RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Local leafy vegetables are gaining attention as affordable sources of micronutrients, including vitamins, pro-vitamin carotenoids and other bioactive compounds. Stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) are used as source of fibers, herbal medicine and food. However, despite the relatively wide geographical spread of Urtica leptophylla on the American continent, little is known about its content of vitamin E congeners and carotenoids. We therefore investigated the particular nutritional potential of different plant structures of wild Costa Rican U. leptophylla by focusing on their vitamin E and carotenoid profiles. RESULTS: Young, mature and herbivore-damaged leaves, flowers, stems and petioles were collected and freeze-dried. Vitamin E and carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after liquid/liquid extraction with hexane. α-Tocopherol was the major vitamin E congener in all structures. Flowers had a high content of γ-tocopherol. Herbivore-damaged leaves had higher contents of vitamin E than undamaged leaves. Lutein was the major and ß-carotene the second most abundant carotenoid in U. leptophylla. No differences in carotenoid profiles were observed between damaged and undamaged leaves. CONCLUSION: The leaves of U. leptophylla had the highest nutritional value of all analyzed structures; therefore, they might represent a potential source of α-tocopherol, lutein and ß-carotene. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Urtica dioica , Vitamina E , Carotenoides/análise , Costa Rica , Flores/química , Hexanos , Luteína/análise , Vitamina E/análise , Vitaminas/análise , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , beta Caroteno/análise , gama-Tocoferol/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplementation of an alpha- and gamma-tocopherol mixture (1:5 ratio) in the adipose tissue expansion, hepatic steatosis, and expression of inflammatory markers induced by consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed for 12 wk and divided into the following: 1) control diet (CD; 10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates); 2) CD + TF (CD plus alpha-tocopherol: 0.7 mg/kg/d, gamma-tocopherol: 3.5 mg/kg/d); 3) HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates); and 4) HFD + TF (HFD plus alpha-tocopherol: 0.7 mg/kg/d, gamma-tocopherol: 3.5 mg/kg/d). General parameters, adipocyte size, liver steatosis, adipose and hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 ß (IL-1ß) expression, hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Tocopherol supplementation in HFD-fed mice showed a significant decrease in the body weight (19%) and adipose tissue weight (52%), adipose tissue/body weight ratio (36%), and serum triacylglycerols (56%); a 42% decrease (P < 0.05) of adipocyte size compared to HFD; attenuation of liver steatosis by decreasing (P < 0.05) lipid vesicles presence (90%) and total lipid content (75%); and downregulation of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1ß), along with an upregulation of hepatic PPAR-α expression and its downstream-regulated genes (ACOX and CAT-1), and an inhibition of hepatic NF-κB activation. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that alpha- and gamma-tocopherol (1:5 ratio) supplementation attenuates the adipocyte enlargement, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic inflammation induced by HFD in association with PPAR-α/NF-κB modulation.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fígado Gorduroso , Tecido Adiposo , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Fígado , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Expansão de Tecido , gama-Tocoferol/farmacologiaRESUMO
The quinoa oil presents benefits to health, but its low water dispersibility in the aqueous matrix and instability of bioactive compounds is challenging for food application. This study performed the physicochemical and chemical characterization of quinoa oil and evaluated its water dispersibility and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity after nanoencapsulation in porcine gelatin and combination with whey protein isolate by emulsification O/W technique. Thus, three formulations were obtained: 1) OG-containing quinoa oil and porcine gelatin in aqueous phase 2; 2) OWG1-containing quinoa oil, whey protein isolate, and porcine gelatin in aqueous phase 2; and 3) OWG2-containing quinoa oil and whey protein isolate in aqueous phase 1, and porcine gelatin in aqueous phase 2. The oil characterization showed that quinoa oil presented the predominance of linoleic acid (53.4%), and concentration of alpha and gamma-tocopherol, respectively, of 8.56 and 6.28 mg.100g-1. All formulations presented a smooth surface without depression or cracking, an average diameter between 165.77 and 529.70 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated chemical interaction between the encapsulating agents and the oil in all formulations, being more intensified in OWG1 and OWG2. Based on this, these formulations showed higher dispersibility in aqueous solution [68% (3.48) and 71% (2.97)]. This resulted in higher antioxidant activity for OWG1 and OWG2, showing the amounts that reduces antioxidant activity by 50% equal to 5.30 (0.19) mg/mL and 5.54 (0.27) mg/mL, respectively, compared to quinoa oil [13.36 (0.28) mg/mL] (p < 0.05). Thus, quinoa oil nanoencapsulation proved to be an efficient alternative to enable water-dispersibility and enhance antioxidant activity, increasing its potential for application in the food industry.