sakha 3, Nubaria 3, and Giza 843. The study also focuses on the effect of germination on the chemical profile of phenolic compounds and saponins. Sixty-five metabolites were characterized based on their UV spectra, accurate MS, and MS/MS data using RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS, including 37 metabolites reported for the first time in fava beans. The observed metabolites are phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, nucleosides, organic acids, sugars, and a jasmonate. In fact, upon quantifying the area of metabolites in their chromatographic profiles, it was remarkable that germination increased the quantities of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins. Moreover, the yield (%) of extracts, TPC, and DPPH increased upon sprouting. The TPC and the relative amounts of flavones, saponins, and amino acids showed a good positive correlation with DPPH. These findings elucidated the first report on the metabolic profiling of these cultivars as well as their antioxidant activities.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Vicia faba , Egipto , Semillas , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem

RESUMEN

Zygophyllum album is traditionally used against many illnesses, such as liver disease. The present study investigated the bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Z. album (MEZA) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and explored its possible antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hepatoprotective effect. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside being the main one was the main composite (144.6 mg/100 g dm). Results showed that MEZA reduced significantly the biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH and ALP), and the hepatic oxidative stress indicators (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in deltamethrin (DLM)-treated rats. Moreover, MEZA limited the inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB gene, which suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6). Furthermore, Z. album reduced DLM-induced apoptosis by attenuating caspase 3 and p53 mRNA activation. MEZA treatment also alleviated upregulation of α-SMA, type I collagen, and TGF-ß1 mRNA in the liver. The possible antifibrotic effect of MEZA was clearly demonstrated by the histopathology examination, using Masson's Trichrome and Sirius Red stainings. Therefore, the current study suggested that the bioactive compounds of Z. album possessed antifibrotic effect against DLM-induced hepatic fibrosis, by protecting liver tissue, and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-ß1/Smads signaling pathways.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Zygophyllum/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Masculino , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Proteínas Smad/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo

RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Zygophyllum album is widely used to treat many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and as anti-inflammatory plant. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the potential protective effects of Zygophyllum album roots extract (ZARE) against myocardial damage and fibrosis induced by a chronic exposure to deltamethrin (DLM) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bioactive compounds present in ZARE were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. In vivo, DLM (4 mg/kg body weight), ZARE (400 mg/kg body weight) and DLM with ZARE were administered to rats orally for 60 days. Biochemical markers (LDH, ALT, CK, CK-MB and cTn-I) were assessed in the plasma by an auto-analyzer. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) were evaluated by a sandwich ELISA. NF-κB was quantified at mRNA levels by real time PCR. Heart tissue was used to determine cardiac oxidative stress markers (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx). Masson's Trichrome (MT) and Sirius Red (SR) stainings were used for explored fibrosis statues. RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS revealed the presence of twenty six molecules including phenolic compounds and saponins. ZARE significantly improved the heart injury markers (LDH, ALT, CK, CK-MB and cTn-I), lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein oxidation (PC), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, and GPx), and DNA structure, which were altered by DLM exposure. Moreover, ZARE cotreatment reduced the expressions of NF-κB, decreased plasmatic pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6), and suppressed the myocardial collagen deposition, as observed by Sirius Red and Masson's Trichrome staining. CONCLUSION: ZARE ameliorated the severity of DLM-induced myocardial injuries through improving the oxidative status and reducing profibrotic cytokines production. The ZARE actions could be mediated by downregulation of NF-κB mRNA.

Asunto(s)

Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Infarto del Miocardio/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Zygophyllum/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Cardiotónicos/química , Cardiotónicos/aislamiento & purificación , Cardiotónicos/uso terapéutico , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Etnofarmacología , Humanos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Infarto del Miocardio/inducido químicamente , Infarto del Miocardio/inmunología , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Miocardio/inmunología , Miocardio/patología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Nitrilos/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas/química , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Túnez

RESUMEN

Avocado seed and seed coat are important by-products from avocado industrialization, with important functional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile and other polar compounds of avocado seed and seed coat using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and liquid chromatography coupled to Ultra-High-Definition Accurate-Mass Q-TOF. In this research 84 compounds were identified, within eight subclass group, among these 45 phenolic compounds were identified for first time in avocado seed. Condensed tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids were the most representative groups in both samples. As far as we are concerned, this is the first time that avocado seed coat has been studied regarding its phenolic compounds using such a powerful instrumental technique. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities were analysed in order to estimate the antioxidant potential of extracts. These results point out that avocado seed and seed coat constitute a source of bioactive ingredients for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Persea/química , Polifenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Semillas/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta , Antioxidantes/química , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Capacidad de Absorbancia de Radicales de Oxígeno , Picratos/química , Polifenoles/química , Solventes/química , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia

RESUMEN

Industrially the avocado pulp is exploited principally as oil and paste, generating a huge quantity of peel and seed as by-products. Avocado peel is a promising inexpensive candidate for recovery phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was to identify the bioactive compounds present in an extract of avocado peel obtained by a green extraction technique. Accelerated solvent extraction was performed using water and ethanol as extraction solvents. Liquid chromatography coupled to ultra-high-definition accurate-mass spectrometry was used in order to identify the bioactive compounds. A total of sixty-one compounds belonging to eleven families were identified. Procyanidins, flavonols, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids were the most common compounds. A sum of thirty-five compounds has been identified here for the first time in avocado peel. These results confirm the potential of avocado peel as a source of bioactive ingredients for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.

