RESUMO
Few information is available about the optimal period for colostrum absorption in the bowel of newborn lambs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of using supplementation with commercial core homeopathic during pregnancy and early lactation on 18 pregnant Santa Inês ewes presenting body condition score ≥ 2.5. Pregnant animals were randomly divided in two groups; one was used as control (control group) and the other was supplemented on a daily basis with 30 g of homeopathic product with Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 per animal, mixed to the concentrate during pregnancy and early lactation (treatment group). The Total Protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) values found in ewes and lambs belonging to the treatment group were higher than and different from those recorded for the control group. The serum albumin (ALB) concentration did not differ between groups of ewes but was different in lambs. TP and GLB evolution in lambs and ewes throughout the seven experimental days showed the animals in the treatment group trend to present higher TP and GLB values in all experimental periods; supplemented animals showed trend to progressive increase in both variables until day 3; whereas non-supplemented animals showed such trend until day 2 (when they reached their peak). The commercial core homeopathic to the animals during pregnancy and early lactation resulted in higher TP and GLB concentrations in the serum samples collected from ewes and lambs.(AU)
Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre o período ideal para a absorção do colostro no intestino de neonatos ovinos. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da suplementação com complexo homeopático comercial durante a gestação e início da lactação em 18 ovelhas Santa Inês gestantes com escore de condição corporal ≥ 2,5. Os animais gestantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos; um controle (grupo controle) e outro suplementado diariamente com 30 g de produto homeopático com Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 por animal, misturado ao concentrado durante a gestação e início da lactação (grupo tratamento). Os valores de Proteína Total (PT) e globulina (GLB) encontrados em ovelhas e cordeiros pertencentes ao grupo tratamento foram superiores e dife-rentes dos registrados para o grupo controle. A concentração de albumina sérica (ALB) não diferiu entre os grupos de ovelhas, mas foi diferente nos cordeiros. A evolução de PT e GLB em cordeiros e ovelhas ao longo dos 7 dias experimentais demons-trou que os animais do grupo tratamento tendem a apresentar maiores valores de PT e GLB em todo o período experimen-tal; os animais suplementados apresentaram tendência de aumento progressivo em ambas as variáveis até o dia 3; enquanto os animais não suplementados mostraram tal tendência até o dia 2 (quando atingiram o pico). O núcleo homeopático comercial fornecido para os animais durante a gestação e início da lactação resultou em maiores concentrações de PT e GLB nas amos-tras de soro coletadas de ovelhas e cordeiros.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Ovinos/sangue , Ovinos/imunologia , Medicamento Homeopático , Fatores Imunológicos , Prenhez/sangue , Prenhez/imunologia , ImunoglobulinasRESUMO
Few information is available about the optimal period for colostrum absorption in the bowel of newborn lambs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of using supplementation with commercial core homeopathic during pregnancy and early lactation on 18 pregnant Santa Inês ewes presenting body condition score ≥ 2.5. Pregnant animals were randomly divided in two groups; one was used as control (control group) and the other was supplemented on a daily basis with 30 g of homeopathic product with Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 per animal, mixed to the concentrate during pregnancy and early lactation (treatment group). The Total Protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) values found in ewes and lambs belonging to the treatment group were higher than and different from those recorded for the control group. The serum albumin (ALB) concentration did not differ between groups of ewes but was different in lambs. TP and GLB evolution in lambs and ewes throughout the seven experimental days showed the animals in the treatment group trend to present higher TP and GLB values in all experimental periods; supplemented animals showed trend to progressive increase in both variables until day 3; whereas non-supplemented animals showed such trend until day 2 (when they reached their peak). The commercial core homeopathic to the animals during pregnancy and early lactation resulted in higher TP and GLB concentrations in the serum samples collected from ewes and lambs.
Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre o período ideal para a absorção do colostro no intestino de neonatos ovinos. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da suplementação com complexo homeopático comercial durante a gestação e início da lactação em 18 ovelhas Santa Inês gestantes com escore de condição corporal ≥ 2,5. Os animais gestantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos; um controle (grupo controle) e outro suplementado diariamente com 30 g de produto homeopático com Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 por animal, misturado ao concentrado durante a gestação e início da lactação (grupo tratamento). Os valores de Proteína Total (PT) e globulina (GLB) encontrados em ovelhas e cordeiros pertencentes ao grupo tratamento foram superiores e dife-rentes dos registrados para o grupo controle. A concentração de albumina sérica (ALB) não diferiu entre os grupos de ovelhas, mas foi diferente nos cordeiros. A evolução de PT e GLB em cordeiros e ovelhas ao longo dos 7 dias experimentais demons-trou que os animais do grupo tratamento tendem a apresentar maiores valores de PT e GLB em todo o período experimen-tal; os animais suplementados apresentaram tendência de aumento progressivo em ambas as variáveis até o dia 3; enquanto os animais não suplementados mostraram tal tendência até o dia 2 (quando atingiram o pico). O núcleo homeopático comercial fornecido para os animais durante a gestação e início da lactação resultou em maiores concentrações de PT e GLB nas amos-tras de soro coletadas de ovelhas e cordeiros.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Fatores Imunológicos , Medicamento Homeopático , Ovinos/imunologia , Ovinos/sangue , Prenhez/imunologia , Prenhez/sangue , ImunoglobulinasRESUMO
The Kisspeptin/Kiss1r system is a key regulator of reproduction by stimulating gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone release, and in vitro studies have shown that Kisspeptin can modulate angiogenesis and immune function, factors that are also essential for reproduction However, there are no studies on the expression of Kisspeptin/Kiss1r at the maternal-fetal interface in domestic cats and its relationship with angiogenic and immunological mediators. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the spatiotemporal expression profile of Kisspeptin/Kiss1r and angiogenic and immunological mediators in the uterus and placenta of domestic cats during pregnancy. Uterus and placenta samples were collected from cats in mid pregnancy (N = 6) and late pregnancy (N = 6), in addition to uterus from non-pregnant cats in diestrus (N = 7), to evaluate protein and gene expression of kisspeptin (Kiss1), kisspeptin receptor (Kiss1r), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tyrosine kinase receptor (Flk-1), placental growth factor (PLGF), interferon gamma (INFγ), migration inhibiting factor (MIF), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukins (IL6 and IL10) by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Pregnancy increased the uterine expression of Kiss1 and Kiss1r, especially at the late pregnancy, in addition to upregulating INFy, MIF, Vegf, Il10, and Tnf and downregulating Plgf. Higher placental expression of Kiss1r and Plgf mRNA occurred at the late pregnancy, while the expression of Kiss1, VEGF, Flk-1, INFy, TNFα, Il6, and IL10 was higher in the mid of pregnancy. A positive correlation between Kiss1 and Tnf was observed in the placenta, while Kiss1r had a negative correlation with Infγ, Il6, and Il10. The findings reveal that Kisspeptin/Kiss1r and angiogenic and immunological mediators at the maternal-fetal interface of pregnant cat have a gene correlation and are modulated by the gestational age. These data suggest possible functional links of Kisspeptin in placental angiogenesis and immunology.