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Chenopodium quinoa/química , Gelatina/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Indústria Alimentícia , Ácido Linoleico/isolamento & purificação , Nanopartículas , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Suínos , Água , alfa-Tocoferol/isolamento & purificação , gama-Tocoferol/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Walnut kernels contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids that determine a limited shelf life on these nuts. The application of walnut phenolics as antioxidants through a walnut protein-based coating, obtained from walnut oil cake residue, can help to increase the shelf life of walnuts. The objective was to evaluate the preservative effect of walnut polyphenols included in a walnut-proteic edible coating on walnut kernels. Three treatments of walnuts coated with walnut flour were prepared: without the addition of antioxidants (control); with the addition of a walnut phenolic extract; and with the addition of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). On the last storage day, the sample with the addition of walnut phenolics presented a lower peroxide (3.64 meq 02 /kg oil) and anisidine value (1.11), conjugated diene (15.92), and hexanal content (19.67 × 106 e.c.) than the control sample (6.23, 1.81, 24.65, and 122.37 × 106 e.c., respectively). Also, on the last day, the control sample showed the highest deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 74.83 to 71.08 g/100g), carotenoid (from 3.43 to 1.90 mg/kg), and γ-tocopherol content (from 349.66 to 298.42 mg/kg). In addition, this sample exhibited the highest oxidized (20.33) and the lowest walnut flavor intensity (64.67) on day 84. Regarding consumer acceptance, the phenolic-added sample displayed a greater flavor acceptance score. Walnut phenolics, implemented through a walnut protein-based coating, improve the preservation of walnuts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The combination of walnut-phenolic extracts and walnut-based edible coating applied on walnuts by food industries allows to prolong their shelf life, by preserving their nutritional, sensory, and quality properties. Considering the practical feasibility, the procedure used to prepare these products is simple and requires machineries already present in food industries. In addition, the utilization of this coating with walnut-phenolics exerts benefits like, the prevention of allergen cross-contamination in the chain of production, the utilization of an industry's residue, the replacement of synthetic antioxidants and, and the diminishment of the amount and thickness of plastic needed for walnuts' packaging.
Assuntos
Filmes Comestíveis , Juglans/química , Nozes/química , Fenóis/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/análise , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Polifenóis/análise , Paladar , gama-Tocoferol/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that maternal plasma alpha-tocopherol levels are associated with protection from childhood wheeze and that this protection is modified by gamma-tocopherol. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective nested study in the Infant Susceptibility to Pulmonary Infections and Asthma Following Respiratory Syncytial Virus Exposure birth cohort of 652 children with postpartum maternal plasma vitamin E isoforms used as a surrogate for pregnancy concentrations. Our outcomes were wheezing and recurrent wheezing over a 2-year period, ascertained using validated questionnaires. We assessed the association of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol with wheezing outcomes using multivariable adjusted logistic regression, and tested for interaction between the isoforms with respect to the risk for wheezing outcomes. RESULTS: Children with wheezing (n = 547, n = 167; 31%) and recurrent wheezing (n = 545, n = 55; 10.1%) over a 2-year period were born to mothers with significantly lower postpartum maternal plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, P = .016 and P = .007, respectively. In analyses of IQR increases, alpha-tocopherol was associated with decreased risk of wheezing (aOR 0.70 [95% CI 0.53,0.92]) and recurrent wheezing (aOR 0.63 [95% CI 0.42,0.95]). For gamma-tocopherol, the aOR for wheezing was 0.79 (95% CI 0.56-1.10) and the aOR for recurrent wheezing was 0.56 (95% CI 0.33-0.94, with nonmonotonic association). The association of alpha-tocopherol with wheezing was modified by gamma-tocopherol (P interaction = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Increases in postpartum maternal plasma alpha-tocopherol isoform concentrations were associated with decreased likelihood of wheezing over a 2-year period. Gamma-tocopherol modified this association.
