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Significance: Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) enables the detection and visualization of cancer tissue using targeted radioactive or fluorescent tracers. While IMI research has rapidly expanded, including the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of a targeted fluorophore, the limits of detection have not been well-defined. Aim: The ability of widely available handheld intraoperative tools (Neoprobe and SPY-PHI) to measure gamma decay and fluorescence intensity from IMI tracers was assessed while varying characteristics of both the signal source and the intervening tissue or gelatin phantoms. Approach: Gamma decay signal and fluorescence from tracer-bearing tumors (TBTs) and modifiable tumor-like inclusions (TLIs) were measured through increasing thicknesses of porcine tissue and gelatin in custom 3D-printed molds. TBTs buried beneath porcine tissue were used to simulate IMI-guided tumor resection. Results: Gamma decay from TBTs and TLIs was detected through significantly thicker tissue and gelatin than fluorescence, with at least 5% of the maximum signal observed through up to 5 and 0.5 cm, respectively, depending on the overlying tissue type or gelatin. Conclusions: We developed novel systems that can be fine-tuned to simulate variable tumor characteristics and tissue environments. These were used to evaluate the detection of fluorescent and gamma signals from IMI tracers and simulate IMI surgery.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos de Índio , Indóis , Imagem Molecular , Imagens de Fantasmas , Suínos , Animais , Imagem Molecular/métodos , Imagem Molecular/instrumentação , Indóis/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Gelatina/química , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/cirurgia , Imagem Óptica/métodos , Imagem Óptica/instrumentação , BenzenossulfonatosRESUMO
Fully restoring the lost population of cardiomyocytes and heart function remains the greatest challenge in cardiac repair post myocardial infarction. In this study, a pioneered highly ROS-eliminating hydrogel was designed to enhance miR-19a/b induced cardiomyocyte proliferation by lowering the oxidative stress and continuously releasing miR-19a/b in infarcted myocardium in situ. In vivo lineage tracing revealed that â¼20.47 % of adult cardiomyocytes at the injected sites underwent cell division in MI mice. In MI pig the infarcted size was significantly reduced from 40 % to 18 %, and thereby marked improvement of cardiac function and increased muscle mass. Most importantly, our treatment solved the challenge of animal death--all the treated pigs managed to live until their hearts were harvested at day 50. Therefore, our strategy provides clinical conversion advantages and safety for healing damaged hearts and restoring heart function post MI, which will be a powerful tool to battle cardiovascular diseases in patients.
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Proliferação de Células , MicroRNAs , Infarto do Miocárdio , Miócitos Cardíacos , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Suínos , Hidrogéis/química , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Significance: ALA-PpIX and second-window indocyanine green (ICG) have been studied widely for guiding the resection of high-grade gliomas. These agents have different mechanisms of action and uptake characteristics, which can affect their performance as surgical guidance agents. Elucidating these differences in animal models that approach the size and anatomy of the human brain would help guide the use of these agents. Herein, we report on the use of a new pig glioma model and fluorescence cryotomography to evaluate the 3D distributions of both agents throughout the whole brain. Aim: We aim to assess and compare the 3D spatial distributions of ALA-PpIX and second-window ICG in a glioma-bearing pig brain using fluorescence cryotomography. Approach: A glioma was induced in the brain of a transgenic Oncopig via adeno-associated virus delivery of Cre-recombinase plasmids. After tumor induction, the pro-drug 5-ALA and ICG were administered to the animal 3 and 24 h prior to brain harvest, respectively. The harvested brain was imaged using fluorescence cryotomography. The fluorescence distributions of both agents were evaluated in 3D in the whole brain using various spatial distribution and contrast performance metrics. Results: Significant differences in the spatial distributions of both agents were observed. Indocyanine green accumulated within the tumor core, whereas ALA-PpIX appeared more toward the tumor periphery. Both ALA-PpIX and second-window ICG provided elevated tumor-to-background contrast (13 and 23, respectively). Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate the use of a new glioma model and large-specimen fluorescence cryotomography to evaluate and compare imaging agent distribution at high resolution in 3D.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioma , Imageamento Tridimensional , Verde de Indocianina , Animais , Verde de Indocianina/farmacocinética , Verde de Indocianina/química , Suínos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Glioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Glioma/patologia , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Ácido Aminolevulínico/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem Óptica/métodos , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
