RESUMO
The food sector includes several large industries such as canned food, pasta, flour, frozen products, and beverages. Those industries transform agricultural raw materials into added-value products. The fruit and vegetable industry is the largest and fastest-growing segment of the world agricultural production market, which commercialize various products such as juices, jams, and dehydrated products, followed by the cereal industry products such as chocolate, beer, and vegetable oils are produced. Similarly, the root and tuber industry produces flours and starches essential for the daily diet due to their high carbohydrate content. However, the processing of these foods generates a large amount of waste several times improperly disposed of in landfills. Due to the increase in the world's population, the indiscriminate use of natural resources generates waste and food supply limitations due to the scarcity of resources, increasing hunger worldwide. The circular economy offers various tools for raising awareness for the recovery of waste, one of the best alternatives to mitigate the excessive consumption of raw materials and reduce waste. The loss and waste of food as a raw material offers bioactive compounds, enzymes, and nutrients that add value to the food cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This paper systematically reviewed literature with different food loss and waste by-products as animal feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products that strongly contribute to the paradigm shift to a circular economy. Additionally, this review compiles studies related to the integral recovery of by-products from the processing of fruits, vegetables, tubers, cereals, and legumes from the food industry, with the potential in SARS-CoV-2 disease and bacterial diseases treatment.
Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Indústria Farmacêutica , Indústria Alimentícia , Resíduos/economia , Agricultura/economia , Cosméticos/economia , Grão Comestível , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas , Raízes de Plantas , Tubérculos , VerdurasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to describe discarded wasted immunobiological products provided by the National Im-munization Program (PNI) to the State of Ceará between 2014 and 2016, and the costs of discarded doses. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using data from suspect im-munobiological product evaluation forms and data from disposal approval forms. RESULTS: a total of 317 forms were included, 72.0% of which had a disposal approval form, and 160,767 discarded doses were identified, at a total cost of BRL 1,834,604.75; wastage accounted for 0.45%, 0.93% and 0.53% of the total cost of vaccines in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively; the main reason for the wastage identified was electric power shortage (54.9%). CONCLUSION: we identified a large number of discarded wasted doses, with high absolute cost; tighter control is necessary, as failures in conservation dynamics may interfere with the supply of immunobiologicals.
Assuntos
Fatores Imunológicos/economia , Vacinas/economia , Resíduos/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Fontes de Energia Elétrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Falha de Equipamento , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/economia , Fatores Imunológicos/provisão & distribuição , Vacinas/provisão & distribuição , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
Operative planning in agricultural production has historically had the objective of improving yields and quality. Sowing, cropping, and harvesting are usually treated independently, and waste and the sustainability of operations are generally not integrated into operational planning methodologies for agricultural production. This study shows the need to have a clear and precise methodology to minimize waste in agricultural production systems to ensure sustainability. This need is addressed with a novel methodological guide to minimizing waste in agricultural operations, crop maintenance, and harvesting. The proposed methodology is founded on the use of lean manufacturing as a waste-management tool. Lean manufacturing principles allow agricultural operations and the variables that represent wastes to be identified, mathematical models to be built, constraints to be defined, and the cost of waste to be illustrated, as well as its minimization through an objective function. To guide implementation, we propose a conceptual model to explain the construction of a mathematical model that represents the development of decision variables on agricultural operations with the elements to consider and the constraints and theoretical proposal of the necessary objective function. The proposed conceptual model and the constructed methodology constitute a novel development within agricultural production systems that could be used by decision makers and farmers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Resíduos/análise , Agricultura/economia , Modelos Teóricos , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
The generation and poor disposal of waste from livestock industries is the major cause of pollution of water sources, soil, and air. Therefore, profitable alternatives are required for their correct disposal and use. Anaerobic digestion plants are a technologically viable solution to overcome this problem. In this study, it is proposed a methodology for the design and economic assessment of projects using anaerobic digestion plants to produce electrical energy, thermal energy, and biofertilizer from livestock waste. The methodology is developed based on the assumption that the process is mainly composed of an anaerobic digester and an electric generator having a Diesel-cycle internal combustion engine. It is programmed in "MS Excel" sheet and assessed using technical and economic data from a three real anaerobic digestion plants. The methodology obtains technical parameters such as energy production efficiency with an average difference of 35% compared to the real plants data. In addition, the unit capital costs are calculated, obtaining a value of 3789/kW with a difference of 21.1%, as well as unit operating costs of 729/kW per year with a difference of 15.2%. The financial viability of the project is assessed by calculating the net present value and obtaining 577,050 with a difference of 17.8% and an internal rate of return with a percentage difference of 3%. The proposed methodology specifies the technical parameters and the basic engineering of an anaerobic digestion plant in a stationary state, where the basic streams and dimensions of primary equipment, such as anaerobic reactors and electric generators, are specified. Moreover, the methodology calculates capital and operating expenses for an anaerobic digestion plant, which may be useful to assess the technical and financial feasibility for a project of this type.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Fertilizantes/economia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Resíduos/economia , Animais , GadoRESUMO