Assuntos
Asma/epidemiologia , Período Pós-Parto/sangue , Sons Respiratórios , alfa-Tocoferol/sangue , gama-Tocoferol/sangue , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is a deleterious condition associated with liver transplantation or resection that involves pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Considering that Rosa Mosqueta (RM) oil composition is rich in protective components such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and tocopherols, we studied the effects of RM oil supplementation given prior to an IR protocol. Male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving RM oil (0.4 mL d-1) for 21 days were subjected to 1 h of ischemia followed by 20 h reperfusion. Parameters of liver injury (serum transaminases, histology), oxidative stress [liver contents of protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid reactants, Nrf2 activity and its target mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1)] and inflammation [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and its target mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukine-1ß (IL-1ß)] were studied. RM oil increased liver ALA and its derived EPA and DHA fatty acids' contents, with enhancement in those of α- and γ-tocopherols. IR induced inflammatory liver injury, with enhancement in serum transaminases, oxidative stress-related parameters with reduced Nrf2 signaling, and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines, indexes that were attenuated or abrogated by RM oil pretreatment. It is concluded that RM oil supplementation represents a novel non-invasive preconditioning strategy against liver injury induced by IR that has potential clinical applications in metabolic stress conditions.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fígado/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Rosa/química , Animais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/imunologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Sementes/química , Transdução de Sinais , Desmame , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/uso terapêutico , alfa-Tocoferol/metabolismo , alfa-Tocoferol/uso terapêutico , gama-Tocoferol/metabolismo , gama-Tocoferol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of tocopherols present in Rosa mosqueta oil (RM) in the prevention of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced alterations. METHODS: Male C57 BL/6 J mice (n = 9/group) were fed for 12 wk and divided into four groups: control (CD; 10% kcal fat, 20% kcal protein, 70% kcal carbohydrates); HFD (60% as fat, 20% kcal protein, 20% kcal carbohydrates); HFD + RM (0.01 mL/g body weight/d); and HFD + RM- without tocopherols (0.01 mL/g body weight/d). Parameters of obesity, liver steatosis (histology, triacylglycerols content), inflammation (adipose NLRP3 inflammasome, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 ß expression, hepatic nuclear factor-κB) and oxidative stress (hepatic Nrf2 activation, carbonylated proteins) were evaluated. RESULTS: Liver steatosis, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the HFD + RM- compared with the HFD + RM, with no differences between HFD and HFD + RM-. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that α- and γ-tocopherols from RM may have an important role in the prevention of alterations induced by HFD.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Rosa , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacologia , gama-Tocoferol/farmacologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Soybean is a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavones, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The amount of bioactive compounds in freshly harvested soybeans and their derived products has been determined; however, when they are used in the food industry, soybeans are generally stored prior to being processed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean moisture content (12%, 15%, and 18%) and storage temperature (11, 18, 25, and 32 °C) on the free phenolic, total flavonoid, vanillic acid, total carotenoid, and δ- and γ-tocopherol content of soybeans stored for 12 mo. Moreover, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of phenolic extracts were determined. There was an increase in free phenolics and total flavonoids in the stored grains compared with the grains on the 1st d of storage. Vanillic acid showed a decrease in soybeans stored at 15% and 18% moisture content and 25 or 32 °C, which indicated some degradation into other metabolites. Total carotenoid content decreased as a function of storage temperature and showed some temperature-dependent degradation. The δ- and γ-tocopherol content also tended to decrease in grains stored at 15% or 18% moisture content or 25 or 32 °C, regardless of the moisture content studied.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Glycine max/química , Sementes/química , Temperatura , Água , Antioxidantes/análise , Benzotiazóis/metabolismo , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Grão Comestível/química , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos , Humanos , Hidroxibenzoatos/análise , Hidroxibenzoatos/farmacologia , Isoflavonas/análise , Isoflavonas/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/farmacologia , Picratos/metabolismo , Ácidos Sulfônicos/metabolismo , gama-Tocoferol/análise , gama-Tocoferol/farmacologiaRESUMO