The land application of livestock manure has been widely acknowledged as a beneficial approach for nutrient recycling and environmental protection. However, the impact of residual antibiotics, a common contaminant of manure, on the degradation of organic compounds and nutrient release in Eutric Regosol is not well understood. Here, we studied, how oxytetracycline (OTC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) affect the decomposition, microbial community structure, extracellular enzyme activities and nutrient release from cattle and pig manure using litterbag incubation experiments. Results showed that OTC and CIP greatly inhibited livestock manure decomposition, causing a decreased rate of carbon (28%-87%), nitrogen (15%-44%) and phosphorus (26%-43%) release. The relative abundance of gram-negative (G-) bacteria was reduced by 4.0%-13% while fungi increased by 7.0%-71% during a 28-day incubation period. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that antibiotic exposure disrupted microbial interactions, particularly among G- bacteria, G+ bacteria, and actinomycetes. These changes in microbial community structure and function resulted in decreased activity of urease, ß-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, alkaline protease, chitinase, and catalase, causing reduced decomposition and nutrient release in cattle and pig manures. These findings advance our understanding of decomposition and nutrient recycling from manure-contaminated antibiotics, which will help facilitate sustainable agricultural production and soil carbon sequestration.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Gado , Esterco , Microbiologia do Solo , Animais , Solo/química , Sequestro de Carbono , Carbono/metabolismo , Fósforo , Reciclagem , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Bovinos , Suínos , Nitrogênio/análise , OxitetraciclinaRESUMO
There are limited biosecurity measures directed at preventing airborne transmission of viruses in swine. The effectiveness of dust mitigation strategies such as oil sprinkling, to decrease risk of airborne virus transmission are unknown. Metagenomics and qPCR for common fecal viruses were used to hunt for a ubiquitous virus to serve as a proxy when evaluating the efficiency of mitigation strategies against airborne viral infectious agents. Air particles were collected from swine buildings using high-volume air samplers. Extracted DNA and RNA were used to perform specific RT-qPCR and qPCR and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Porcine astroviruses group 2 were common (from 102 to 105 genomic copies per cubic meter of air or gc/m3, 93% positivity) while no norovirus genogroup II was recovered from air samples. Porcine torque teno sus virus were detected by qPCR in low concentrations (from 101 to 102 gc/m3, 47% positivity). Among the identified viral families by metagenomics analysis, Herelleviridae, Microviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae were dominant. The phage vB_AviM_AVP of Aerococcus was present in all air samples and a newly designed qPCR revealed between 101 and 105 gc/m3 among the samples taken for the present study (97% positivity) and banked samples from 5- and 15-year old studies (89% positivity). According to the present study, both the porcine astrovirus group 2 and the phage vB_AviM_AVP of Aerococcus could be proxy for airborne viruses of swine buildings.
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Microbiologia do Ar , Monitoramento Ambiental , Metagenômica , Animais , Suínos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Aerossóis/análise , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Abrigo para AnimaisRESUMO
The use of direct nucleic acid amplification of pathogens from food matrices has the potential to reduce time to results over DNA extraction-based approaches as well as traditional culture-based approaches. Here we describe protocols for assay design and experiments for direct amplification of foodborne pathogens in food sample matrices using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The examples provided include the detection of Escherichia coli in milk samples and Salmonella in pork meat samples. This protocol includes relevant reagents and methods including obtaining target sequences, assay design, sample processing, and amplification. These methods, though used for specific example matrices, could be applied to many other foodborne pathogens and sample types.