The production of malolactic starter cultures requires the obtention of suitably large biomass at low-cost. In this work it was possible to obtain a good amount of biomass, at laboratory scale, of two enological strains of Lb. plantarum, by formulating a culture medium based on whey permeate (WP), a by-product of the cheese industry usually disposed as waste, when this was supplemented with yeast extract (Y), salts (S) and Tween 80 (T) (WPYST). Bacteria grown in WPYST medium exhibited good tolerance to stress conditions of synthetic wine (pH 3.5, ethanol 13% vol/vol). However, when WPYST was added with 8% vol/vol ethanol, cultures inoculated in synthetic wine, showed a lower viability and capacity to consume L-malic acid than when they were cultured in WPYST without ethanol. Subsequently, strains grown in WPYST were inoculated in sterile wine samples (final stage of alcoholic fermentation) of the red varietals Merlot and Pinot noir, and incubated at laboratory scale. Cultures from WPYST, inoculated in Pinot noir wine, showed a better performance than bacteria grown in MRS broth, and exhibited a consumption of L-malic acid higher than 90%. However, cultures from WPYST or from MRS broth, inoculated in sterile Merlot wine, showed a lower survival. This study allowed the formulation of a low-cost culture medium, based on a by-product of the food industry, which showed to be adequate for the growth of two enological strains of Lb. plantarum, suggesting their potentiality for application in the elaboration of malolactic starter cultures.
Assuntos
Meios de Cultura/economia , Lactobacillus plantarum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Soro do Leite/metabolismo , Biomassa , Meios de Cultura/química , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Fermentação , Malatos/metabolismo , Resíduos/análise , Resíduos/economia , Soro do Leite/microbiologia , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/metabolismo , Vinho/análise , Vinho/microbiologiaRESUMO
To reduce the cost of obtaining bacterial cellulose, acidic by-products of the alcohol and dairy industries were used without any pretreatment or addition of other nitrogen sources. Studies have shown that the greatest accumulation of bacterial cellulose (6.19g/L) occurs on wheat thin stillage for 3 days of cultivation under dynamic conditions, which is almost 3 times higher than on standard Hestrin and Schramm medium (2.14g/L). The use of whey as a nutrient medium makes it possible to obtain 5.45g/L bacterial cellulose under similar conditions of cultivation. It is established that the pH of the medium during the growth of Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans B-11267 depends on the feedstock used and its initial value. By culturing the bacterium on thin stillage and whey, there is a decrease in the acidity of the waste. It is shown that the infrared spectra of bacterial cellulose obtained in a variety of environments have a similar character, but we found differences in the micromorphology and crystallinity of the resulting biopolymer.
Assuntos
Celulose/biossíntese , Gluconacetobacter/metabolismo , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Resíduos/análise , Meios de Cultura/economia , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Indústria Alimentícia , Gluconacetobacter/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microbiologia Industrial/economia , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/microbiologia , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
Abstract To reduce the cost of obtaining bacterial cellulose, acidic by-products of the alcohol and dairy industries were used without any pretreatment or addition of other nitrogen sources. Studies have shown that the greatest accumulation of bacterial cellulose (6.19 g/L) occurs on wheat thin stillage for 3 days of cultivation under dynamic conditions, which is almost 3 times higher than on standard Hestrin and Schramm medium (2.14 g/L). The use of whey as a nutrient medium makes it possible to obtain 5.45 g/L bacterial cellulose under similar conditions of cultivation. It is established that the pH of the medium during the growth of Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans B-11267 depends on the feedstock used and its initial value. By culturing the bacterium on thin stillage and whey, there is a decrease in the acidity of the waste. It is shown that the infrared spectra of bacterial cellulose obtained in a variety of environments have a similar character, but we found differences in the micromorphology and crystallinity of the resulting biopolymer.
Assuntos
Resíduos/análise , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Celulose/biossíntese , Gluconacetobacter/metabolismo , Resíduos/economia , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/microbiologia , Microbiologia Industrial/economia , Indústria Alimentícia , Meios de Cultura/economia , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Gluconacetobacter/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Etanol/metabolismoRESUMO
The Brazilian aviation industry is currently developing biofuel technologies that can maintain the operational and energy demands of the sector, while reducing the dependence on fossil fuels (mainly kerosene) and greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the current research was to identify the major environmental, economic and social impacts arising from the production of aviation biofuels in Brazil. Despite the great potential of these fuels, there is a significant need for improved routes of production and specifically for lower production costs of these materials. In addition, the productive chains of raw materials for obtaining these bioenergetics can be linked to environmental impacts by NOx emissions, extensive use of agricultural land, loss of wildlife and intensive water use, as well as economic, social and political impacts.
