RESUMO
The global shrimp market holds substantial prominence within the food industry, registering a significant USD 24.7 billion in worldwide exportation in 2020. However, the production of a safe and high-quality product requires consideration of various factors, including the potential for allergenic reactions, occurrences of foodborne outbreaks, and risks of spoilage. Additionally, the exploration of the recovery of bioactive compounds (e.g., astaxanthin [AX], polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polysaccharides) from shrimp waste demands focused attention. Within this framework, this review seeks to comprehend and assess the utilization of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS), both as a standalone method and combined with other technologies, within the shrimp industry. The objective is to evaluate its applications, limitations, and prospects, with a specific emphasis on delineating the impact of sonication parameters (e.g., power, time, and temperature) on various applications. This includes an examination of undesirable effects and identifying areas of interest for current and prospective research. HIUS has demonstrated promise in enhancing the extraction of bioactive compounds, such as AX, lipids, and chitin, while concurrently addressing concerns such as allergen reduction (e.g., tropomyosin), inactivation of pathogens (e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus), and quality improvement, manifesting in reduced melanosis scores and improved peelability. Nonetheless, potential impediments, particularly related to oxidation processes, especially those associated with lipids, pose a hindrance to its widespread implementation, potentially impacting texture properties. Consequently, further optimization studies remain imperative. Moreover, novel applications of sonication in shrimp processing, including brining, thawing, and drying, represent a promising avenue for expanding the utilization of HIUS in the shrimp industry.
Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos , Penaeidae , Frutos do Mar , Animais , Penaeidae/química , Penaeidae/microbiologia , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Frutos do Mar/análise , Frutos do Mar/microbiologia , Sonicação/métodos , Xantofilas/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Polissacarídeos/análise , Ondas UltrassônicasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Astaxanthin, classified as a xanthophyll, has antioxidant properties about 500 times greater than α-tocopherols and ten times greater than ß-carotenes. Based on the antioxidant activity of this carotenoid, this study aimed to evaluate the shelf-life of tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with astaxanthin, by determining the microbiological quality (colimetry, counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms), physicochemical analyses (colorimetry, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) and sensory analysis. RESULTS: Tilapia supplemented with astaxanthin presented a reduction in the counts of microorganisms (mesophiles and psychrotrophics) and lower lipid oxidation index (TBARS), when compared to fillets of control fish. Colorimetric changes of fillet degradation were observed, associated with increased pH during storage, as well as loss of brightness and texture in addition to worsening of appearance and odor. These deteriorating changes were minimized using astaxanthin. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the beneficial performance of astaxanthin in the shelf-life of tilapia fillets stored under refrigeration. Therefore, dietary supplementation with astaxanthin (100 and 200 mg kg-1 of feed) improves the microbiological and physicochemical quality of tilapia fillets during 50 days of shelf-life. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Tilápia , Animais , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Refrigeração , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Xantofilas/análiseRESUMO
Lactic acid fermentation increases the bioactive properties of shrimp waste. Astaxanthin is the principal carotenoid present in shrimp waste, which can be found esterified in the liquid fraction (liquor) after its lactic acid fermentation. Supercritical CO2 technology has been proposed as a green alternative to obtain astaxanthin from fermented shrimp waste. This study aimed to optimize astaxanthin extraction by supercritical CO2 technology from fermented liquor of shrimp waste and study bioaccessibility using simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GD) of the optimized extract. A Box-Behnken design with three variables (pressure, temperature, and flow rate) was used to optimize the supercritical CO2 extraction. The optimized CO2 extract was obtained at 300 bar, 60 °C, and 6 mL/min, and the estimated characteristics showed a predictive extraction yield of 11.17%, antioxidant capacity of 1.965 mmol of Trolox equivalent (TE)/g, and astaxanthin concentration of 0.6353 µg/g. The experiment with optimal conditions performed to validate the predicted values showed an extraction yield of 12.62%, an antioxidant capacity of 1.784 mmol TE/g, and an astaxanthin concentration of 0.52 µg/g. The astaxanthin concentration decreased, and the antioxidant capacity of the optimized extract increased during gastrointestinal digestion. In conclusion, our optimized supercritical CO2 process is suitable for obtaining astaxanthin from shrimp by-products after lactic acid fermentation.