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DNA Bacteriano , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Leite , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Salmonella , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Animais , Leite/microbiologia , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , SuínosRESUMO
Introduction: The critical early stages of infection and innate immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at the intestinal epithelium remain underexplored due to the limitations of traditional cell culture and animal models. This study aims to establish a porcine enteroid culture model to investigate potential differences in susceptibility to infection across segments of the porcine small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). Methods: Intestinal crypt cells from nursery pigs were cultured in Matrigel to differentiate into porcine enteroid monolayer cultures (PEMCs). Following characterization, PEMCs were enzymatically dissociated and subcultured on transwell inserts (PETCs) for apical surface exposure and infection studies. Characterization of region-specific PEMCs and PETCs included assessment of morphology, proliferation, viability, and cellular phenotyping via immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry and gene expression analysis. Subsequently, PETCs were inoculated with 105 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose)/mL of a high pathogenic PEDV non-S INDEL strain and incubated for 24 h. Infection outcomes were assessed by cytopathic effect, PEDV N protein expression (immunofluorescence assay, IFA), and PEDV N-gene detection (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR). Results: No significant morphological and phenotypical differences were observed among PEMCs and PETCs across intestinal regions, resembling the porcine intestinal epithelium. Although PETCs established from different segments of the small intestine were susceptible to PEDV infection, jejunum-derived PETCs exhibited higher PEDV replication, confirmed by IFA and RT-qPCR. Discussion: This segment-specific enteroid culture model provides a reliable platform for virological studies, offering a controlled environment that overcomes the limitations of in vivo and traditional cell culture methods. Standardizing culture conditions and characterizing the model are essential for advancing enteroid-based infection models.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Intestino Delgado , Vírus da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína , Animais , Vírus da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína/fisiologia , Suínos , Intestino Delgado/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Laminina , Combinação de Medicamentos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Colágeno/metabolismo , Organoides/virologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/virologia , Proteoglicanas , Células CultivadasRESUMO
The objective of this field trial was to determine the efficacy of a recombinant toxoid vaccine against Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e) in piglets suffering from edema disease (ED). Three farms with confirmed ED cases were selected for the field trials. On each farm, a total of 40 4-day-old pigs were randomly allocated to either the vaccinated or unvaccinated group, with 20 pigs per group (10 males and 10 females). A 1.0-mL dose of the recombinant toxoid vaccine was administered intramuscularly to pigs in the vaccinated groups in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations at 4 d of age. A single 2.0-mL dose of phosphate-buffered saline was administered to unvaccinated pigs at the same age. Clinical signs of ED were observed in 12 piglets in the unvaccinated groups and 7 unvaccinated pigs died as a result of ED out of the total number of piglets on Farms A, B, and C. Vaccination had a positive effect on pig growth performance compared to that of unvaccinated pigs on 2 of the 3 farms. Seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies against Stx2e occurred in 70% of piglets in the vaccinated group on Farm A, 75% of vaccinated piglets on Farm B, and 55% of vaccinated piglets on Farm C, when detectable antibodies were measured at 17 d post-vaccination (dpv). Detectable antibodies were measured in 85% of vaccinated piglets on Farms A and B and in 90% of these piglets on Farm C at 37 dpv. These field trials determined that the ED recombinant toxoid vaccine successfully reduced clinical signs and mortality, improved average daily weight gain, and resulted in the production of neutralizing antibodies against Stx2e in pigs.
L'objectif de cette étude sur le terrain était de déterminer l'efficacité d'un vaccin à base d'anatoxine recombinante contre la toxine Shiga 2e (Stx2e) chez les porcelets souffrant de la maladie de l'oedème (ED). Trois fermes ayant des cas confirmés de ED ont été sélectionnées pour les études sur le terrain. Dans chaque ferme, un total de 40 porcs âgés de 4 jours ont été répartis au hasard dans le groupe vacciné ou non vacciné, avec 20 porcs par groupe (10 mâles et 10 femelles). Une dose de 1,0 ml du vaccin à base d'anatoxine recombinante a été administrée par voie intramusculaire aux porcs des groupes vaccinés conformément aux recommandations du fabricant à l'âge de 4 jours. Une dose unique de 2,0 ml de solution saline tamponnée au phosphate a été administrée aux porcs non vaccinés au même âge. Des signes cliniques de ED ont été observés chez 12 porcelets des groupes non vaccinés et 7 porcs non vaccinés sont morts des suites d'une maladie de