Assuntos
Aviação , Biocombustíveis/economia , Meio Ambiente , Mudança Social , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Brasil , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
AIM: Taken into consideration that the deficiency of calcium (Ca) in the diet is a common problem, the aim of this work was to study the chicken eggshell as Ca source at home. It was evaluated: (1) different mechanisms to process eggshells and find an easy way to determine the required amount of Ca at home and; (2) the flavor and the texture for eggshell fortified food. METHODS: Chemical and mechanical methods of eggshell processing were evaluated. Changes in flavor and texture were evaluated in volunteers coordinated by a professional chef. RESULTS: A single eggshell contains 2.07 ± 0.18 g of Ca; therefore half an eggshell could provide the amount of Ca needed by adult human beings per day. The best way to use chicken eggshell as Ca dietary supplement is powdered to add to bread, pizza or spaghetti as there were small changes in texture and no changes in flavor.
Assuntos
Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Cálcio/deficiência , Culinária/métodos , Casca de Ovo/química , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Animais , Argentina , Pão/análise , Pão/economia , Carbonato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Carbonato de Cálcio/metabolismo , Cálcio da Dieta/economia , Cálcio da Dieta/metabolismo , Fenômenos Químicos , Galinhas , Fezes/química , Alimentos Fortificados/economia , Humanos , Absorção Intestinal , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sensação , Paladar , Resíduos/análise , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
Different parts of plant foods are generally discarded by consumers such as peel, stalk and leaves, which could however possess a nutritional value. However, few studies have analysed the composition of these marginal foods. The phenolic compound, flavonoid, polyamine, nitrate and pesticide contents of parts of vegetables that are usually discarded--but which were cultivated according to conventional and non-conventional procedures--were analysed to provide suggestions on how to improve the consumption of these parts and to reduce the production of urban solid waste. Few, but significant, differences between the two manuring procedures were observed. Higher nitrate content and the presence of organochlorine pesticides were found in conventional cultivated papaya peel, lemon balm leaves, jack fruit pulp, and beet stalk and peel. Discarded parts of plant foods such as stalk, leaves and peels can be used as a source of antioxidant compounds, such as phenolic compounds.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Fertilizantes , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Alimentos Orgânicos/análise , Nitratos/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos/análise , Antioxidantes/economia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Artocarpus/química , Artocarpus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Artocarpus/metabolismo , Beta vulgaris/química , Beta vulgaris/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Beta vulgaris/metabolismo , Brasil , Carica/química , Carica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carica/metabolismo , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Cymbopogon/química , Cymbopogon/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cymbopogon/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/efeitos adversos , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/economia , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Alimentos Orgânicos/economia , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Ipomoea batatas/química , Ipomoea batatas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ipomoea batatas/metabolismo , Esterco , Nitratos/metabolismo , Agricultura Orgânica/métodos , Resíduos de Praguicidas/metabolismo , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/economia , Fenóis/metabolismo , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
The present work was dedicated to the development of an extraction process for red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva) by-products that preserves the high molecular weight of the macromolecules with the primary aim of waste upgrading. Our study concerns the extraction of pectin-enriched products with potential thickening properties for their usage in food formulation, as well as with some healthy physiological effect, by using citrate buffer (pH = 5.2) either alone or with enzymes (hemicellulase or cellulase) active on cell wall polysaccharide networks. Considering that red beet tissue contains ferulic acid, which cross-links pectin macromolecules through arabinose residues to anchor them into the cell wall, an alkaline pretreatment was also evaluated in order to perform polysaccharide hydrolysis in the cell wall network to accomplish higher renderings. Chemical composition and yield, as well as the in vitro glucose retention exerted by the isolated fiber products were finally analyzed.
Assuntos
Beta vulgaris/química , Aditivos Alimentares/química , Aditivos Alimentares/isolamento & purificação , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/isolamento & purificação , Raízes de Plantas/química , Celulase/metabolismo , Diálise , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/economia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Aditivos Alimentares/economia , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Glucose/análise , Glucose/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hidrólise , Peso Molecular , Pectinas/economia , Pectinas/metabolismo , Solubilidade , Resíduos/análise , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
There are very few construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycling centres in Brazil. To encourage the building and operation of new units, data were collected and analysed relating to C&D waste management and recycling in Brazil. Based on the results of this analysis, a conceptual model is presented for conducting viability studies of future C&D waste recycling centres. Applying this model to verify the viability of private recycling centres, the results show that under current market conditions in Brazil, C&D waste recycling centres are not financially feasible based solely on revenue from the sale of processed products. Nevertheless, under the same market conditions, the recycling centres could be economically viable for public authorities depending on the particular circumstances of each municipality. The feasibility, however, depends on continuity and the production volume reached. The conceptual model, the results of its applications and the discussions about the experiences of existing centres can strongly support public authorities and private initiatives in their decision-making about investments in Brazil and in other developing countries.