O alfa- e o gama-tocoferol estão entre os homólogos da vitamina E, que possui importante papel como antioxidante. As fontes dietéticas mais ricas em vitamina E são os óleos vegetais. Este trabalho avaliou os níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos de canola, girassol, milho e soja, e averiguou sua variação com o tempo de armazenamento. Os óleos vegetais foram adquiridos nos supermercados da cidade de Natal/RN, e mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e ao abrigo da luz. As análises foram realizadas em diferentes momentos durante o armazenamento (tempo 0 e após 30, 60 e 90 dias). Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi usada para determinar as concentrações dos analitos. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste de variância (ANOVA) e as diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p < 0,05. Ao final do tempo de armazenamento (90 dias) foi verificada diminuição significativa nos níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferolde 38,7 % e 36,0 %, no óleo de canola; 42,2 % e 22,2 %, no óleo de soja; 28,3 % e 29,2 %, no óleo de girassol;39,0 % e 17,9 %, no óleo de milho, respectivamente. As concentrações de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos vegetais reduziram significativamente após armazenamento, sob as condições empregadas no estudo.
The alpha- and gamma-tocopherol are among the homologues of vitamin E which plays a key role as anantioxidant. The richest dietary sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils. This study aimed at evaluating thealpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents in oils from canola, sunflower, corn and soybeans, and to verify their variations after storage time. The vegetable oils were purchased at supermarkets in Natal / RN, and they were keptat room temperature and protected from light. The tests was made at different times during storage (time 0 and after 30, 60 and 90 days). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determinetheir concentrations. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and thedifferences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. By the end of the storage time (90 days), thealpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents showed a significant decrease of 38.7 % and 36.0 % for canola oil; 42.2 %and 22.2 % in soybean oil; 28.3 % and 29.2 % in sunflower oil; 39.0 % and 17.9 % in corn oil, respectively.The concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils significantly decreased after the storageperiod under the conditions used in this study.
Assuntos
Armazenamento de Produtos , alfa-Tocoferol , gama-Tocoferol , Óleos de PlantasRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to characterize olive core collection with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and fruit traits and to determine AFLP markers significantly associated with these fruit characters in olive. A total of 168 polymorphic AFLP markers generated by five primer combinations and nine fruit traits were used to characterize relationships between 18 olive cultivars. Although all olive cultivars were discriminated from each other by either AFLP markers (<0.75 similarity level) or fruit traits, clustering based on the AFLP markers and fruit traits was not significantly correlated (r = 0.13). Partial clustering of olive cultivars by AFLP markers according to their geographical origin was observed. Associations of AFLP markers with fruits were determined using a multiple-regression analysis with stepwise addition of AFLP markers. Significant associations between eight AFLP markers and fruit traits were identified. While five AFLP markers demonstrated significant negative correlation with fruit and stone weight, width and length and total polyphenols (P < 0.05), three AFLP markers displayed significant positive correlation with α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (P < 0.01). This is the first report on the association of molecular markers with fruit traits in olive. Molecular markers associated with morphological and agronomic traits could be utilized for the breeding of olive cultivars. However, the association power of these markers needs to be confirmed in larger populations, and highly correlated markers should then be converted to PCR-based DNA markers such as sequence-characterized amplified region markers for better utilization.