l'oedème sur le nombre total de porcelets des fermes A, B et C. La vaccination a eu un effet positif sur les performances de croissance des porcs par rapport à celles des porcs non vaccinés dans 2 des 3 fermes. La séroconversion des anticorps neutralisants contre Stx2e s'est produite chez 70 % des porcelets du groupe vacciné de la ferme A, 75 % des porcelets vaccinés de la ferme B et 55 % des porcelets vaccinés de la ferme C, lorsque des anticorps détectables ont été mesurés 17 jours après la vaccination (dpv). Des anticorps détectables ont été mesurés chez 85 % des porcelets vaccinés des fermes A et B et chez 90 % de ces porcelets de la ferme C à 37 dpv. Ces études sur le terrain ont déterminé que le vaccin toxoïde recombinant ED réduisait avec succès les signes cliniques et la mortalité, améliorait le gain de poids quotidien moyen et entraînait la production d'anticorps neutralisants contre Stx2e chez les porcs.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Assuntos
Vacinas Sintéticas , Animais , Suínos , Feminino , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Edematose Suína/prevenção & controle , Edematose Suína/imunologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Escherichia coli/imunologia , Toxina Shiga II/imunologia , Vacinas contra Escherichia coli/imunologia , Vacinas contra Escherichia coli/administração & dosagem , Toxoides/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
In this case, porcine small intestinal submucosa (pSIS) was used to repair a large congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a kitten. The pSIS was moistened in saline, folded in half, and sutured to the remnant of the right hemidiaphragm. The animal was determined to be doing well clinically and radiographically 12 wk after procedure. At 8.5 mo of age, the kitten was spayed, and the diaphragm was inspected, revealing a thin, semitransparent membrane at the central region of the previous pSIS graft. Serial thoracic radiographs may be an effective way to reach a diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia if not clearly identifiable on initial radiographs. Surgeons should be prepared to use alternative techniques to close large diaphragmatic defects. Porcine SIS was demonstrated to be a strong, easy-to-use, readily available, and effective technique to close a large defect in the diaphragm with excellent results in the short and medium terms. When hernia repair is employed in juvenile animals, reassessment of the diaphragmatic repair should be considered if future abdominal surgeries, such as ovariohysterectomies, are necessary. A functional 8-ply pSIS should be considered in cats and dogs as it has a lower complication and graft failure rate. Key clinical message: When serial radiographs fail to diagnose a diaphragmatic hernia when one is highly suspected, other modalities, such as ultrasonography or other contrast modalities, should be considered. A functional 8-ply pSIS should be considered to reconstruct the diaphragm, particularly in growing animals, as it is an effective graft with low complication and graft failure rates.
Greffe de biomatériau de sous-muqueuse intestinale porcine pour la réparation d'une hernie pleuropéritonéale congénitale chez un chatonDans ce cas, la sous-muqueuse intestinale porcine (pSIS) a été utilisée pour réparer une grande hernie diaphragmatique congénitale chez un chaton. La pSIS a été humidifiée dans une solution saline, pliée en deux et suturée au reste de l'hémidiaphragme droit. L'animal s'est avéré se porter bien cliniquement et radiographiquement 12 semaines après l'intervention. À l'âge de 8,5 mois, le chaton a été stérilisé et le diaphragme a été inspecté, révélant une fine membrane semi-transparente dans la région centrale de la greffe pSIS précédente. Des radiographies thoraciques en série peuvent être un moyen efficace de poser un diagnostic d'hernie diaphragmatique si elle n'est pas clairement identifiable sur les radiographies initiales. Les chirurgiens doivent être prêts à utiliser des techniques alternatives pour fermer les gros défauts diaphragmatiques. La SIS porcine s'est avérée être une technique solide, facile à utiliser, facilement disponible et efficace pour fermer un gros défaut du diaphragme avec d'excellents résultats à court et moyen terme. Lorsque la réparation d'une hernie est utilisée chez les animaux juvéniles, une réévaluation de la réparation diaphragmatique doit être envisagée si de futures chirurgies abdominales, telles que des ovariohystérectomies, sont nécessaires. Une pSIS fonctionnelle à 8 plis doit être envisagée chez les chats et les chiens car elle présente un taux de complications et d'échec de greffe plus faible.Message clinique clé :Lorsque les radiographies en série ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer une hernie diaphragmatique alors qu'elle est fortement suspectée, d'autres modalités, telles que l'échographie ou d'autres modalités de contraste, doivent être envisagées. Une pSIS fonctionnelle à 8 plis doit être envisagée pour reconstruire le diaphragme, en particulier chez les animaux en croissance, car il s'agit d'une greffe efficace avec un faible taux de complications et d'échec de greffe.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas , Intestino Delgado , Animais , Suínos , Gatos , Doenças do Gato/cirurgia , Doenças do Gato/congênito , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/cirurgia , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/veterinária , Intestino Delgado/transplante , Mucosa Intestinal/transplante , Mucosa Intestinal/cirurgia , Feminino , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Herniorrafia/veterinária , MasculinoRESUMO