Asunto(s)

Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Persea/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Ácidos Cumáricos/análisis , Flavonoles/análisis , Tecnología Química Verde , Hidroxibenzoatos/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Proantocianidinas/análisis , Solventes/química

RESUMEN

Mango industry processing generates high quantities of mango by-products such as peels and seeds (35%-60% of the fruit). Indeed, it is known that mango and its by-products contain different families of bioactive compounds that possess several health benefits. Thus, the aim of this study has been the determination of different families of phenolic derivatives (free and bound phenolic compounds and alk(en)ylresorcinols (ARs)) in mango edible part and its by-products (peel, seed and seed husk) from three different cultivars. This is the first study that evaluates the phenolic compounds and ARs in the four fractions of mango of three different cultivars. Special attention has been paid to the determination of anthocyanins and ARs, because these families of compounds had not been studied in depth in mango. In fact, petunidin rutinoside-(p-coumaric acid) gallate was found in mango pulp, peel, seed and seed husk of the three cultivars and, it had never been described in mango before. It is also important to highlight that this is the first time that the identification and quantification of ARs have been performed in mango seed and seed husk; besides, four and five out of eleven alk(en)ylresorcinols detected in peel and pulp, respectively, were identified for the first time in these mango fractions. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and FRAP assays. Seed free and bound phenolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant capacity.

Asunto(s)

Frutas/química , Mangifera/química , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Fenoles/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Semillas/química

RESUMEN

Shen-Shuai-Ning (SSN) granule, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is widely used in clinical practice for treating chronic renal failure. However, its detailed chemical profile is unknown. Here, HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS was employed for the systematic chemical analysis of SSN. A total of 52 compounds were identified and the characteristic ions of the compounds were described. Furthermore, chemical consistency between the combined decoction and the separated decoction of SSN was evaluated using HPLC-DAD. A chemical comparison between two preparations of SSN granule (combined decoction and separated decoction of Coptides Rhizoma) indicated a significant difference in the content of many compounds, including salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, berberine, palmatine and epiberberine. As a result, separated decoction of Coptides Rhizoma would lead to a significantly decrease in depsides in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and an increase in alkaloids in Coptidis Rhizoma.

Asunto(s)

Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/análisis , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray/métodos , Benzofuranos , Alcaloides de Berberina , Ácidos Cafeicos , Composición de Medicamentos , Flavonas , Lactatos , Saponinas

RESUMEN

Psidium guajava L. is widely used like food and in folk medicine all around the world. Many studies have demonstrated that guava leaves have anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities, among others, and that these activities belong mainly to phenolic compounds, although it is known that phenolic composition in guava tree varies throughout seasonal changes. Andalusia is one of the regions in Europe where guava is grown, thus, the aim of this work was to study the phenolic compounds present in Andalusian guava leaves at different oxidation states (low, medium, and high). The phenolic compounds in guava leaves were determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. The results obtained by chromatographic analysis reported that guava leaves with low degree of oxidation had a higher content of flavonols, gallic, and ellagic derivatives compared to the other two guava leaf samples. Contrary, high oxidation state guava leaves reported the highest content of cyanidin-glucoside that was 2.6 and 15 times higher than guava leaves with medium and low oxidation state, respectively. The QTOF platform permitted the determination of several phenolic compounds with anti-diabetic properties and provided new information about guava leaf phenolic composition that could be useful for nutraceutical production.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/análisis , Hipoglucemiantes/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Psidium/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Fenoles/farmacología

RESUMEN

Free and bound phenolic and other polar compounds in mango edible fraction and its by-products (peel, seed, and seed husk) have been determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-qTOF-MS. This analytical technique has demonstrated to be a valuable platform for the identification and quantification of these compounds in mango. In fact, UV-Vis and mass spectra data allowed the determination of 91 free compounds and 13 bound (cell wall linked) compounds taking into account the four fractions of mango. To our knowledge, this is the first time that mango seed husk has been studied regarding its phenolic compounds. The method proposed showed LODs between 0.006 and 0.85 µg/mL and accuracy ranged from 94.8 and 100.7%. Mango peel presented the highest concentration of free polar compounds followed by seed, pulp, and seed husk. It is also important to highlight that bound phenolic compounds had never been determined in mango pulp, seed, and seed husk before. Furthermore, ellagic acid was the most abundant bound compound in the four mango fractions analyzed. These results show that mango pulp and its by-products are a good source of phenolic and other polar compounds. In particular, mango seed contains a high total concentration of ellagic acid (650 mg/100 g dry weight).

Asunto(s)

Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Frutas/química , Mangifera/química , Fenoles/análisis , Semillas/química , Límite de Detección , Espectrometría de Masas , Fenoles/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados

RESUMEN

The aim of this work was to characterise the phenolic compounds in artichoke (hearts) by using HPLC coupled to DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS, which proved useful in characterising 61 phenolic and other polar compounds. Notably, of the 61 compounds characterised, 34 new phenolic compounds with their isomers have been tentatively characterised in artichoke for the first time, namely: 3 hydroxybenzoic acids, 17 hydroxycinnamic acids, 4 lignans, 7 flavones, 2 flavonols, and 1 phenol derivative. Moreover, a total of 28 isomers of previously described phenolics have also been detected. The data compiled from the qualitative polyphenol characterisation indicate that the artichoke extract analysed (Blanca de Tudela variety) could be regarded as a bioactive functional food and also as a promising source of antioxidant phenolic compounds.

Asunto(s)

Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cynara scolymus/química , Fenoles/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/instrumentación , Alimentos Funcionales/análisis , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray/métodos