RESUMO
The obligate intracellular parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, which is the most prevalent parasitic disease in the Americas. The present chemotherapy to control this illness is still deficient particularly in the chronic stage of the disease. The ergosterol biosynthesis pathway has received much attention as a molecular target for the development of new drugs for Chagas disease. Especially, inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of squalene synthase were shown to be effective compounds on T. cruzi proliferation in in vitro assays. In the present study we designed, synthesized and evaluated the effect of a number of isosteric analogues of WC-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), a known squalene synthase inhibitor, on T. cruzi growth in tissue culture cells. The selenium-containing derivatives turned out to be extremely potent inhibitors of T. cruzi growth. Certainly, 3-phenoxyphenoxyethyl, 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl, 4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenoxyethyl, 3-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenoxyethyl selenocyanates and (±)-5-phenoxy-2-(selenocyanatomethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran arose as relevant members of this family of compounds, which exhibited effective ED50 values of 0.084⯵M, 0.11⯵M, 0.083,⯵M, 0.085, and 0.075⯵M, respectively. The results indicate that compounds bearing the selenocyanate moiety are at least two orders of magnitude more potent than the corresponding skeleton counterpart bearing the thiocyanate group. Surprisingly, these compounds exhibited excellent selectively index values ranging from 900 to 1800 making these molecules promising candidates as antiparasitic agents.
Assuntos
Éteres Fenílicos/farmacologia , Selênio/farmacologia , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Éteres Fenílicos/síntese química , Éteres Fenílicos/química , Selênio/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiocianatos/síntese química , Tiocianatos/química , Tripanossomicidas/síntese química , Tripanossomicidas/química , Trypanosoma cruzi/citologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células VeroRESUMO
A high-yielding method for the direct thiocyanation of BODIPY dyes is described. In 1,3-dimethyl BODIPYs, the thiocyanato group adds at position 2, whereas the insertion occurs at position 5 in 3-amino BODIPYs. The transformation of the thiocyanato group enables the synthesis of thioalkylated BODIPYs. 2-Thioalkylated BODIPYs and 3-thiocyanato-5-piperidino BODIPYs exhibit interesting spectroscopical features. Hence, the described synthetic methodology can be used for the photophysical tuning of BODIPY dyes.
Assuntos
Compostos de Boro/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Tiocianatos/química , Alquilação , Compostos de Boro/síntese química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Tiocianatos/síntese químicaRESUMO
Bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been recognized as a significant global health issue. In this study, we carried out the screening of a family of allylic thiocyanates for their action against a diversity of bacteria and fungi with a view to developing new antimicrobial agents. Allylic thiocyanates bearing halogenated aryl groups, which were readily obtained in two steps from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts, showed moderate-to-high activity against selective pathogens, including a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. In particular cases, methyl (Z)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(thiocyanomethyl)-2-propenoate exhibited antimicrobial activity comparable to the reference antibiotic Imipenem.
Assuntos
Compostos Alílicos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Compostos Alílicos/síntese química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tiocianatos/síntese químicaRESUMO
Bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been recognized as a significant global health issue. In this study, we carried out the screening of a family of allylic thiocyanates for their action against a diversity of bacteria and fungi with a view to developing new antimicrobial agents. Allylic thiocyanates bearing halogenated aryl groups, which were readily obtained in two steps from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts, showed moderate-to-high activity against selective pathogens, including a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. In particular cases, methyl (Z)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(thiocyanomethyl)-2-propenoate exhibited antimicrobial activity comparable to the reference antibiotic Imipenem.
Assuntos
Compostos Alílicos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Compostos Alílicos/síntese química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tiocianatos/síntese químicaRESUMO
Bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been recognized as a significant global health issue. In this study, we carried out the screening of a family of allylic thiocyanates for their action against a diversity of bacteria and fungi with a view to developing new antimicrobial agents. Allylic thiocyanates bearing halogenated aryl groups, which were readily obtained in two steps from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts, showed moderate-to-high activity against selective pathogens, including a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. In particular cases, methyl (Z)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(thiocyanomethyl)-2-propenoate exhibited antimicrobial activity comparable to the reference antibiotic Imipenem.