Nowadays, video monitoring of farrowing and automatic video evaluation using Deep Learning have become increasingly important in farm animal science research and open up new possibilities for addressing specific research questions like the determination of husbandry relevant indicators. A robust detection performance of newborn piglets is essential for reliably monitoring the farrowing process and to access important information about the welfare status of the sow and piglets. Although object detection algorithms are increasingly being used in various scenarios in the field of livestock farming, their usability for detecting newborn piglets has so far been limited. Challenges such as frequent animal occlusions, high overlapping rates or strong heterogeneous animal postures increase the complexity and place new demands on the detection model. Typically, new data is manually annotated to improve model performance, but the annotation effort is expensive and time-consuming. To address this problem, we propose a Noisy Student approach to automatically generate annotation information and train an improved piglet detection model. By using a teacher-student model relationship we transform the image structure and generate pseudo-labels for the object classes piglet and tail. As a result, we improve the initial detection performance of the teacher model from 0.561, 0.838, 0.672 to 0.901, 0.944, 0.922 for the performance metrics Recall, Precision and F1-score, respectively. The results of this study can be used in two ways. Firstly, the results contribute directly to the improvement of piglet detection in the context of birth monitoring systems and the evaluation of the farrowing progress. Secondly, the approach presented can be transferred to other research questions and species, thereby reducing the problem of cost-intensive annotation processes and increase training efficiency. In addition, we provide a unique dataset for the detection and evaluation of newborn piglets and sow body parts to support researchers in the task of monitoring the farrowing process.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos , Animais , Suínos , Gravação em Vídeo , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Algoritmos , Feminino , Aprendizado Profundo , Comportamento Animal , Bem-Estar do AnimalRESUMO
Bioelectronic implants featuring soft mechanics, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding electrical performance hold promising potential to revolutionize implantable technology. These biomedical implants can record electrophysiological signals and execute direct therapeutic interventions within internal organs, offering transformative potential in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of various pathological conditions. However, challenges remain in improving excessive impedance at the bioelectronic-tissue interface and thus the efficacy of electrophysiological signaling and intervention. Here, we devise orbit symmetry breaking in MXene (a low-cost scalability, biocompatible, and conductive two dimensionally layered material, which we refer to as OBXene), which exhibits low bioelectronic-tissue impedance, originating from the out-of-plane charge transfer. Furthermore, the Schottky-induced piezoelectricity stemming from the asymmetric orbital configuration of OBXene facilitates interlayered charge transport in the device. We report an OBXene-based cardiac patch applied on the left ventricular epicardium of both rodent and porcine models to enable spatiotemporal epicardium mapping and pacing while coupling the wireless and battery-free operation for long-term real-time recording and closed-loop stimulation.
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Próteses e Implantes , Animais , Suínos , Órbita/cirurgia , Impedância Elétrica , Materiais Biocompatíveis/químicaRESUMO
Biogas digestive effluent (BDE) has been applied to rice fields in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). However, limited information is available on the community composition and isolation of methanotrophs in these fields. Therefore, the present study aimed (i) to clarify the responses of the methanotrophic community in paddy fields fertilized with BDE or synthetic fertilizer (SF) and (ii) to isolate methanotrophs from these fields. Methanotrophic communities were detected in rhizospheric soil at the rice ripening stage throughout 2 cropping seasons, winter-spring (dry) and summer-autumn (wet). Methanotrophs were isolated from dry-season soil samples. Although the continued application of BDE markedly reduced net methane oxidation potential and the copy number of pmoA genes, a dissimilarity ordination ana-lysis revealed no significant difference in the methanotrophic community between BDE and SF fields (P=0.167). Eleven methanotrophic genera were identified in the methanotrophic community, and Methylosinus and Methylomicrobium were the most abundant, accounting for 32.3-36.7 and 45.7-47.3%, respectively. Type-I methanotrophs (69.4-73.7%) were more abundant than type-II methanotrophs (26.3-30.6%). Six methanotrophic strains belonging to 3 genera were successfully isolated, which included type I (Methylococcus sp. strain BE1 and Methylococcus sp. strain SF3) and type II (Methylocystis sp. strain BE2, Methylosinus sp. strain SF1, Methylosinus sp. strain SF2, and Methylosinus sp. strain SF4). This is the first study to examine the methanotrophic community structure in and isolate several methanotrophic strains from BDE-fertilized fields in VMD.