Assuntos
Gatos/fisiologia , Kisspeptinas/genética , Placenta/metabolismo , Prenhez/fisiologia , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/genética , Transcriptoma , Útero/metabolismo , Animais , Gatos/genética , Gatos/imunologia , Feminino , Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Gravidez , Prenhez/imunologia , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/metabolismo , Análise Espaço-TemporalRESUMO
Aimed with this study to evaluate vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in naturally infected sheep and to monitor the kinetics of antibodies against this protozoon in their lambs. Therefore, 48 pregnant ewes, from five herds, were divided into two groups: G1 - positive for anti-N. caninum antibodies, with 19 animals; and G2 - seronegative, with 29 animals. Blood samples were taken from the ewes and their lambs, immediately after birth, before ingesting colostrum, and 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after birth. Analysis on serum antibodies was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Among the 19 seropositive mothers, six (31.6%) gave birth to lambs seropositive before ingesting colostrum and it was found that these lambs remained positive until the end of the study (56 days). Only one of the lambs, from a ewe that presented an antibody titer of 200, seroconverted after ingestion of colostrum. All the lambs that had been born from negative mothers remained negative throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that transplacental transmission was an important form of diffusion of N. caninum in the herds studied and that seropositive lambs maintained circulating antibodies during the period analyzed.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência da transmissão vertical de Neospora caninum em ovelhas naturalmente infectadas e monitorar a cinética de anticorpos para esse protozoário nos cordeiros. Portanto, foram selecionadas 48 matrizes prenhes, provenientes de cinco propriedades, e estas foram divididas em dois grupos: G1- 19 matrizes positivas para anticorpos anti-N. caninum antes da prenhez; e G2 29 matrizes soronegativas. Foram realizadas colheitas sanguíneas nas mães e cordeiros, no G1 e G2, imediatamente após a parição, antes da ingestão do colostro. Também foi possível realizar colheitas de sangue com 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias após o nascimento. A pesquisa de anticorpos séricos foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Das 19 matrizes soropositivas, seis (31,6%) pariram cordeiros soropositivos antes da ingestão do colostro, os quais mantiveram-se positivos até o final do experimento (56 dias). Apenas um dos cordeiros, filho de uma ovelha com título de anticorpos 200, soroconverteu após ingestão do colostro. Todos os cordeiros, filhos de mães negativas, mantiveram-se negativos durante todo o período experimental. Conclui-se que a transmissão transplacentária é uma importante forma de difusão do N. caninum nos rebanhos estudados e que os descendentes infectados, durante a gestação, mantiveram anticorpos circulantes durante o período analisado.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/parasitologia , Neospora/imunologia , Neospora/patogenicidade , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Receptores de IgG/análise , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/veterinária , Prenhez/imunologia , Troca Materno-FetalRESUMO
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e do grau de edema uterino de éguas criadas na zona da mata do Estado de Rondônia, durante o período de transição da estacionalidade reprodutiva. Para este propósito, durante os meses de agosto e setembro (transição de primavera), éguas da raça Quarto de Milha (n = 46), hígidas, criadas a campo ou estabuladas, com idades variando de 2 a 12 anos foram submetidas a dois exames ginecológicos com intervalo de 14 dias, a fim de se determinar e/ou monitorar a presença de corpo lúteo, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. Empregando um modelo de regressão logística, o efeito do sistema de criação (a campo ou estabuladas) e da faixa etária ( 5, de 6 a 9 e 10 anos) foram avaliados sobre a ocorrência da ciclicidade, bem como sobre o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino por meio do modelo linear generalizado misto. Uma maior proporção de éguas (p = 0,001) foi considerada acíclica em relação às cíclicas [68,9% (31/45) vs. 31,1% (14/45), respectivamente]. Dentre as éguas acíclicas, houve uma semelhança (p = 0,127) na proporção daquelas com folículo dominante ou com folículos pequenos. O sistema de criação não influenciou (p > 0,05) a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. A faixa etária (≤ 5, de 6 a 9 e ≥ 10 anos) determinou influencia (p < 0,05) na ocorrência da ciclicidade [28,6 b; 18,2b e 66,7% a; respectivamente] e no grau de edema uterino (1,0 ± 0,1 b; 2,0 ± 0,1 a e 2,0 ± 0,2 a; respectivamente). Conclui-se que a maioria das éguas criadas na região da zona da mata rondoniense apresentam-se acíclicas no período de transição de primavera. No entanto, a ocorrência da ciclicidade e o grau de edema uterino demonstraram ser influenciados pela faixa etária das éguas avaliadas.