Assuntos
Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados/métodos , Frutas/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Olea/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA de Plantas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Olea/classificação , Olea/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Análise de Regressão , alfa-Tocoferol/metabolismo , gama-Tocoferol/metabolismoRESUMO
The alpha- and gamma-tocopherol are among the homologues of vitamin E which plays a key role as an antioxidant. The richest dietary sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils. This study aimed at evaluating the alpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents in oils from canola, sunflower, corn and soybeans, and to verify their variations after storage time. The vegetable oils were purchased at supermarkets in Natal / RN, and they were kept at room temperature and protected from light. The tests was made at different times during storage (time 0 and after 30, 60 and 90 days). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine their concentrations. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test; and the differences were considered statistically significant when p 0.05. By the end of the storage time (90 days), the alpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents showed a significant decrease of 38.7 % and 36.0 % for canola oil; 42.2 % and 22.2 % in soybean oil; 28.3 % and 29.2 % in sunflower oil; 39.0 % and 17.9 % in corn oil, respectively. The concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils significantly decreased after the storage period under the conditions used in this study.(AU)
O alfa- e o gama-tocoferol estão entre os homólogos da vitamina E, que possui importante papel como antioxidante. As fontes dietéticas mais ricas em vitamina E são os óleos vegetais. Este trabalho avaliou os níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos de canola, girassol, milho e soja, e averiguou sua variação com o tempo de armazenamento. Os óleos vegetais foram adquiridas nos supermercados da cidade de Natal/RN, e mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e ao abrigo da luz. As análises foram realizadas em diferentes momentos durante o armazenamento (tempo 0 e após 30, 60 e 90 dias). Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi usada para determinar as concentrações dos analitos. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste de variância (ANOVA); as diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p 0,05. Ao final do tempo de armazenamento (90 dias) foi verificada diminuição significativa nos níveis de alfa- e gama-tocoferol de 38,7 % e 36,0 %, no óleo de canola; 42,2 % e 22,2 %, no óleo de soja; 28,3 % e 29,2 %, no óleo de girassol; 39,0 % e 17,9 %, no óleo de milho, respectivamente. As concentrações de alfa- e gama-tocoferol nos óleos vegetais reduziram significativamente após armazenamento, sob as condições empregadas no estudo.(AU)
Assuntos
Óleos de Plantas/química , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , gama-Tocoferol/análise , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Vitamina E/análise , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
Despite recent advances in understanding the biological basis of prostate cancer (PCa), the management of this disease remains a challenge. Chemoprotective agents have been used to protect against or eradicate prostate malignancies. Here, we investigated the protective effect of γ-tocopherol on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP). Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): control (CT): healthy control animals fed a standard diet; control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT): healthy control animals without intervention fed a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg); N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU): rats that received a single dose of MNU (30 mg/kg) plus testosterone propionate (100 mg/kg) and were fed a standard diet; and MNU+γ-tocopherol (MNU+γT): rats that received the same treatment of MNU plus testosterone and were fed with a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg). After 4 months, the VPs were excised to evaluate morphology, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) and androgen receptor (AR) protein expression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. An increase in the incidence of epithelial dysplasias, such as stratified epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, in the MNU group was accompanied by augmented cell proliferation, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression and pro-MMP-9 activity. Stromal thickening and inflammatory foci were also observed. The administration of a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP. The incidence of epithelial dysplasia decreased, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression. The gelatinolytic activity of pro-MMP-9 returned to the levels observed for the CT group. These results suggest that γ-tocopherol acts as a protective agent against MNU-induced prostatic disorders in the rat ventral prostate.