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Biocombustíveis , Fertilizantes , Metano , Oryza , Microbiologia do Solo , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vietnã , Metano/metabolismo , Animais , Fertilizantes/análise , Suínos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Estações do Ano , População do Sudeste AsiáticoRESUMO
Although advances in long-read sequencing technology and genome assembly techniques have facilitated the study of genomes, little is known about the genomes of unique Chinese indigenous breeds, including the Huai pig. Huai pig is an ancient domestic pig breed and is well-documented for its redder meat color and high forage tolerance compared to European domestic pigs. In the present study, we sequenced and assembled the Huai pig genome using PacBio, Hi-C, and Illumina sequencing technologies. The final highly contiguous chromosome-level Huai pig genome spans 2.53 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 138.92 Mb. The Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness score for the assembled genome was 95.33%. Remarkably, 23,389 protein-coding genes were annotated in the Huai-pig genome, along with 45.87% repetitive sequences. Overall, this study provided new foundational resources for future genetic research on Chinese domestic pigs.
Assuntos
Genoma , Sus scrofa , Animais , Sus scrofa/genética , Suínos/genética , Anotação de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
Radiofrequency ablation is a promising technique for arrhythmia treatment in horses. Due to the thicker myocardial wall and higher blood flow in horses, it is unknown if conventional radiofrequency settings used in human medicine can be extrapolated to horses. The study aim is to describe the effect of ablation settings on lesion dimensions in equine myocardium. To study species dependent effects, results were compared to swine myocardium. Right ventricular and right and left atrial equine myocardium and right ventricular swine myocardium were suspended in a bath with circulating isotonic saline at 37 °C. The ablation catheter delivered radiofrequency energy at different-power-duration combinations with a contact force of 20 g. Lesion depth and width were measured and lesion volume was calculated. Higher power or longer duration of radiofrequency energy delivery increased lesion size significantly in the equine atrial myocardium and in equine and swine ventricular myocardium (P < 0.001). Mean lesion depth in equine atrial myocardium ranged from 2.9 to 5.5 mm with a diameter ranging from 6.9 to 10.1 mm. Lesion diameter was significantly larger in equine tissue compared to swine tissue (P = 0.020). Obtained data in combination with estimated wall thickness can improve lesion transmurality which might reduce arrhythmia recurrence. Optimal ablation settings may differ between species.
Assuntos
Miocárdio , Animais , Cavalos , Suínos , Miocárdio/patologia , Ablação por Cateter/métodos , Átrios do Coração/fisiopatologia , Átrios do Coração/cirurgia , Átrios do Coração/patologia , Ventrículos do Coração/patologia , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Ablação por Radiofrequência/métodosRESUMO
Chronic non-healing wounds pose significant challenges due to an elevated inflammatory response caused in part by bacterial contamination (Physiol Rev. 2019;99:665). These wounds lead to billions being spent in the health care system worldwide (N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2367, Int J Pharm. 2014;463:119). We studied the in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial effects of a multimodal wound matrix (MWM) against two common wound pathogens, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA USA300) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27312 (PA27312) (Int Wound J. 2019;16:634). The in-vitro study conducted was a zone of inhibition test with the two microbes at 104 Log CFU/mL inoculated on Tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood (TSAII) plates. Treatments used were MWM, Mupirocin (Positive control for MRSA), Silver Sulfadiazine (Positive Control for PA), Petrolatum and Sterile Saline (both serving as Negative Controls). Treatments were allowed to diffuse into the agar for 3 h and then were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The in-vivo study utilized a deep dermal porcine wound model (22 × 22 × 3 mm) created on six animals. Three animals were inoculated with MRSA USA300 and the other three with PA27312 with each allowing a 72-h biofilm formation. After 72 h, baseline wounds were assessed for bacterial concentration and all remaining wounds were treated with either MWM alone, Silver Treatment or Untreated Control. Wounds were assessed on days 4, 8 and 12 after treatment application for microbiological analysis. In-vitro, MWM exhibited significant inhibition of MRSA USA300 and PA27312 growth when compared to negative controls (p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, in-vivo, the MWM-treated wounds exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.05) bacterial reduction compared to all other treatment groups, especially on days 8 and 12 for both pathogens. MWM demonstrated promise in addressing colonized wounds with biofilms. Additional studies on MWM's benefits and comparisons with existing treatments are warranted to optimize wound care strategies (Adv Wound Care. 2021;10:281).