(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema in mares from forest area of the Rondonia State, during the transitional period of reproductive season. For this purpose, during the months of August and September (spring transition), healthy mares, Quarter Horse breed (N = 46), field or housed and aged 2 to 12 years were submitted to two examinations gynecological examination with a 14-day interval. The exams were performed to determine and / or monitor the presence of corpus luteum, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. Using a logistic regression model, the effect of the breeding system (field or stabled) and age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) were evaluated on the occurrence of cyclicity as well as on the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema by generalized linear mixed model. A higher proportion of mares (P = 0.001) was considered acyclical in relation to the cyclical (68.9% (31/45) vs. 31.1% (14/45), respectively]. Among the acyclic mares, there was a similarity (P = 0.127) in proportion to those with dominant follicle or with small follicles. The breeding system did not influence (P > 0.05) the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. The age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) determined influence (P < 0.05) on the occurrence of cyclicity (28.6 b; 18.2 b and 66.7% a; respectively) and in the degree of uterine edema (1.0 ± 0.1 b, 2.0 ± 0.1 a and 2.0 ± 0.2 a, respectively). It is concluded that the majority of the mares created in the forest zone of Rondônia region are acyclical in the period of transition of spring. However, the occurrence of cyclicity and the degree of uterine edema were influenced by the age range of the mares evaluated.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Cavalos/fisiologia , Fase Folicular , Prenhez/imunologia , Prenhez/metabolismo , Ovulação/genéticaRESUMO
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e do grau de edema uterino de éguas criadas na zona da mata do Estado de Rondônia, durante o período de transição da estacionalidade reprodutiva. Para este propósito, durante os meses de agosto e setembro (transição de primavera), éguas da raça Quarto de Milha (n = 46), hígidas, criadas a campo ou estabuladas, com idades variando de 2 a 12 anos foram submetidas a dois exames ginecológicos com intervalo de 14 dias, a fim de se determinar e/ou monitorar a presença de corpo lúteo, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. Empregando um modelo de regressão logística, o efeito do sistema de criação (a campo ou estabuladas) e da faixa etária ( 5, de 6 a 9 e 10 anos) foram avaliados sobre a ocorrência da ciclicidade, bem como sobre o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino por meio do modelo linear generalizado misto. Uma maior proporção de éguas (p = 0,001) foi considerada acíclica em relação às cíclicas [68,9% (31/45) vs. 31,1% (14/45), respectivamente]. Dentre as éguas acíclicas, houve uma semelhança (p = 0,127) na proporção daquelas com folículo dominante ou com folículos pequenos. O sistema de criação não influenciou (p > 0,05) a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. A faixa etária (≤ 5, de 6 a 9 e ≥ 10 anos) determinou influencia (p < 0,05) na ocorrência da ciclicidade [28,6 b; 18,2b e 66,7% a; respectivamente] e no grau de edema uterino (1,0 ± 0,1 b; 2,0 ± 0,1 a e 2,0 ± 0,2 a; respectivamente). Conclui-se que a maioria das éguas criadas na região da zona da mata rondoniense apresentam-se acíclicas no período de transição de primavera. No entanto, a ocorrência da ciclicidade e o grau de edema uterino demonstraram ser influenciados pela faixa etária das éguas avaliadas.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema in mares from forest area of the Rondonia State, during the transitional period of reproductive season. For this purpose, during the months of August and September (spring transition), healthy mares, Quarter Horse breed (N = 46), field or housed and aged 2 to 12 years were submitted to two examinations gynecological examination with a 14-day interval. The exams were performed to determine and / or monitor the presence of corpus luteum, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. Using a logistic regression model, the effect of the breeding system (field or stabled) and age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) were evaluated on the occurrence of cyclicity as well as on the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema by generalized linear mixed model. A higher proportion of mares (P = 0.001) was considered acyclical in relation to the cyclical (68.9% (31/45) vs. 31.1% (14/45), respectively]. Among the acyclic mares, there was a similarity (P = 0.127) in proportion to those with dominant follicle or with small follicles. The breeding system did not influence (P > 0.05) the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. The age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) determined influence (P < 0.05) on the occurrence of cyclicity (28.6 b; 18.2 b and 66.7% a; respectively) and in the degree of uterine edema (1.0 ± 0.1 b, 2.0 ± 0.1 a and 2.0 ± 0.2 a, respectively). It is concluded that the majority of the mares created in the forest zone of Rondônia region are acyclical in the period of transition of spring. However, the occurrence of cyclicity and the degree of uterine edema were influenced by the age range of the mares evaluated.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Cavalos/fisiologia , Fase Folicular , Ovulação/genética , Prenhez/imunologia , Prenhez/metabolismoRESUMO
The present study evaluated Brangus cows treated with single doses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) subjected to follicular aspiration after 24 h to assess oocyte recovery, in vitro fertilization and pregnancy rate. Follicles exceeding 3 millimeters in diameter were aspirated, 200 mg of FSH was administered 2 days later, and a new ovum pickup was performed 24 h afterward. These methods were performed 3 times every 3 days. In control, follicular aspirations occurred at intervals of 1-week without FSH administration o. The aspirated oocytes were evaluated, submitted to in v itrofertilization and the embryos were transferred to the recipients. The average recovery of oocytes was higher (p<0.05) in control cows (12.4±1.8) than in treated cows (9.4±1.3). There was no difference (p>0.05) in the mean percentage of viable oocytes (52.0±3.9 and 62.7±4.7%) or the mean percentage of embryos (41.4±4.8 and 41.5±4.2%) among control and treated cows, respectively. The mean percentage of pregnancy did not differ (p>0.05) for control cows (43.8±2.7%), and treated cows (40.9±6.8%). In conclusion, FSH treatment did not improve oocyte recovery, in vitro fertilization, and pregnancy percentage. However, there is possibility of several consecutive ovum pickup every t3 days, concentrating the in vitro fertilization and the pregnancy percentage.