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Penaeidae/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Fermentação , Resíduos , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Native extracts from orange peels were obtained by a conventional method using acetone and, an alternative method using ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl)). The bioaccessibilities and cellular uptakes of carotenoids, esters and chlorophylls were evaluated, since the influence of esterification on bioaccessibility and bioavailability is not well established. For this, the extracts were emulsified, submitted to in vitro simulated digestion model according to the INFOGEST protocol, followed by uptake by Caco-2 cells. Compounds were separated, identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. After digestion, 22.0% and 26.2% of the total carotenoids and 45.9% and 68.7% of the chlorophylls were bioaccessible from the acetone and [C4mim]Cl extracts, respectively. The bioaccessibilities of xanthophylls and carotenes were significantly higher than those of the mono- and diesters. The uptake by Caco-2 cells varied from 130.2 to 131.9 ng/mg cell protein for total carotenoids and from 243.8 to 234.2 ng/mg cell protein for chlorophylls in the acetone and [C4mim]Cl extracts, respectively. In general, xanthophylls and esters were better absorbed than carotenes.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Clorofila/farmacocinética , Citrus sinensis/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Clorofila/análise , Clorofila/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Digestão , Ésteres/farmacocinética , Frutas/química , Humanos , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificação , Xantofilas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The impact of maceration and germination on the concentration of bioactive compounds still needs to be evaluated. The stability of B complex vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine), vitamin E (α, ß, γ, δ tocopherols and tocotrienols), xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) and flavonoids (3-deoxyanthocyanidins-3-DXAs, flavones and flavanones) was evaluated in sorghum grains subjected to maceration and germination, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Maceration and germination reduced thiamine and pyridoxine concentrations (retentions ranging from 3.8 to 50.2%). Riboflavin and Vitamin E concentrations were not affected by maceration. Germination increased riboflavin and reduced vitamin E. 3-DXAs were sensitive to maceration and germination (retentions of 69.6% and 69.9%, respectively). Flavones contents decreased with germination. Our results indicate that, after germination and/or maceration, sorghum had important nutritional and functional value. Thus, its intake, mainly in macerated forms, should be encouraged, since concentrations of riboflavin, vitamin E and flavones were not altered during this processing.
Assuntos
Flavonoides/análise , Germinação , Sorghum/química , Sorghum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Complexo Vitamínico B/análise , Vitamina E/análise , Xantofilas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Grão Comestível/química , Análise de AlimentosRESUMO
Eleven non-conventional tropical fruits were evaluated regarding their nutritional value, antioxidant potential, carotenoid contents and bioaccessibility. The fruits were chosen due to their spread through the Brazilian territory: araçá-boi, jaracatiá, cambuití, seriguela, capeba, pitangatuba, pitanga, buriti, acerola, dovialis and abricó-da-praia. Results have shown that these fruits are in general, i.e. depending on the fruit, rich sources of dietary fibers and minerals, high in moisture, and low in proteins. Twelve carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and results ranged from 0.04 to 104 µg/g wet weight. Xanthophylls stood out, being higher than carotenes for araçá-boi, seriguela, pitangatuba and dovialis. Bioaccessibility varied both between fruits and carotenoids ranging from 2 to 75%. Although the fruit matrix effect, xanthophylls were more bioaccessible than carotenes, while lycopene and γ-carotene presented the poorest bioaccessibility. The present study is fundamental to expand the knowledge about the fruit properties, carotenoids bioaccessibility and potential benefits for health, as well to preserve natural resources and encourage the intake of new fruits for human nutrition.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Carotenoides/análise , Frutas/química , Brasil , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Humanos , Licopeno/análise , Minerais/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Xantofilas/análiseRESUMO
Turbinaria deccurrens Bory contains bioactive compound that is beneficial for health. Turbinaria deccurrens Bory is one of many species of brown seaweed that grows in Indonesian marine life and has been known to have cytotoxic activity. The aim of this study is to determine fucoxantin content and the cytotoxic activity of extract and fraction T. decurrens on colon cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic assay of ethanolic extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic fractions against HCT-116 by MTS assay using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Fucoxantin content in extract and fraction were analyzed using Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. Extract and fraction of T. decurrens contain fucoxanthin with the highest content of fucoxanthin was in ethyl acetate fraction. CCK-8 assay showed that extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the growth of HCT-116. Brown seaweed Turbinaria decurrens was potential as an anticolon cancer agent.