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Dieta , Metilnitrosoureia/efeitos adversos , Próstata/patologia , Doenças Prostáticas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Prostáticas/prevenção & controle , gama-Tocoferol/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epitélio/efeitos dos fármacos , Epitélio/metabolismo , Epitélio/patologia , Glutationa S-Transferase pi/metabolismo , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Próstata/metabolismo , Doenças Prostáticas/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , gama-Tocoferol/administração & dosagem , gama-Tocoferol/farmacologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Seeds are considered to be agro-industrial residues, which can be used as source of macronutrients and/or raw material for extraction of vegetable oils, since they present great quantities of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the lipid fractions and the seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp) varieties Nova Caravela, Mini Paulista, Menina Brasileira, and Moranga de Mesa aiming at using them in food. The chemical composition of the seeds was performed according to the official methods of American Oil Chemists' Society and Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Total carotenoids and phenolic compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, while the levels of tocopherols were analyzed by high efficiency liquid chromatography. It was noted that the seeds contain high amounts of macronutrients that are essential for the functioning of the human organism. As to total carotenoids, Mini Paulista and Menina Brasileira pumpkin varieties presented significant amounts, 26.80 and 26.03 µg/g, respectively. Mini Paulista and Nova Caravela pumpkin varieties showed high amounts of total phenolic compounds in the lipid fractions and in the seeds. It was also found that γ-tocopherol is the isomer that stood out in the lipid fractions and in the seeds, mainly in Menina Brasileira. Finally, the consumption of these seeds and use of lipid fractions provide the supply of large quantities of compounds that are beneficial for health and that may be potentially used in food, besides representing an alternative to better use of agro-industrial residues. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bioactive compounds, besides presenting basic nutritional functions, provide metabolic and physiological health benefits when consumed as part of the usual diet. Therefore, there is a growing interest in vegetable oils of special composition, such as the ones extracted from fruit seeds. The seeds of Cucurbita sp are shown to be promising sources of oils, and especially the Cucurbita moschata and maxima species have not yet been fully elucidated. For this reason, it becomes important to investigate the chemical composition and lipid fractions of these seeds, aiming to use them in food.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Cucurbita/química , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Óleos de Plantas/química , Sementes/química , Vitamina E/análise , Antioxidantes/economia , Brasil , Carotenoides/análise , Cucurbita/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gorduras na Dieta/economia , Gorduras na Dieta/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/economia , Suplementos Nutricionais/economia , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Alimentos Fortificados/economia , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Alimento Funcional/análise , Alimento Funcional/economia , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Resíduos Industriais/economia , Valor Nutritivo , Fenóis/análise , Óleos de Plantas/economia , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/economia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Especificidade da Espécie , Vitamina E/economia , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , gama-Tocoferol/análiseRESUMO
γ-tocopherol methyltransferase is an important rate-limiting enzyme involved in tocopherol biosynthesis. The full-length cDNA encoding γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (designated as LsTMT) was cloned from Lactuca sativa for the first time by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and characterized by means of quantitative RT-PCR. The full-length cDNA of LsTMT was 1131 bp, with an open reading frame of 897 bp encoding a γ-tocopherol methyltransferase protein of 298 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 33.06 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.86. Comparative analysis revealed that LsTMT has a close similarity with γ-TMTs from other plant species. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that LsTMT shares a common evolutionary origin based on sequence similarity and has the closest relationship to γ-TMT from the sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Based on quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we found that expression of LsTMT is induced and strengthened by oxidative stresses such as strong light and drought. The cloning and characterization of LsTMT will be helpful to further understanding its role in the tocopherol biosynthesis pathway. We consider it to be a candidate gene for metabolic engineering of vitamin E in vegetable crops.