O presente estudo avaliou vacas Brangus tratadas com doses únicas de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) submetidas a aspiração folicular após vinte e quatro horas, para avaliação da recuperação oocitária, fertilização in vitro e taxa de prenhez. Folículos superiores a três milímetros de diâmetro foram aspirados, 200 mg de FSH foram administrados dois dias depois e uma nova aspiração folicular foi realizada 24 horas após. Esses métodos foram efetivados três vezes a cada três dias. No controle, as aspirações foliculares ocorreram em intervalos de uma semana sem administração de FSH. Os oócitos aspirados foram avaliados, submetidos à fertilização in vitro e os embriões foram transferidos em receptoras. A recuperação média dos oócitos foi superior (p<0,05) nas vacas controle (12,4±1,8) do que nas vacas tratadas (9,4±1,3). Não houve diferença (p>0,05) na porcentagem média de oócitos viáveis (52,0±3,9 e 62,7±4,7%) ou na porcentagem média de embriões (41,4±4,8 e 41,5±4,2%) entre vacas controle e vacas tratadas, respectivamente. A porcentagem média de prenhez não diferiu (p>0,05) para as vacas controle (43,8±2,7%) e as tratadas (40,9±6,8%). Em conclusão, o tratamento com FSH não melhorou a recuperação de oócitos, a fertilização in vitro e o percentual de prenhez. No entanto, existe a possibilidade de várias aspirações foliculares consecutivas a cada três dias, concentrando a fertilização in vitro e o percentual de prenhez.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Prenhez/imunologia , Bovinos/metabolismo , Fertilização in vitro/estatística & dados numéricos , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, as well as its participation in the immunomodulation of pregnant cows. Thus, sixteen cows were divided into two groups (A and B): the group A was composed by cows not pregnant (n = 8), while the group B was composed by pregnant cows (n = 8). Serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as ADA and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, were measured on five sampling times (3, 5, 7 and 8 months of gestation, and soon after calving). Serum ADA activity was similar throughout the experiment in the cows belonging to the group A, but its activity increased during the experiment in cows from the group B, that is it was lower in the third and fifth months of pregnancy, and higher on months 7, 8 and after calving when compared to the group A. TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels were lower in pregnant cows compared to non-pregnant animals; however, they significantly increased after calving. Serum levels of IL-10 increased after 8 months of gestation, but it reduced after calving when compared to the group A, while CRP increased on month 8 of gestation and after calving compared to the group A. Pregnant cows showed lower serum ROS levels on months 3, 5 and 7 of gestation, and higher levels at the post-partum. Serum GST activity was higher on month 5 of gestation in pregnant cows, but it was lower on months 7, 8 and in the post-partum compared to the group A. Based on these evidence, we concluded that ADA activity and the others mediators or inflammatory modulators have important role in the maintenance of cow's gestation due to their immunomodulatory effects.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Bovinos/sangue , Prenhez/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Bovinos/fisiologia , Feminino , Interleucinas/sangue , Período Pós-Parto/sangue , Gravidez , Prenhez/imunologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição total do farelo de soja por farelo de mamona detoxificado ou não sobre a resposta à sincronização do estro, taxa de concepção, desenvolvimento fetal inicial, presença de IgG e resposta metabólica-hormonal. Sessenta cabras mestiças foram alimentadas sem farelo de mamona (SFM), com farelo de mamona detoxificado (FMD) e com farelo de mamona (FM) durante a gestação inicial. Todos os animais tiveram o estro sincronizado e depois foram acasaladas por monta natural. A partir do 25º dia após a monta, foi determinado o número de fetos e realizado o acompanhado do desenvolvimento dos mesmos por ultrassonografia até os 60 dias de gestação. Foi avaliado o perfil de progesterona (P4), os níveis de metabólitos e a resposta imunológica. A partir do 15º dia de alimentação a imunoglobulina G (IgG) foi marcada através da técnica de Western Blotting, apenas em animais que receberam farelo de mamona não detoxificado. Não houve efeito (p>0,05) do tipo de dieta sobre a resposta à sincronização do estro, níveis plasmáticos de P4, taxa de gestação e desenvolvimento embrionário/fetal. Em cabras gestantes, observou-se um efeito da dieta (p 0,001) sobre os níveis plasmáticos de uréia em animais de gestação múltipla, de gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) em gestação simples e de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) em ambos os tipos de gestação.(AU)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the total substitution of soybean meal with castor meal, detoxified or non-detoxified, on the response to estrous synchronization, conception rate, early fetal development, presence of IgG, and metabolic-hormonal response. Sixty mixed goats were fed diets without castor meal (WCM), with detoxified castor meal (DCM), and with castor meal (CM) during early pregnancy. The goats had their estrous synchronized and were then submitted to the mating season. The number of fetuses was determined by ultrasonography after 25 days of mating and their development was followed until 60 days of gestation. Plasma levels of progesterone (P4), liver enzymes, and urea were determined along with the evaluation of the immunological response. After 15 days of experimental feeding, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was detected by western blotting only in goats that received non-detoxified castor meal. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of type of diet on response to estrous synchronization, plasma P4 levels, conception rate, or embryonic/fetal development. In pregnant goats, there was an effect of diet (p 0.001) on plasma urea levels in multiple-birth pregnancy, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in single-birth pregnancy, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in both types of pregnancy. In non-pregnant goats, there were increased urea levels in all types of diet were higher in non-pregnant goats than pregnant goats. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the inclusion of 15% castor meal, whether or not it is detoxified, to the diet of goats does not affect the reproductive performance, embryonic and early fetal development, or blood metabolites.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ricina , Cabras/metabolismo , Prenhez/imunologia , Prenhez/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Ração AnimalRESUMO