Turbinaria deccurrens Bory contiene compuestos bioactivos que son beneficiosos para la salud. Turbinaria deccurrens Bory es una de muchas especies de algas pardas que crecen en aguas marinas de Indonesia y se ha estudiado su actividad citotóxica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el contenido de fucoxantina y la actividad citotóxica del extracto y la fracción de T. decurrens en líneas celulares de cáncer de colon. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo citotóxico de extracto etanólico, nhexano, acetato de etilo y fracciones etanólicas contra HCT-116 mediante ensayo MTS utilizando Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). El contenido de fucoxantina en el extracto y la fracción se analizaron usando cromatografía líquida de alta resolución de fase reversa (RP-HPLC). El extracto y la fracción de T. decurrens contienen fucoxantina conmayor contenido de fucoxantina en la fracción de acetato de etilo. El ensayo CCK-8 mostró que la fracción de extracto, n-hexano y acetato de etilo inhibía el crecimiento de HCT-116. El alga marrón Turbinaria decurrens es un agente potencial contra el cáncer de colon.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Xantofilas/administração & dosagem , Células HCT116/efeitos dos fármacos , Phaeophyceae , Extratos Vegetais/química , Xantofilas/análise , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Carotenoid profiles, by means of HPLC-PDA-MSn, and CIE-L*C*h° colour values of yellow and red nance fruits from Costa Rica were elucidated. Among 16 carotenoids detected, (all-E)-lutein was the most abundant accounting for >80% of the total carotenoids, followed by (all-E)-zeaxanthin (9-11%) and (all-E)-ß-carotene (2-9%). Minor constituents were (Z)-isomers of lutein and ß-carotene, as well as diverse lutein diesters. Among the esters, lutein dimyristate was the most abundant as substantiated by the comparison with a marigold flower extract. Total carotenoids in the peel (616.2⯵g/100â¯g of FW in yellow nance and 174.2⯵g/100â¯g of FW in red nance) were higher than in the pulp (39.4⯵g/100â¯g of FW in yellow nance and 31.4⯵g/100â¯g of FW in red nance). Since carotenoid profiles of yellow and red varieties were qualitatively similar, although the colour values showed significant differences (77.2 and 88.6â¯h° in peel and pulp of yellow nance, versus 32.7 and 67.3â¯h° in peel and pulp of red nance, respectively), pigments other than carotenoids may impart the colour of red nance. High lutein content renders nance fruit as a nutritionally relevant source of this micronutrient.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/análise , Ésteres/análise , Frutas/química , Malpighiaceae/química , Xantofilas/análise , Carotenoides/classificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cor , Costa Rica , Flores/química , Luteína/análise , Luteína/classificação , Espectrometria de Massas , Pigmentação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Xantofilas/classificação , Zeaxantinas/análise , beta Caroteno/análiseRESUMO
Carotenoids are naturally found in both free form and esterified with fatty acids in most fruits; however, up to now the great majority of studies only evaluated their composition after saponification. This fact is easily explained by the difficult to analyze carotenoid esters. Preliminary studies showed that cleanup procedures in the extract are necessary for further analysis by LC-MS/MS since triacylglycerols (TAGs) impair the MS detection. Considering these facts, we developed a new cleanup procedure to remove TAGs and other lipids from carotenoid fruit extracts. This procedure is based on physical removal of solid lipids at low temperature followed by open column chromatography on MgO and diatomaceous earth. Before cleanup, four carotenoid diesters and two free xanthophylls were identified in murici (Byrsonyma crassifolia), corresponding to about 65% of the total chromatogram area. After carrying out the two-step cleanup procedure, 35 carotenoids were identified, being 14 monoesters, six free carotenoids and 15 carotenoid diesters. We can conclude that this two-step procedure was successfully applied to murici, an Amazonian fruit, which contains high amounts of lipids.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/análise , Pressão Atmosférica , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Ésteres , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Frutas/química , Malpighiaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Triglicerídeos/isolamento & purificação , Xantofilas/análiseRESUMO