Assuntos
Compostos Alílicos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Compostos Alílicos/síntese química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tiocianatos/síntese químicaRESUMO
As a part of our project pointed at the search of new safe chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents against parasitic diseases, several compounds structurally related to 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (WC-9), which were modified at the terminal aromatic ring, were designed, synthesized and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) and Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis. Most of the synthetic analogs exhibited similar antiparasitic activity being slightly more potent than the reference compound WC-9. For example, the nitro derivative 13 showed an ED50 value of 5.2 µM. Interestingly, the regioisomer of WC-9, compound 36 showed similar inhibitory action than WC-9 indicating that para-phenyl substitution pattern is not necessarily required for biological activity. The biological evaluation against T. gondii was also very promising. The ED50 values corresponding for 13, 36 and 37 were at the very low micromolar level against tachyzoites of T. gondii.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Éteres Fenílicos/farmacologia , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Toxoplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Antiparasitários/síntese química , Antiparasitários/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Éteres Fenílicos/síntese química , Éteres Fenílicos/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiocianatos/síntese química , Tiocianatos/químicaRESUMO
As a continuation of our project aimed at the search for new and safe chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), several drugs structurally related to 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (4) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against the parasite responsible for this disease, the hemoflagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. This thiocyanate derivative was previously shown to be an effective and potent agent against T. cruzi proliferation. Several drugs possessing thiocyanate groups proved to be effective growth inhibitors of T. cruzi growth. Among the designed compounds, it is important to point out the extremely potent activity shown by 11, 23, 38, 53, 90, 99, and 117 against the epimastigote forms of the parasite. All of them exhibited IC(50) values in the low micromolar range, and these values were comparable with those presented by our lead drug 4 and ketokonazole, a well-known antiparasitic agent. The activity displayed by the nitrogen-containing derivative 90 was very promising with IC(50) values of 3.3 microM. Several other thiocyanate derivatives also proved to be very potent inhibitors of the multiplication of T. cruzi epimastigotes, such as compounds 28, 33, 43, 48, 56, 61, 66, 71, 76, and 124. Compound 43 resulted in being a promising drug because it was also very effective against amastigotes, the clinically more relevant form of the parasite. This compound was 3-fold more potent than 4, while 11 showed nearly the same activity as our lead drug against intracellular T. cruzi. It was very surprising that the experimental juvenoid 124, although fairly devoid of activity against epimastigotes, was very effective against intracellular amastigotes growing in myoblasts. The rest of the designed compounds showed a broad degree of inhibitory action, from moderately active drugs to drugs almost devoid of antiparasitic activity. Compound 43 is an interesting example of an effective antichagasic agent that presents excellent prospectives not only as a lead drug but also to be used for further in vivo studies.
Assuntos
Tiocianatos/síntese química , Tripanossomicidas/síntese química , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiocianatos/química , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/química , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
As a part of our project directed at the search of new chemotherapeutic agents against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), several drugs possessing the 4-phenoxyphenoxy skeleton and other closely related structures employing the thiocyanate moiety as polar end group were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for this disease. These thiocyanate analogues were envisioned bearing in mind the potent activity shown by 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (compound 8) taken as lead drug. This compound had previously proved to be an extremely active growth inhibitor against T. cruzi with IC(50) values ranging from the very low micromolar level in epimastigotes to the low nanomolar level in the intracellular form of the parasite. Of the designed compounds, the ethyl thiocyanate drugs connected to nonpolar skeletons, namely, arylthio, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy, ortho-substituted aryloxy, and 2-methyl-4-phenoxyphenoxy (compounds 15, 34, 47, 52, 72, respectively), were shown to be very potent antireplicative agents against T. cruzi. On the other hand, conformationally restricted analogues as well as branched derivatives at the aliphatic side chain were shown to be moderately active against T. cruzi growth. The biological activity of drugs bearing the thiocyanate group correlated quite well with the activity exhibited by their normal precursors, the tetrahydropyranyl ether derivatives, when bonded to the same nonpolar skeleton. Compounds having the tetrahydropyranyl moeity as polar end were proportionally much less active than sulfur-containing derivatives in all cases. Drugs 47 and 72 also resulted to be very active against the amastigote form of the parasite growing in myoblasts; however, they were slightly less active than the lead drug 8. On the other hand, compounds 34 and 52 were almost devoid of activity against myoblasts. Surprisingly, the dithio derivative 15 was toxic for myoblasts.
Assuntos
Tiocianatos/síntese química , Tripanossomicidas/síntese química , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenho de Fármacos , Indicadores e Reagentes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Several drugs bearing the 4-phenoxyphenoxy skeleton and other closely related structures were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. The new class of drugs was envisioned by modifying the nonpolar 4-phenoxyphenoxy moiety replacing selected aromatic protons by different groups via electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions as well as introducing a sulfur atom at the polar extreme. Of the designed compounds, sulfur-containing derivatives were shown to be potent antireplicative agents against T. cruzi. Among these drugs, 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (compound 56) proved to be an extremely active growth inhibitor of the epimastigote forms of T. cruzi and displayed an IC50 of 2.2 microM. Under the same assay conditions, this drug was much more active than Nifurtimox, one of the drugs currently in clinical use to control this disease. This thiocyanate derivative was also a very active inhibitor against the intracellular form of the parasite at the nanomolar level. Other sulfur derivatives prepared also exhibited very potent antiproliferative action against T. cruzi. The presence of a sulfur atom at the polar extreme for this family of compounds seems to be very important for biological action because this atom was always associated with high inhibition values. 4-Phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate presents very good prospective not only as a lead drug but also as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.