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição total do farelo de soja por farelo de mamona detoxificado ou não sobre a resposta à sincronização do estro, taxa de concepção, desenvolvimento fetal inicial, presença de IgG e resposta metabólica-hormonal. Sessenta cabras mestiças foram alimentadas sem farelo de mamona (SFM), com farelo de mamona detoxificado (FMD) e com farelo de mamona (FM) durante a gestação inicial. Todos os animais tiveram o estro sincronizado e depois foram acasaladas por monta natural. A partir do 25º dia após a monta, foi determinado o número de fetos e realizado o acompanhado do desenvolvimento dos mesmos por ultrassonografia até os 60 dias de gestação. Foi avaliado o perfil de progesterona (P4), os níveis de metabólitos e a resposta imunológica. A partir do 15º dia de alimentação a imunoglobulina G (IgG) foi marcada através da técnica de Western Blotting, apenas em animais que receberam farelo de mamona não detoxificado. Não houve efeito (p>0,05) do tipo de dieta sobre a resposta à sincronização do estro, níveis plasmáticos de P4, taxa de gestação e desenvolvimento embrionário/fetal. Em cabras gestantes, observou-se um efeito da dieta (p 0,001) sobre os níveis plasmáticos de uréia em animais de gestação múltipla, de gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) em gestação simples e de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) em ambos os tipos de gestação.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the total substitution of soybean meal with castor meal, detoxified or non-detoxified, on the response to estrous synchronization, conception rate, early fetal development, presence of IgG, and metabolic-hormonal response. Sixty mixed goats were fed diets without castor meal (WCM), with detoxified castor meal (DCM), and with castor meal (CM) during early pregnancy. The goats had their estrous synchronized and were then submitted to the mating season. The number of fetuses was determined by ultrasonography after 25 days of mating and their development was followed until 60 days of gestation. Plasma levels of progesterone (P4), liver enzymes, and urea were determined along with the evaluation of the immunological response. After 15 days of experimental feeding, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was detected by western blotting only in goats that received non-detoxified castor meal. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of type of diet on response to estrous synchronization, plasma P4 levels, conception rate, or embryonic/fetal development. In pregnant goats, there was an effect of diet (p 0.001) on plasma urea levels in multiple-birth pregnancy, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in single-birth pregnancy, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in both types of pregnancy. In non-pregnant goats, there were increased urea levels in all types of diet were higher in non-pregnant goats than pregnant goats. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the inclusion of 15% castor meal, whether or not it is detoxified, to the diet of goats does not affect the reproductive performance, embryonic and early fetal development, or blood metabolites.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cabras/metabolismo , Prenhez/imunologia , Prenhez/metabolismo , Ricina , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Ração AnimalRESUMO
Scorpion envenoming is a public health problem in Brazil, where Tityus serrulatus and T. bahiensis are considered the most dangerous scorpions. They are well adapted to urbanized environments, and there is an increasing probability of human exposure to these venoms, including during pregnancy. Not much is known about the effects of prenatal exposure to the venom, and no information is available to aid in the rational treatment of victims stung during pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether venom from the scorpion T. bahiensis administered once to pregnant female rats at a dose that causes a moderate envenomation may lead to deleterious effects on the reproductive performance of the dams and on the development of their offspring. This is the first work demonstrating that T. bahiensis venom, when administered experimentally to rats, alters maternal reproductive performance and the morphological development of fetuses. The venom was given to dams on the 5th (GD5) or on the 10th (GD10) gestational day. After laparotomy, on GD21, fetuses and placentas were counted, weighed and externally analyzed. The corpora lutea were counted. The sex and vitality of fetuses were evaluated, and each litter was then randomly divided for visceral or skeletal analyses. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test and Fisher's exact test. The significance level for all tests was set at p < 0.05.
Assuntos
Animais , Prenhez/imunologia , Ratos/metabolismo , Venenos de Escorpião/análise , Escorpiões/classificaçãoRESUMO
Scorpion envenoming is a public health problem in Brazil, where Tityus serrulatus and T. bahiensis are considered the most dangerous scorpions. They are well adapted to urbanized environments, and there is an increasing probability of human exposure to these venoms, including during pregnancy. Not much is known about the effects of prenatal exposure to the venom, and no information is available to aid in the rational treatment of victims stung during pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether venom from the scorpion T. bahiensis administered once to pregnant female rats at a dose that causes a moderate envenomation may lead to deleterious effects on the reproductive performance of the dams and on the development of their offspring. This is the first work demonstrating that T. bahiensis venom, when administered experimentally to rats, alters maternal reproductive performance and the morphological development of fetuses. The venom was given to dams on the 5th (GD5) or on the 10th (GD10) gestational day. After laparotomy, on GD21, fetuses and placentas were counted, weighed and externally analyzed. The corpora lutea were counted. The sex and vitality of fetuses were evaluated, and each litter was then randomly divided for visceral or skeletal analyses. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test and Fisher's exact test. The significance level for all tests was set at p < 0.05.