Background To study the relationship between intracellular anabolism and astaxanthin production, the influence of intracellular protein and fatty acids on astaxanthin production by four mutant Phaffia rhodozyma strains and their variations was investigated in this research. Results First, the content of astaxanthin in cells showed a reverse fluctuation in contrast to that of protein during the whole fermentation process. Moreover, compared with the three other strains, the astaxanthin-overproducing mutant strain of the yeast P. rhodozyma, called JMU-MVP14, had the highest specific productivity of astaxanthin as 6.8 mg/g, whereas its intracellular protein and fatty acid contents were the lowest. In addition, as a kind of sugar metabolic product, ethanol was only produced by P. rhodozyma JMU-VDL668 and JMU-7B12 during fermentation. Conclusions The results indicated that the accumulation of ethanol, intracellular protein, and fatty acids had competition effects on astaxanthin synthesis. This condition may explain why the P. rhodozyma strains JMU-VDL668 and JMU-7B12 achieved relatively lower astaxanthin production (1.7 and 1.2 mg/L) than the other two strains JMU-MVP14 and JMU-17W (20.4 and 3.9 mg/L).
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Xantofilas/biossíntese , Leveduras , Proteínas/análise , Biomassa , Xantofilas/análise , Técnicas de Cultura , Etanol/análise , Ácidos Graxos , FermentaçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin feed supplementation and environmental nitrite stress in postlarvae of Pleoticus muelleri (15 ± 0.004 mg initial weight) under culture conditions. Diets containing three levels of astaxanthin, 0 mg kg(-1) of diet (C0), 100 mg kg(-1) of diet (C(100)), and 300 mg kg(-1) of diet (C(300)), were used. Postlarvae fed with each diet were exposed to different concentrations of nitrite (NO(2)Na) (0-200 mg L(-1)). The 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of nitrite N were 76.3, 89.7, and 157 mg L(-1) for shrimps fed to C0, C(100), and C(300). The scavenging properties were evaluated against the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical by electron resonance spectroscopy (EPR). For all feed treatments, the extracts exhibited strong DPPH scavenging activity; however, shrimp fed with C(100) and C(300) showed the greatest activity to quench DPPH (62 and 59%, respectively) with respect to C0 (43%). It can be concluded that astaxanthin acts as a protector of nitrite stress in P. muelleri.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Decápodes/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/metabolismo , Nitritos/metabolismo , Animais , Decápodes/química , Decápodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/análise , Radicais Livres/metabolismo , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/metabolismoRESUMO
Plant carotenoids have been implicated in preventing several age-related diseases, and they also provide vitamin A precursors; therefore, increasing the content of carotenoids in maize grains is of great interest. It is not well understood, however, how the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is regulated. Fortunately, the maize germplasm exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity that can be exploited for this purpose. Here, the accumulation of carotenoids and the expression of genes from carotenoid metabolic and catabolic pathways were investigated in several maize landraces. The carotenoid content in grains varied from 10.03, in the white variety MC5, to 61.50 µg·g⻹, in the yellow-to-orange variety MC3, and the major carotenoids detected were lutein and zeaxanthin. PSY1 (phythoene synthase) expression showed a positive correlation with the total carotenoid content. Additionally, the PSY1 and HYD3 (ferredoxin-dependent di-iron monooxygenase) expression levels were positively correlated with ß-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, while CYP97C (cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase) expression did not correlate with any of the carotenoids. In contrast, ZmCCD1 (carotenoid dioxygenase) was more highly expressed at the beginning of grain development, as well as in the white variety, and its expression was inversely correlated with the accumulation of several carotenoids, suggesting that CCD1 is also an important enzyme to be considered when attempting to improve the carotenoid content in maize. The MC27 and MC1 varieties showed the highest HYD3/CYP97C ratios, suggesting that they are promising candidates for increasing the zeaxanthin content; in contrast, MC14 and MC7 showed low HYD3/CYP97C, suggesting that they may be useful in biofortification efforts aimed at promoting the accumulation of provitamin A. The results of this study demonstrate the use of maize germplasm to provide insight into the regulation of genes involved in the carotenoid pathway, which would thus better enable us to select promising varieties for biofortification efforts.