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Infecção dos Ferimentos , Animais , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Suínos , Infecção dos Ferimentos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção dos Ferimentos/microbiologia , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , BandagensRESUMO
Objectives: Animals are a potential source of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study evaluated the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of S. aureus isolates from breeders and livestock. Methods: S. aureus strains were isolated from 180 livestock and 48 livestock farmers and identified using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and MRSA status were determined via disk diffusion susceptibility method. Results: Among farm workers, 37.5% were colonized by S. aureus, with pig farm workers exhibiting the highest prevalence (56.2%), cattle herders (37.5%), and goat farm workers (18.7%). MRSA carriage among livestock isolates was 41.3%, while, six isolates from the poultry farm worker were MRSA, representing a carriage of 33.3%. Drug susceptibility profiles revealed differential patterns between isolates from breeders and animals. Gentamicin and levofloxacin demonstrated higher efficacy against farm worker isolates compared to animal isolates. Resistance to cefuroxime was higher among animal isolates (84.1%) as against the 66.7% for the breeders. Conclusion: The identification of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains underscores the risk posed to humans in contact with animals. These findings stress the importance of monitoring and managing MRSA transmission between animals and humans.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Gado , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Gado/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Fazendeiros , Cabras/microbiologia , Bovinos , Suínos , Masculino , Feminino , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Adulto , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana MúltiplaRESUMO
Pork primal weight and primal yield are important indicators for pig breeding, feeding management, commercial distribution systems, and meat processing. Here, we aimed to determine whether primal weight and primal yield could be predicted through non-destructive measurements of pork carcass traits. A total of 4397 carcasses (1958 gilts and 2439 barrows) from eight major meat processing centers were used, and the mean primal weight and primal yield were 56.0 kg and 73.9%, respectively. Significant sex differences were observed for all primal and carcass traits (P < 0.001), except for carcass weight. A maximum of 12 variables were examined, and primal weight was predicted with very high accuracy (R = 0.95, RMSE = 1.7, RPD = 3.0) using four variables. Primal yield was predicted with relatively good accuracy (R = 0.71, RMSE = 2.3, RPD = 1.4) using three variables, and these same variables were also effective for predicting primal weight. These prediction formulas were sufficiently accurate without accounting for the effect of sex. Overall, our results demonstrate that primal weight and primal yield can be accurately predicted using four variables, "carcass weight," "backfat thickness above M. gluteus medius," "spinous process length of 13th thoracic vertebra," and "length from 1st thoracic vertebra to backfat," without accounting for the effect of sex.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Suínos , Japão , Carne de Porco/análise , Caracteres Sexuais , Carne Vermelha/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Fatores Sexuais , Carne/análiseRESUMO
Introduction: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main diarrhea-causing pathogen in children and young animals and has become a global health concern. Berberine is a type of "medicine and food homology" and has a long history of use in China, particularly in treating gastrointestinal disorders and bacterial diarrhea. Methods: In this study, we explored the effects of berberine on growth performance, intestinal inflammation, oxidative damage, and intestinal microbiota in a weaned piglet model of ETEC infection. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups-a control group (fed a basal diet [BD] and infused with saline), a BD+ETEC group (fed a basal diet and infused with ETEC), a LB+ETEC group (fed a basal diet with 0.05% berberine and infused with ETEC infection), and a HB+ETEC group (fed a basal diet with 0.1% berberine and infused with ETEC). Results: Berberine significantly improved the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.05) of piglets, and effectively decreased the incidence of diarrhea among the animals (P<0.05). Additionally, berberine significantly downregulated the expression levels of the genes encoding TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IKKα, and IKKß in the small intestine of piglets (P<0.05). ETEC infection significantly upregulated the expression