Assuntos
Animais , Prenhez/imunologia , Ratos/metabolismo , Venenos de Escorpião/análise , Escorpiões/classificaçãoRESUMO
Scorpion envenoming is a public health problem in Brazil, where Tityus serrulatus and T. bahiensis are considered the most dangerous scorpions. They are well adapted to urbanized environments, and there is an increasing probability of human exposure to these venoms, including during pregnancy. Not much is known about the effects of prenatal exposure to the venom, and no information is available to aid in the rational treatment of victims stung during pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether venom from the scorpion T. bahiensis administered once to pregnant female rats at a dose that causes a moderate envenomation may lead to deleterious effects on the reproductive performance of the dams and on the development of their offspring. This is the first work demonstrating that T. bahiensis venom, when administered experimentally to rats, alters maternal reproductive performance and the morphological development of fetuses. The venom was given to dams on the 5th (GD5) or on the 10th (GD10) gestational day. After laparotomy, on GD21, fetuses and placentas were counted, weighed and externally analyzed. The corpora lutea were counted. The sex and vitality of fetuses were evaluated, and each litter was then randomly divided for visceral or skeletal analyses. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test and Fisher's exact test. The significance level for all tests was set at p < 0.05.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos/metabolismo , Prenhez/imunologia , Venenos de Escorpião/análise , Escorpiões/classificaçãoRESUMO
O presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação do leucograma e do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos em fêmeas caprinas da raça Saanen, nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 20 fêmeas nulíparas da raça Saanen, clinicamente sadias por venipunção jugular aos 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), sete (M7), três (M8) dias antes do parto, no dia do parto (M9), três (M10) e sete (M11) dias após o parto, para a realização do leucograma e dosagens séricas de cortisol, estradiol e progesterona. A partir de 28 dias (M4) antes do parto até sete dias do pós-parto (M11) foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos por meio do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). Os resultados demonstraram que no dia do parto houve aumento nas concentrações séricas de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona, leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. No sétimo dia do pós-parto houve leucocitose por neutrofilia e aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito. Não houve nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto alterações significativas no metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Conclui-se que o parto determina elevação da concentração sérica de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona determinando quadro de leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, com diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutróflo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. Ao sétimo dia do pós-parto há leucocitose por neutrofilia, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito e do fibrinogênio. A gestação, o parto e o período do pós-parto não alteram o metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos avaliado por meio do teste de redução do NBT.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the leukocyte count and the oxidative metabolism of neutrophil in Saanen goats during periods of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Were used 20 Saanen goats, clinically healthy and serologically negative for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), seven (M7), three (M8) days before the parturition, on the day of birth (M9), three (M10) and seven (M11) days postpartum, for the leukocyte count, and serum for cortisol, estradiol and progesterone determination. From 28 days (M4) before parturition until seven days postpartum (M11) blood samples were collected for evaluation of oxidative metabolism of neutrophils by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT). The results showed that at parturition day there were an increase in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum, neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, decrease of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. There was a neutrophilic leukocytosis and an increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte on the seventh day postpartum. There were not significant alterations in oxidative metabolism of neutrophils during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. It was concluded that parturition causes an elevation in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum determining a neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, with a reduction of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil:lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. Neutrophilic leukocytosis, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte and fibrinogen are detected on the seventh day postpartum. Pregnancy, parturition and the postpartum do not change the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils evaluated by NBT reduction test.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cabras/imunologia , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Metabolismo Energético/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Parto/imunologia , Período Pós-Parto/imunologia , Prenhez/imunologia , Nitroazul de TetrazólioRESUMO
O presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação do leucograma e do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos em fêmeas caprinas da raça Saanen, nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 20 fêmeas nulíparas da raça Saanen, clinicamente sadias por venipunção jugular aos 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), sete (M7), três (M8) dias antes do parto, no dia do parto (M9), três (M10) e sete (M11) dias após o parto, para a realização do leucograma e dosagens séricas de cortisol, estradiol e progesterona. A partir de 28 dias (M4) antes do parto até sete dias do pós-parto (M11) foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos por meio do teste de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). Os resultados demonstraram que no dia do parto houve aumento nas concentrações séricas de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona, leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. No sétimo dia do pós-parto houve leucocitose por neutrofilia e aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito. Não houve nos períodos de gestação, parto e pós-parto alterações significativas no metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos. Conclui-se que o parto determina elevação da concentração sérica de cortisol e estradiol, e diminuição da progesterona determinando quadro de leucocitose por neutrofilia e desvio à esquerda leve, com diminuição dos linfócitos, aumento da relação neutróflo:linfócito, eosinopenia, monocitose e basofilia. Ao sétimo dia do pós-parto há leucocitose por neutrofilia, aumento da relação neutrófilo:linfócito e do fibrinogênio. A gestação, o parto e o período do pós-parto não alteram o metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos avaliado por meio do teste de redução do NBT.