Assuntos
Luteína/biossíntese , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Xantofilas/biossíntese , Zea mays/genética , Criptoxantinas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Luteína/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Transcriptoma , Xantofilas/análise , Zea mays/química , ZeaxantinasRESUMO
Carrot, tomato and papaya represent important dietary sources of ß-carotene and lycopene. The main objective of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of carotenoids from these food sources in healthy human subjects. A total of sixteen participants were recruited for a randomised cross-over study. Test meals containing raw carrots, tomatoes and papayas were adjusted to deliver an equal amount of ß-carotene and lycopene. For the evaluation of bioavailability, TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions containing newly absorbed carotenoids were analysed over 9·5 h after test meal consumption. The bioavailability of ß-carotene from papayas was approximately three times higher than that from carrots and tomatoes, whereas differences in the bioavailability of ß-carotene from carrots and tomatoes were insignificant. Retinyl esters appeared in the TRL fractions at a significantly higher concentration after the consumption of the papaya test meal. Similarly, lycopene was approximately 2·6 times more bioavailable from papayas than from tomatoes. Furthermore, the bioavailability of ß-cryptoxanthin from papayas was shown to be 2·9 and 2·3 times higher than that of the other papaya carotenoids ß-carotene and lycopene, respectively. The morphology of chromoplasts and the physical deposition form of carotenoids were hypothesised to play a major role in the differences observed in the bioavailability of carotenoids from the foods investigated. Particularly, the liquid-crystalline deposition of ß-carotene and the storage of lycopene in very small crystalloids in papayas were found to be associated with their high bioavailability. In conclusion, papaya was shown to provide highly bioavailable ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin and lycopene and may represent a readily available dietary source of provitamin A for reducing the incidence of vitamin A deficiencies in many subtropical and tropical developing countries.
Assuntos
Carica/química , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Daucus carota/química , Frutas/química , Absorção Intestinal , Raízes de Plantas/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Adulto , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/sangue , Costa Rica , Estudos Cross-Over , Criptoxantinas , Feminino , Alimento Funcional/análise , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Lipoproteínas/química , Licopeno , Valor Nutritivo , Período Pós-Prandial , Proteínas de Ligação ao Retinol/química , Ésteres de Retinil , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/sangue , Xantofilas/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem , beta Caroteno/análise , beta Caroteno/sangue , beta Caroteno/metabolismoRESUMO
Dried salted shrimps are made from raw shrimps, which are cooked and dried under direct sunlight. The preparation and storage include treatments and conditions that can promote oxidative changes in different components. The aim of this study was to monitor the formation of major cholesterol oxidation products and the changes in the astaxanthin content and fatty acid profile in dried salted shrimp during cooking, sun drying and storage. During sun drying, most of the astaxanthin (75%) was degraded in cooked shrimp, while cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) showed a dramatic increase (8.6-fold), reaching a total concentration of 372.9 ± 16.3 µg/g of lipids. Further storage favoured both astaxanthin degradation (83%) and COPs formation (886.6 ± 97.9 µg/g of lipids after 90 days of storage). The high degradation of astaxanthin and the elevated formation of COPs during sun drying and storage indicate the necessity to re-evaluate the processing and storage conditions of salted dried shrimp.