of genes coding for Nrf2, CAT, SOD1, GPX1, GST, NQO1, HO-1, GCLC, and GCLM in the small intestine of the animals (P<0.05). Berberine significantly upregulated 12 functional COG categories and 7 KEGG signaling pathways. A correlation analysis showed that berberine significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Gemmiger, Pediococcus, Levilactobacillus, Clostridium, Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella, Enterococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus) and decreased that of pathogenic bacteria (Prevotella, Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, Flavonifractor, Alloprevotella) known to be closely related to intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in piglets. In conclusion, ETEC infection disrupted the intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets, upregulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways, and consequently leading to intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage. Discussion: Our data indicated that berberine can optimize intestinal microbiota balance and modulate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways, thus helping to alleviate intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage caused by ETEC infection in weaned piglets.
Assuntos
Berberina , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Estresse Oxidativo , Desmame , Animais , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/administração & dosagem , Suínos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/imunologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/microbiologia , Inflamação , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Frequent interspecies transmission of human influenza A viruses (FLUAV) to pigs contrasts with the limited subset that establishes in swine. While hemagglutinin mutations are recognized for their role in cross-species transmission, the contribution of neuraminidase remains understudied. Here, the NA's role in FLUAV adaptation was investigated using a swine-adapted H3N2 reassortant virus with human-derived HA and NA segments. Adaptation in pigs resulted in mutations in both HA (A138S) and NA (D113A). The D113A mutation abolished calcium (Ca2+) binding in the low-affinity Ca2+-binding pocket of NA, enhancing enzymatic activity and thermostability under Ca2+-depleted conditions, mirroring swine-origin FLUAV NA behavior. Structural analysis predicts that swine-adapted H3N2 viruses lack Ca2+ binding in this pocket. Further, residue 93 in NA (G93 in human, N93 in swine) also influences Ca2+ binding and impacts NA activity and thermostability, even when D113 is present. These findings demonstrate that mutations in influenza A virus surface proteins alter evolutionary trajectories following interspecies transmission and reveal distinct mechanisms modulating NA activity during FLUAV adaptation, highlighting the importance of Ca2+ binding in the low-affinity calcium-binding pocket.
Assuntos
Cálcio , Neuraminidase , Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Neuraminidase/genética , Neuraminidase/química , Humanos , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Suínos , Sítios de Ligação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Influenza Humana/virologia , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/química , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/metabolismo , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Doenças dos Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Colonoscopic enteral tube placement using current methods has some shortcomings, such as the complexity of the procedure and tube dislodgement. The magnetic navigation technique (MNT) has been proven effective for nasoenteral feeding tube placement, and is associated with reduced cost and time to initiation of nutrition. This study attempted to develop a novel method for enteral tube placement using MNT. METHODS: The MNT device consisted of an external magnet and a 12 Fr tube with a magnet at the end. Ten swine were used, and bowel cleansing was routinely performed before colonoscopy. Intravenous anesthesia with propofol and ketamine was administered. A colonoscopic enteral tube was placed using the MNT. The position of the end of the enteral tube was determined by radiography, and angiography was performed to check for colonic perforations. Colonoscopy was used to detect intestinal mucosal damage after tube removal. RESULTS: MNT-assisted colonoscopic enteral tube placement was successfully completed in all pigs. The median operating time was 30 (26-47) min. No colon perforation was detected on colonography after enteral tube placement, and no colonic mucosal bleeding or injury was detected after the removal of the enteral tube. CONCLUSIONS: MNT-assisted colonoscopic enteral tube placement is feasible and safe in swine and may represent a valuable method for microbial therapy, colonic drainage, and host-microbiota interaction research in the future.