(AU)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the leukocyte count and the oxidative metabolism of neutrophil in Saanen goats during periods of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Were used 20 Saanen goats, clinically healthy and serologically negative for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture 49 (M1), 42 (M2), 35 (M3), 28 (M4), 21 (M5), 14 (M6), seven (M7), three (M8) days before the parturition, on the day of birth (M9), three (M10) and seven (M11) days postpartum, for the leukocyte count, and serum for cortisol, estradiol and progesterone determination. From 28 days (M4) before parturition until seven days postpartum (M11) blood samples were collected for evaluation of oxidative metabolism of neutrophils by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT). The results showed that at parturition day there were an increase in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum, neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, decrease of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. There was a neutrophilic leukocytosis and an increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte on the seventh day postpartum. There were not significant alterations in oxidative metabolism of neutrophils during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. It was concluded that parturition causes an elevation in cortisol and estradiol levels and a decrease in progesterone serum determining a neutrophilic leukocytosis and left shift slight, with a reduction of lymphocytes, increase in the neutrophil:lymphocyte, eosinopenia, monocytosis and basophilia. Neutrophilic leukocytosis, increase in the neutrophil: lymphocyte and fibrinogen are detected on the seventh day postpartum. Pregnancy, parturition and the postpartum do not change the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils evaluated by NBT reduction test.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cabras/imunologia , Prenhez/imunologia , Parto/imunologia , Período Pós-Parto/imunologia , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Metabolismo Energético/imunologia , Nitroazul de TetrazólioRESUMO
There is a molecular crosstalk between the trophoblast and maternal immune cells of bovine endometrium. The uterine cells are able to secrete cytokine/chemokines to either induce a suppressive environment for establishment of the pregnancy or to recruit immune cells to the endometrium to fight infections. Despite morphological differences between women and cows, mechanisms for immune tolerance during pregnancy seem to be conserved. Mechanisms for uterine immunesuppression in the cow include: reduced expression of major histocompatability proteins by the trophoblast; recruitment of macrophages to the pregnant endometrium; and modulation of immune-related genes in response to the presence of the conceptus. Recently, an eGFP transgenic cloned embryo model developed by our group showed that there is modulation of foetal proteins expressed at the site of syncytium formation, suggesting that foetal cell can regulate not only by the secretion of specific factors such as interferon-tau, but also by regulating their own protein expression to avoid excessive maternal recognition by the local immune system. Furthermore, foetal DNA can be detected in the maternal circulation; this may reflect the occurrence of an invasion of trophoblast cells and/or their fragment beyond the uterine basement membrane in the cow. In fact, the newly description of exosome release by the trophoblast cell suggests that could be a new fashion of maternal-foetal communication at the placental barrier. Additionally, recent global transcriptome studies on bovine endometrium suggested that the immune system is aware, from an immunological point of view, of the presence of the foetus in the cow during early pregnancy.
Assuntos
Bovinos/embriologia , Bovinos/imunologia , Tolerância Imunológica/fisiologia , Prenhez/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Gravidez , Prenhez/fisiologiaRESUMO
Em ruminantes as pestiviroses são frequentemente associadas a infecções subclínicas ou com sinais clínicos leves e passageiros, sendo as maiores perdas relacionadas com a infecção de fêmeas prenhes que podem causar perdas fetais e nascimento de animais persistentemente infectados (PI). Os Pestivirus estão distribuídos em muitos países, inclusive no Brasil, onde estudos em caprinos e ovinos são escassos. Vários estudos têm relatado a utilização de técnicas moleculares para a detecção de Pestivirus, dentre elas a RT-PCR e a RT-qPCR que são capazes de detectar animais PI, principal fonte de manutenção do vírus no rebanho. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar o limite mínimo de detecção para Pestivirus a partir de sobrenadante de cultura celular e soro de pequenos ruminantes utilizando a RT-PCR e qRT-PCR. A extração dos ácidos nucléicos foi realizada com kit comercial QIAamp® MinElute® Virus Spin, a reação de transcriptase reversa seguiu o protocolo recomendado pelo fabricante da enzima transcriptase reversa M-MLV. A avaliação do limite de detecção da RT-qPCR e RT-PCR para Pestivirus foi realizada utilizando uma curva de calibração (fator de diluição 10) com TCID50/mL conhecidas e decrescentes utilizando primers denominados panpestivírus. O limite de detecção da RT-qPCR em sobrenadante de cultura celular foi de 10-3 TCID50/mL e da RT-PCR foi de 10-2 TCID50/mL, já o limite mínimo de detecção utilizando os soros capino, ovino e Gibco® Lamb como diluentes foram de 1 TCID50/mL. Os ensaios realizados nas condições descritas nesse estudo demonstraram ser sensíveis, podendo ser utilizados como uma estratégia de diagnóstico etiológico do Pestivirus, sobretudo para a identificação molecular de animas PI, o que é essencial para o controle das pestiviroses
The Ruminants Pestiviruses are often associated with temporary and subclinical or mild clinical signs, with the largest losses related to the infection of pregnant females that can cause fetal loss and birth of persistently infected (PI) animals. The Pestivirus are distributed in many countries, including Brazil, where studies in goats and sheep are scarce. Several studies have reported the use of molecular techniques for detect ion of Pestivirus, among them, the RT-PCR and the RT-qPCR.They are able to detect PI animals, which are the main source of the virus-Care in the herd. The objective of this study was to determined the lower limit of detection for Pestivirus from supernatant cell culture and serum samples from small ruminants using RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. The extraction of nucleic acids was pe rformed with a commercial kit QIAamp ® MinElute ® Virus Spin, the reverse transcriptase re action followed the protocol recommended by the manufacturer of the enzyme reverse transcriptas e M-MLV. The evaluation of the detection limit of RT-qPCR and RT-PCR was performed using a Pestivirus calibration curve (dilution factor 10) with known and decreasing TCID50/mL call ed panpestivirus using primers (Vilcek et al., 1994).The detection limit of RT-qPCR in cell c ulture supernatant was 10-3 TCID50/mL and of RT-PCR was 10.2 TCID50/mL, since the lower limit of detection using sera weeding, sheep and Gibco ® Lamb as a diluent were TCID50/mL. The tests conducted under the conditions described in this study proved to be sensitive and can be used as a strategy for etiologic diagnosis of Pestivirus, especially for the molecular identification of IP animals, which is essential for the control of Pestiviroses.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Infecções por Pestivirus/veterinária , Prenhez/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Ruminantes/imunologiaRESUMO