Assuntos
Colesterol na Dieta/análise , Conservação de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Penaeidae/química , Frutos do Mar/análise , Animais , Colesterol/química , Colesterol na Dieta/efeitos da radiação , Culinária , Dieta/etnologia , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Hidrólise , Cinética , México , Oxirredução , Penaeidae/efeitos da radiação , Sais/química , Frutos do Mar/efeitos da radiação , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/análise , Luz Solar/efeitos adversos , Água/análise , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/química , Xantofilas/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
For many years, benefits and disadvantages of pigments production either by microalgae or yeasts have been under analysis. In this contribution we shall deal with Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (formerly Phaffia rhodozyma) and Haematococcus pluvialis, which are known as major prominent microorganisms able to synthesize astaxanthin pigment. Then, the usual trend is to look for optimal conditions to conduct astaxanthin synthesis. From one side, pigment production by H. pluvialis is promoted under cellular stress conditions like nutrient deprivation, exposition to high light intensity, aeration. On the other side, X. dendrorhous is able to show significant increase in astaxanthin synthesis when grown in natural carbon sources like coconut milk, grape juice. The main aim of this chapter is to describe optimal environmental conditions for astaxanthin production by X. dendrorhous or H. pluvialis.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Volvocida/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/química , Basidiomycota/citologia , Basidiomycota/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carboidratos/análise , Contagem de Células , Clorofila/análise , Cinética , Fenômenos Ópticos , Padrões de Referência , Volvocida/química , Volvocida/citologia , Volvocida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/biossíntese , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment of high economic value for its use as a feeding component in aquaculture. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basidiomycetous fungi able to synthesize astaxanthin as its major carotenoid, and the only known yeast species bearing the capability to produce this type of carotenoid. Recently, the habitat and intraspecific variability of this species have been found to be wider than previously expected, encouraging the search for new wild strains with potential biotechnological applications. Here we describe effective procedures for isolation of X. dendrorhous from environmental samples, accurate identification of the strains, analysis of their astaxanthin content, and proper conservation of the isolates.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Meio Ambiente , Fermentação , Glucose/metabolismo , Técnicas de Preparação Histocitológica , Fenótipo , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Amido/biossíntese , Microbiologia da Água , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/biossíntese , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Generally two selection markers are required to obtain homozygous mutations in a diploid background, one for each gene copy that is interrupted. In this chapter is described a method that allows the double gene deletions of the two copies of a gene from a diploid organism, a wild-type strain of the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous yeast, using hygromycin B resistance as the only selection marker. To accomplish this, in a first step, a heterozygous hygromycin B-resistant strain is obtained by a single process of transformation (carrying the inserted hph gene). Following, the heterozygous mutant is grown in media with increasing concentrations of the antibiotic. In this way, the strains that became homozygous (by mitotic recombination) for the antibiotic marker would able to growth at higher concentration of the antibiotic than the heterozygous. The method can be potentially applied for obtaining double mutants of other diploid organisms.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/genética , Engenharia Genética/métodos , Mutação , Recombinação Genética , Basidiomycota/efeitos dos fármacos , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Fúngico/isolamento & purificação , Loci Gênicos/genética , Genoma Fúngico/genética , Higromicina B/farmacologia , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Transformação Genética , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/biossíntese , Xantofilas/genéticaRESUMO
