RESUMEN
Food processing waste and by-products such as peel of citrus fruit, melon, mango, pineapple, etc. and fruit pomace can be utilized for manufacturing of several high-value products. Valorization of these waste and by-products for extraction of pectin, can help offset growing environmental concerns, facilitate value-addition of by-products and their sustainable uses. Pectin has many applications in food industries such as gelling, thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying agent, and as a dietary fibre. This review elaborates on various conventional and advanced, sustainable pectin extraction techniques, and paints a comparative picture between them considering extraction efficiency, quality, and functionality of the pectin. Conventional acid, alkali, and chelating agents-assisted extraction have been profusely used for pectin extraction, but advanced extraction technologies e.g., enzyme, microwave, supercritical water, ultrasonication, pulse electric field and high-pressure extraction are preferred due to less energy consumption, better quality product, higher yield, and minimal or no generation of harmful effluent.
Asunto(s)
Citrus , Pectinas , Industria de Alimentos , Manipulación de Alimentos , Fibras de la DietaRESUMEN
Carotenoids are pigments naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, and responsible for their yellow to red colors. They also have several bioactive properties, making them interesting alternatives to the artificial colorants commonly used in the food industry. This review compiles an updated research progress about green production of carotenoid-based colorants focusing on the benefits associated with their sustainable extraction from agro-wastes, also considering the environmental aspects associated to the processes. Taking into account the hydrophobic nature of carotenoids and their susceptibility to degradation when exposed to technological and/or storage conditions (e.g., light, heat, and oxygen), protecting strategies based on nanotechnological approaches were presented as tools to avoid degradation and thus, retain the bioactive properties. Additionally, the effect of such nanotechnological strategies on carotenoids bioaccessibility and bioavailability was reviewed and discussed. Finally, the health-related properties of carotenoids that make them promising candidates to be used not only as functional food ingredients but also in therapeutic applications and in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries were also considered.
Asunto(s)
Frutas , Verduras , Disponibilidad Biológica , Carotenoides/análisis , Industria de Alimentos , Frutas/química , Verduras/químicaRESUMEN
Large amounts of food processing byproducts (FPBs) are generated from food manufacturing industries, the second-largest portion of food waste generation. FPBs may require additional cost for post-treatment otherwise cause environmental contamination. Valorization of FPBs into food ingredients by microalgae cultivation can save a high cost for organic carbon sources and nutrients from medium cost. This study reviews FPBs generation categorized by industry and traditional disposal. In contrast with the low-value production, FPBs utilization as the nutrient-abundant medium for microalgae can lead to high-value production. Due to the complex composition in FPBs, various pretreatment methods have been applied to extract the desired compounds and medium preparation. Using the FPB-based medium resulted in cost reduction and a productivity enhancement in previous literature. Although there are still challenges to overcome to achieve economic viability and environmental sustainability, the microalgal transformation of FPBs is attractive for functional food ingredients production.
Asunto(s)
Ingredientes Alimentarios , Microalgas , Eliminación de Residuos , Biocombustibles , Biomasa , Alimentos , Manipulación de AlimentosRESUMEN
Byproducts of food processing can be utilized for the production of high-value-added enzyme cocktails. In this study, we utilized integrated functional omics technology to analyze composition and functional characteristics of extracellular enzymes produced by Aspergillus niger grown on food processing byproducts. The results showed that oligosaccharides constituted by arabinose, xylose, and glucose in wheat bran were able to efficiently induce the production of extracellular enzymes of A. niger. Compared with other substrates, wheat bran was more effective at inducing the secretion of ß-glucosidases from GH1 and GH3 families, as well as >50% of proteases from A1-family aspartic proteases. Compared with proteins induced by single wheat bran or soybean dregs, the protein yield induced by their mixture was doubled, and the time required to reach peak enzyme activity was shortened by 25%. This study provided a technical platform for the complex formulation of various substrates and functional analysis of extracellular enzymes.
Asunto(s)
Aspergillus niger/enzimología , Aspergillus niger/crecimiento & desarrollo , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Manipulación de Alimentos , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Residuos , Arabinosa/farmacología , Proteasas de Ácido Aspártico/biosíntesis , Celulasas/biosíntesis , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Grano Comestible/química , Fermentación , Glucosa/farmacología , Glicósido Hidrolasas/biosíntesis , Péptido Hidrolasas/biosíntesis , Xilosa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Fast growing food processing industry in most countries across the world, generates huge quantity of by-products, including pomace, hull, husk, pods, peel, shells, seeds, stems, stalks, bran, washings, pulp refuse, press cakes, etc., which have less use and create considerable environmental pollution. With growing interest in health promoting functional foods, the demand of natural bioactives has increased and exploration for new sources is on the way. Many of the food processing industrial by-products are rich sources of dietary, functional, and novel fibers. These by-products can be directly (or after certain modifications for isolation or purification of fiber) used for the manufacture of various foods, i.e. bread, buns, cake, pasta, noodles, biscuit, ice creams, yogurts, cheese, beverages, milk shakes, instant breakfasts, ice tea, juices, sports drinks, wine, powdered drink, fermented milk products, meat products and meat analogues, synthetic meat, etc. A comprehensive literature survey has been carried on this topic to give an overview in the field dietary fiber from food by-products. In this article, the developments in the definition of fiber, fiber classification, potential sources of dietary fibers in food processing by-products, their uses, functional properties, caloric content, energy values and the labelling regulations have been discussed.
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Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Manipulación de Alimentos , Alimentos Funcionales/análisis , Aditivos Alimentarios/análisis , Etiquetado de Alimentos/normas , Carne/análisis , Productos de la Carne/análisis , Valor NutritivoRESUMEN
A nonpathogenic bacterial strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TUL 308 synthesized minor 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) amounts from glucose, fructose, sucrose, and glycerol, and efficiently produced the diol from molasses and hydrolysates of food processing residues. Batch fermentations yielded 16.53, 10.72, and 5 g/L 2,3-BD from enzymatic hydrolysates of apple pomace, dried sugar beet pulp, and potato pulp (at initial concentrations equivalent to 45, 20, and 30 g/L glucose, respectively), and 25.3 g/L 2,3-BD from molasses (at its initial concentration equivalent to 60 g/L saccharose). Fed-batch fermentations in the molasses-based medium with four feedings with either glucose or sucrose (in doses increasing their concentration by 25 g/L) resulted in around twice higher maximum 2,3-BD concentration (of about 60 and 50 g/L, respectively). The GRAS Bacillus strain is an efficient 2,3-BD producer from food industry byproducts.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/metabolismo , Butileno Glicoles/metabolismo , Manipulación de Alimentos , Beta vulgaris/metabolismo , Biomasa , Reactores Biológicos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Medios de Cultivo , Fermentación , MelazaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chemical compositions and ensiling on the biogas productivity and degradation rates of agricultural and food processing by-products (AFPBPs) using the biogas potential test. The AFPBPs were classified based on their chemical compositions (i.e., carbohydrate, protein and fat contents). The biogas and methane potentials of AFPBPs were calculated to range from 450 to 777 mL/g volatile solids (VS) and 260-543 mL/g VS, respectively. AFPBPs with high fat and protein contents produced significantly higher amounts of biogas than AFPBPs with high carbohydrate and low fat contents. The degradation rate was faster for AFPBPs with high carbohydrate contents compared to AFPBPs with high protein and fat contents. The lag phase and biogas production duration were lower when using ensiled AFPBPs than when using nonsilage AFPBPs. Among the four different silages tested, two silages significantly improved biogas production compared to the nonsilage AFPBPs.