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system whose ligands are specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Considering the scarcity of studies on transcription of PRRs in the pregnant uterus of cows, and its response to PAMPs and microorganisms that cause abortion in cattle, this study aimed to characterize the transcription of TLR1-10, NOD1, NOD2 and MD2 in bovine uterus throughout gestation and to investigate the sensitivity of different uterine tissues at third trimester of pregnancy to purified TLR ligands or heat-killed Brucella abortus, Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin), Listeria monocytogenes, and Aspergillus fumigatus, by assessing chemokine transcription. RNA extracted from endometrium, placentome and intercotiledonary region of cows at the first (n=6), second (n=6), and third (n=6) trimesters of pregnancy were subjected to real time RT-PCR. After stimulation of endometrium and intercotiledonary regions with purified TLR ligands or heat-killed microorganisms, gene transcription was assessed by real time RT-PCR. In the placentome, there was no significant variation in TLRs transcription throughout the three trimesters of pregnancy. In the endometrium, there was significant variation in TLR4 and TLR5 transcription during the three stages of gestation; i.e. TLR4 transcription was higher during the third trimester, whereas TLR5 transcription was higher during the last two trimesters. In the intercotiledonary region, there was significant variation in transcription of TLR1/6, TLR7, and TLR8, which were more strongly expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy. At the third trimester of gestation, significant transcription of CXCL6 and CXCL8 was detected mostly in endometrial tissues in response to purified TLR4 and TLR2 ligands. Transcription of these chemokines was induced in the endometrium and intercotiledonary region at the third trimester of pregnancy when stimulated with heat-killed B. abortus or S. Dublin. Therefore, this study demonstrates that some PRRs are expressed in the uterus during pregnancy, which coincides with its ability to respond to stimulation with TLRs ligands as well as heat-killed organisms known to cause abortion in cattle.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas/biossíntese , Prenhez/metabolismo , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/metabolismo , Útero/química , Aborto Animal/imunologia , Aborto Animal/metabolismo , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Quimiocinas/fisiologia , Endométrio/química , Endométrio/fisiologia , Feminino , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/química , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/imunologia , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/química , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/imunologia , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/metabolismo , Gravidez , Prenhez/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/análise , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/química , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Útero/fisiologiaRESUMO
El inicio y establecimiento de la gestación en los mamíferos dependen de la adaptación del sistema inmunológico de la madre para tolerar un feto semi-alogénico. La gestación en sí misma constituye un acontecimiento de equilibrio inmunológico, ya que mientras el sistema inmune mantiene la competencia para la defensa contra antígenos foráneos, mecanismos de tolerancia local y periférica previenen una respuesta inapropiada contra alo-antígenos fetales de origen paterno lo que pudiera provocar el rechazo del feto. La interacción materno-fetal es extremadamente compleja y es difícil determinar todos los componentes del sistema inmune involucrados. Hasta ahora se ha demostrado la participación activa de las células T y sus productos, las citoquinas y también se ha involucrado a las moléculas del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad, los antígenos paternos y algunos inmunomoduladores como progesterona, indoleamina 2,3-dioxigeneasa y glicodelina, entre otros. Todos estos elementos parecen confluir para producir un gran cambio sistémico en el sistema inmune materno, promoviendo por una parte la tolerancia materno-fetal, crucial para finalmente permitir una gestación exitosa y, por otro lado, manteniendo una activa vigilancia inmune contra las infecciones que pondrían en riesgo la gestación y sobrevivencia de diversas especies. Se revisó la literatura más reciente acerca de los diferentes componentes del sistema inmune que han demostrado ser clave en el inicio y mantención de la gestación en mamíferos.
The initiation and establishment of pregnancy in mammals depends on the adaptation from maternal immune system to tolerate a semi-allogeneic fetus. Pregnancy itself constitutes an event of immune balance because, while the immune system maintains the capacity for defense against foreign antigens, mechanisms of local and peripheral tolerance may prevent an inappropriate response against fetal alloantigens of paternal origin which could lead to rejection of the fetus. The maternal-fetal immune interaction is extremely complex and it has therefore been difficult to identify all the immune components involved. So far, it is known that the active participation of T cells and their products, cytokines, and has also involved molecules from the major histocompatibility complex, other paternal antigens and some immunomodulators molecules such as progesterone, glycodelin and indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase among others. All these elements seem to converge to produce a major systemic change in the maternal immune system, promoting on one hand the maternal-fetal tolerance, crucial to allow a successful pregnancy and on the other hand, maintaining an active immune surveillance against infections that might endanger pregnancy and survival of diverses species. A review of recent literature about the different components of the immune system that have proven key in the beginning and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Gravidez/imunologia , Feto/imunologia , Troca Materno-Fetal/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade/imunologia , Gravidez/fisiologia , Histocompatibilidade Materno-Fetal/imunologia , Tolerância Imunológica , Fatores Imunológicos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Prenhez/imunologiaRESUMO
Terminal differentiation of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells is induced in humans and mice at the time of endometrial decidualization. In mice, commitment to this lineage is first recognized at gestation day (gd)5.5 when small, non-granulated lymphocytes in the mesometrial decidua basalis become histochemically reactive with the lectin Dolichlos biflorus agglutinin (DBA). Transplantation experiments in mice have shown that the self-renewing progenitors of uNK cells are present in peripheral rather than uterine tissues. While lymphoid tissues of virgin mice lack DBA lectin reactive putative uNK cell precursors or progenitors, peripheral organs have not been systematically examined in female mice during early pregnancy while the uNK cell population is becoming established. Here we report such a study in gd0.5-7.5 random bred mice. Only mesenteric lymph nodes showed a transient gain in DBA lectin reactive lymphocytes between gd0.5 and 4.5. These cells had cytoplasmic but almost no surface DBA lectin reactivity. This study indicates that the decidual environment is unique and locally promotes DBA lectin surface expression in terminally differentiating uNK cells.