The main residue from the shrimp processing is formed by head and carapace and represents from 40 to 50% (w/w) of the integral shrimp. The recovery of the carotenoid fraction from this residue stands for an alternative to increase its aggregated value. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use the pink shrimp waste as raw material to obtain carotenoid enriched extracts, evaluating different pre-treatments and extraction methods. The shrimp waste was supplied by a local public market (Florianópolis, SC, Brazil). The investigation of the different pre-treatments applied to the raw material shows that cooking associated with milling and drying produced the extract richest in carotenoid fraction. The extraction methods considered in this work were Soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound by means of different organic solvents and also a vegetable oil as solvent. The extracts were evaluated in terms of yield, carotenoid profile, total carotenoid content (TCC), UV-Visible scanning spectrophotometry and mid-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that shrimp waste can provide carotenoid enriched extracts, particularly astaxanthin, in concentrations up to 252 µg(astaxanthin)g(extract)(-1). The most adequate solvents were acetone and hexane: isopropanol (50:50, v/v) used in the maceration procedure. The UV-Vis results revealed the presence of carotenoids and flavonoids in the extracts while the FTIR spectroscopy indicated the existence of fatty acids, proteins, and phenolics.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Penaeidae/química , Solventes/química , 2-Propanol/química , Acetona/química , Animais , Brasil , Carotenoides/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Hexanos/química , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Óleos de Plantas/química , Proteínas/análise , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/isolamento & purificação , Espectrofotometria/métodos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/química , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Chitin production was biologically achieved by lactic acid fermentation (LAF) of shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannameii) in a packed bed column reactor with maximal percentages of demineralization (D(MIN)) and deproteinization (D(PROT)) after 96 h of 92 and 94%, respectively. This procedure also afforded high free astaxanthin recovery with up to 2400 µg per gram of silage. Chitin product was also obtained from the shrimp waste by a chemical method using acid and alkali for comparison. The biologically obtained chitin (BIO-C) showed higher M(w) (1200 kDa) and crystallinity index (I(CR)) (86%) than the chemically extracted chitin (CH-C). A multistep freeze-pump-thaw (FPT) methodology was applied to obtain medium M(w) chitosan (400 kDa) with degree of acetylation (DA) ca. 10% from BIO-C, which was higher than that from CH-C. Additionally, I(CR) values showed the preservation of crystalline chitin structure in BIO-C derivatives at low DA (40-25%). Moreover, the FPT deacetylation of the attained BIO-C produced chitosans with bloc copolymer structure inherited from a coarse chitin crystalline morphology. Therefore, our LAF method combined with FPT proved to be an affective biological method to avoid excessive depolymerization and loss of crystallinity during chitosan production, which offers new perspective applications for this material.
Assuntos
Quitina/química , Quitosana/química , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Penaeidae/química , Ácidos/química , Álcalis/química , Animais , Reatores Biológicos , Quitina/análise , Quitina/metabolismo , Quitosana/análise , Quitosana/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Fermentação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiologia , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Resíduos , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/química , Xantofilas/metabolismoRESUMO
Minimally processed kale leaves were packed in passive modified atmosphere and stored at 3 conditions: 1 °C in the dark and 11 °C with or without light exposure. The products were evaluated during storage in terms of headspace gas composition, sensory attributes, flavonol, and carotenoid contents. The sensory quality decreased slightly during 17 d at 1 °C in the dark. At 11 °C, the vegetable shelf life was predicted to be 6 d in the dark and 3 d with light. Quercetin and kaempferol were stable during storage for 15 d at 1 °C in the absence of light. At 11 °C in the dark, quercetin was stable during 10 d, increasing slightly on the 8th day. Kaempferol decreased up to the 5th day but increased on the 8th day, decreasing again on the 10th day. After 5 d at 11 °C under light, the flavonol levels were significantly higher than those of the initial values. Neoxanthin and violaxanthin did not change significantly after 15 d at 1 °C in the dark. Lutein and ß-carotene, however, decreased 7.1% and 11.3%, respectively. At 11 °C in the dark, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and ß-carotene decreased 16.1%, 13.2%, 24.1%, and 23.7% after 10 d, respectively. At 11 °C under light, neoxanthin and lutein had a slight increase while violaxanthin and ß-carotene decreased 23.1% and 16.5% after 5 d. Practical Application: Passive modified atmosphere packaging together with refrigeration can extend the shelf life of minimally processed kale, retaining the health-promoting compounds, flavonols and carotenoids. Quercetin, kaempferol, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin are stable and lutein and ß-carotene slightly reduced.