Assuntos
Lactuca/genética , Metiltransferases/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Biologia Computacional , DNA Complementar/biossíntese , DNA Complementar/genética , Secas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Helianthus/genética , Lactuca/enzimologia , Luz , Metiltransferases/química , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , gama-Tocoferol/metabolismoRESUMO
The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate and shikimate pathways were found to be active in Plasmodium falciparum and both can result in vitamin E biosynthesis in plants and algae. This study biochemically confirmed vitamin E biosynthesis in the malaria parasite, which can be inhibited by usnic acid. Furthermore, we found evidence pointing to a role of this vitamin in infected erythrocytes. These findings not only contribute to current understanding of P. falciparum biology but also reveal a pathway that could serve as a chemotherapeutic target.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/parasitologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Plasmodium falciparum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plasmodium falciparum/metabolismo , Vitamina E/biossíntese , Animais , Benzofuranos/farmacologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/fisiologia , Esquizontes/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquizontes/metabolismo , Vitamina E/análise , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , alfa-Tocoferol/metabolismo , gama-Tocoferol/análise , gama-Tocoferol/metabolismoRESUMO
Estudios epidemiologicos han demostrado el efecto del estado nutricional de los tocoferoles y el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, las cuales son cada vez mas frecuentes en edades tempranas de la vida. Este trabajo relaciona el colesterol total con las concentraciones sericas de tocoferoles en una poblacion de ninos mexicanos, evaluando ademas su estado antioxidante y oxidante. De octubre a diciembre de 2003, se cuantifico en suero a-tocoferol, γ-tocoferol y colesterol total en 1155 niños (12-59 meses) residentes de localidades urbanas y rurales; se evaluo la capacidad antioxidante y el estado oxidante con la produccion de TBARS. Los ninos con cifras de colesterol > 240 mg/dL fue de 577.3 ± 200.8 μg/dL. Sin embargo, cuando se expresaron los tocoferoles en relacion con el colesterol total (μmol/mmol), se observo que los niños con + 1.19), lo que los ubicaba en un adecuado estado nutricional de a-tocoferol, a diferencia del grupo con > 240 mg/dL de colesterol en quienes la relacion fue baja (1.93 ± 0.69). No se observaron diferencias en la capacidad antioxidante del suero, pero si en la produccion de TBARS para los niños con > 200 mg/dL de colesterol. En preescolares los incrementos en el colesterol total limitan la disponibilidad de tocoferoles sericos para los lipidos circulantes, esta condicion a traves del tiempo puede condicionar el desarrollo prematuro de lesiones vasculares mediadas por estres oxidativo.
Epidemiological studies have shown the effect of nutritional status of tocopherols and development of cardiovascular diseases that now are more frequent during early years of life. In this work we evaluated the association between the total cholesterol and serum levels of tocopherols in a population of Mexican children in whom we measured the oxidant status and antioxidant capacity (December 2003). In 1155 children (12-59 months) residents of urban and rural locations we quantified in serum a-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and total cholesterol; the antioxidant capacity and oxidative status were evaluated with the production of TBARS. Children with serum cholesterol > 240 mg/dL cholesterol recorded an average of 577.3 ± 200.8 μg/dL. However, when tocopherols were expressed in relation to total cholesterol (μmol/mmol) found that children with > 240 mg/dL of cholesterol in whom the relationship was low (1.93 ± 0.69). There were no differences in serum antioxidant capacity, but if in the production of TBARS for children with > 200 mg/dL cholesterol. In preschools the increases in total cholesterol limits the availability of serum tocopherol for circulating lipids, this condition over time could determine the early development of vascular injury mediated by oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Colesterol/sangue , alfa-Tocoferol/sangue , gama-Tocoferol/sangue , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Arteriosclerose/etiologia , Lipoproteínas/sangue , México , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , População Urbana , alfa-Tocoferol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Epidemiological studies have shown the effect of nutritional status of tocopherols and development of cardiovascular diseases that now are more frequent during early years of life. In this work we evaluated the association between the total cholesterol and serum levels of tocopherols in a population of Mexican children in whom we measured the oxidant status and antioxidant capacity (December 2003). In 1155 children (12-59 months) residents of urban and rural locations we quantified in serum alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and total cholesterol; the antioxidant capacity and oxidative status were evaluated with the production of TBARS. Children with serum cholesterol < 170 mg/dL had an average of 472.5 +/- 179.6 microg/dL tocopherol in serum and > or = 240 mg/dL cholesterol recorded an average of 577.3 +/- 200.8 microg/dL. However, when tocopherols were expressed in relation to total cholesterol (micromol/mmol) found that children with < 170 mg/dL had the highest ratios (3.06 +/-1.19) which places them in an adequate nutritional status of tocopherol, unlike the group with > or = 240 mg/dL of cholesterol in whom the relationship was low (1.93 +/- 0.69). There were no differences in serum antioxidant capacity, but if in the production of TBARS for children with > or = 200 mg/dL cholesterol. In preschools the increases in total cholesterol limits the availability of serum tocopherol for circulating lipids, this condition over time could determine the early development of vascular injury mediated by oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Colesterol/sangue , alfa-Tocoferol/sangue , gama-Tocoferol/sangue , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Arteriosclerose/etiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Masculino , México , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , População Urbana , alfa-Tocoferol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
We hypothesize that membrane stability of elite swimmers adapted to chronic intense training is dependent on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and tocopherols in blood pools and that the composition of PUFA in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) might be associated with specific subcutaneous fat sites. Our aims were to investigate in male elite swimmers the associations of n-6 and n-3 PUFA and alpha- and gamma-tocopherols with proxies of membrane stability (phase angle and erythrocyte osmotic fragility) and of PUFA in plasma NEFA with specific skinfolds. Brazilian male elite swimmers (n = 20) under regular training for an average of 4.1 h/d and 6.1 d/wk took part in the study. Blood samples were obtained once after 18-hour rest and an overnight fast. Fatty acids were determined in plasma NEFA and erythrocytes by gas chromatolography and tocopherols were determined in plasma and erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography. The status of PUFA was assessed as mean melting point, PUFA index [(Sigman-6 + Sigman-3) / (Sigman-7 + Sigman-9)] and docosahexaenoic acid indices (22:5n-6/22:4n-6 and 22:6n-3/22:5n-6 ratios) calculated from erythrocyte fatty acids. Phase angle was associated with an index of docosahexaenoic acid inadequacy (22:5n-6/22:4n-6; r = -0.53, P = .019) and with 22:5n-3 in erythrocytes (r = 0.51, P = .024), and erythrocyte osmotic fragility was associated with plasma alpha-tocopherol (r = -0.51, P = .05), which is a biomarker of vitamin E status. Plasma NEFAs 18:3n-3 and 20:4n-6 were positively associated with skinfolds of the trunk and arms (r = 0.49-0.59, P = .011-.043). The data presented indicate that n-3 PUFA and vitamin E states possibly improve membrane stability in elite swimmers and that the extent of specific anatomic sites of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the upper body might contribute to the composition of NEFA in the resting state.
Assuntos
Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Gordura Subcutânea , Natação/fisiologia , Vitamina E/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Atletas , Estudos Transversais , Impedância Elétrica , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Osmose , Dobras Cutâneas , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem , alfa-Tocoferol/sangue , gama-Tocoferol/sangueRESUMO
The adulteration of coffee with cereals, coffee twigs, etc. is apparently widespread in Brazil with corn being considered the most widely used. No adequate methods are available to detect such contamination in commercial coffee. A new method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tocopherol determination was developed to detect coffee adulteration by corn. Percentages of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol determined by HPLC in six coffee varieties were 29.0, 61.7, 3.3, and 6.0, respectively. Similar values were obtained in six popular coffee brands. The percentages of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol in six corn samples were 3.6, 91.3, and 5.1, respectively. These differences could be applied to detect corn in a pure coffee sample intentionally contaminated with corn with the best result obtained with gamma-tocopherol. With this methodology, one coffee brand was apparently adulterated (8.9%), most likely with corn. Tocopherol fingerprinting offers the potential to detect adulteration.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/análise , Coffea/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Zea mays/química , gama-Tocoferol/análise , Brasil , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the microscale determination of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in leaves, flowers and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera is reported. The method includes microscale saponification and extraction with n-hexane. Optimized conditions for reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection were as follows: column, 25 cm x 0.46 cm, Exil ODS 5-microm; column temperature, 25 degrees C; mobile phase, a 20:80 (v/v) mixture of methanol:acetonitrile; flow rate, 1.0 ml/min. With these conditions, method precision (relative standard deviation) was 5.6% for alpha-tocopherol and 4.9% for gamma-tocopherol. We used this method to measure alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in samples from M. oleifera as part of nutritional studies in edible plants cultivated in the Northwest México.