RESUMO
Germinated millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a source of phenolic compounds that has potential prebiotic action. This study aims at evaluating the action of germinated pearl millet on gut function and its microbiota composition in Wistar rats fed with a high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet. In the first stage, lasting eight weeks, the experiment consisted of two groups: AIN-93M (n = 10) and HFHF group (n = 20). In the second stage, which lasted ten weeks, the animals of the AIN-93M group (n = 10) were kept, while the HFHF group was dismembered into HFHF (HFHF diet, n = 10) and HFHF + millet (HFHF added 28.6% of germinated millet flour, n = 10) groups. After the 18th week, the urine of the animals was collected for the analysis of lactulose and mannitol intestinal permeability by urinary excretion. The histomorphometry was analyzed on the proximal colon and the fecal pH, concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and sequencing of microbiota were performed in cecum content. The Mothur v.1.44.3 software was used for data analysis of sequencing. Alpha diversity was estimated by Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes. Beta diversity was assessed by PCoA (Principal Coordinate Analysis). The functional predictive analysis was performed with PICRUSt2 software (version 2.1.2-b). Functional traits attributed to normalized OTU abundance were determined by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In the results, germinated millet flour reduced Oscillibacter genus and Desulfobacterota phylum, while increasing the Eggerthellaceae family. Furthermore, germinated millet flour: increased beta diversity, cecum weight, and cecum/body weight ratio; improved gut histological parameters by increasing the depth and thickness of the crypt and the goblet cell count (p < 0.05); reduced (p < 0.05) the fecal pH and mannitol urinary excretion; increased (p < 0.05) the propionate short-chain fatty acid concentration. Thus, germinated millet has the potential to improve the composition of gut microbiota and the intestinal function of rats fed with an HFHF diet.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Pennisetum , Ratos , Animais , Farinha/análise , Milhetes , Frutose , Ratos Wistar , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Grão Comestível/química , Manitol/análiseRESUMO
The quality of Theobroma cacao L. is influenced by different variables both in the crop and in the processes of postharvest, the latter it includes the fermentation and the drying, fundamental for the formation of aroma and flavor precursors, determinants in the characteristics of quality and differentiation of cocoa in the chocolate industry. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of the solar drying process using a plastic roof solar dryer on the sensory and chemical quality of a mixture of cocoa cultivated in a region of Antioquia, Colombia. The content of total polyphenols, anthocyanins, sugars, mannitol, pH, total acidity, humidity, ethereal extract, ash, crude fiber and odor and flavor descriptors were analyzed. For analyzing the data, we used the methodology of longitudinal data analysis and repeated measurements, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and a principal factor analysis. The analyzed sensory characteristics are statistically different over time (pâ¯<â¯0.05). There was a decrease in the content of anthocyanins, total polyphenols and sucrose, and an increase in glucose and fructose during fermentation and drying. The analysis of factors allowed to define a series of groupings as indexes of quality according to the chemical and sensory properties analyzed in the drying process. Overall, the mixture of cocoa clones evaluated in the solar drying process presented indicators of sensory and chemical quality associated with descriptions of odor (spicy, dairy, nut, fruity, sweet cane), flavor (floral and spicy), ethereal extract, and pH that indicate a good benefit of cocoa and show the potential that Colombia has as a producer of fine aroma cocoa in high demand in premium markets.
Assuntos
Cacau/química , Dessecação/métodos , Fermentação , Energia Solar , Paladar , Análise de Variância , Antocianinas/análise , Chocolate/análise , Colômbia , Alimentos Fermentados , Aromatizantes/análise , Frutas/química , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Manitol/análise , Análise Multivariada , Odorantes/análise , Polifenóis/análise , Açúcares/análise , TemperaturaRESUMO
Stability-indicating LC methods using a UV detector and a charged aerosol detector (CAD) simultaneously were validated for the assessment of alogliptin (ALG) in tablets. The analysis was performed on a C8 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at a flow of 0.8 mL/min, using acetonitrile-10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 3.5; 90 + 10, v/v) as mobile phase and UV detection at 275 nm. Validation followed the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method was linear over the range of 25-200 µg/mL. Normality of the residuals showed a normal distribution, no autocorrelation, and homoscedasticity. LODs were 6.25 and 2.65 µg/mL and LOQs were 20.85 and 8.84 µg/mL for the CAD and the UV detector, respectively. The methods were precise and accurate. Excipients and degradation products did not interfere in the methods in studies of specificity. None of the factors studied in the analysis of robustness had a significant effect on the quantification of the ALG by the Pareto chart. The results of the assay obtained with LC-CAD and LC-UV were similar. The methods could be considered interchangeable and stability-indicating, and can be applied as an appropriate QC tool for analysis of ALG in tablets.
Assuntos
Piperidinas/análise , Uracila/análogos & derivados , Ácido Benzoico/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Excipientes/análise , Limite de Detecção , Manitol/análise , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Comprimidos , Uracila/administração & dosagem , Uracila/análiseRESUMO
This study addresses issues regarding chemical and bioactive properties of nine wild edible mushrooms from native Nothofagus forest from Patagonia, Argentina. Macronutrients, sugars, fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties were determined. Protein was found in high levels and varied between 3.35 g/100 g dw in Cyttaria hariotii and 22.29 g/100 g dw in Lepista nuda. All of them presented mannitol and trehalose as main sugars. Mannitol was significantly higher in Ramaria patagonica, although absent in Fistulina endoxantha, whereas trehalose predominated in Aleurodiscus vitellinus, Hydropus dusenii, Cortinarius magellanicus, C. hariotii, Grifola gargal and L. nuda, ranging from 1.15 to 10.26 g/100 g dw; it was absent in R. patagonica. The major fatty acid found was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. All species presented oxalic and fumaric acids, while some also had malic, quinic and citric acids. Tocopherols composition was variable. Cortinarius magellanicus presented significantly higher contents of both α-tocopherol and ß-tocopherol. R. patagonica presented the best results in all the antioxidant activity assays (EC50 values ≤ 1 mg/mL) and the highest content of phenolic compounds presenting gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and cinnamic acids. This study constitutes the first report on chemical composition and nutritional value of most of these edible mushroom species. Furthermore, it provides important information necessary to characterize and define the use of these species as gastronomic delicacies, functional foods and sources of bioactive compounds.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Argentina , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/análise , Florestas , Manitol/análise , Especificidade da Espécie , Trealose/análise , alfa-Tocoferol/análise , beta-Tocoferol/análiseRESUMO
Abstract Various chemical compounds, including surfactants, when introduced to culture media may increase the permeability of cellular membranes and thereby affect the quantity of metabolites excreted by cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of detergents including Triton X-100, Span 20 and Tween 80 on erythritol production from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia K1 in a shake-flask experiment, batch and fed-batch cultures. When Span 20 was added to a fed-batch culture with glycerol as a carbon source (300 g L-1), erythritol production increased by 15% compared to the culture without the surfactant where it reached 142 g L-1 after 5 days, which corresponded to 0.47 g g-1 yield and productivity of 1.1 g L-1 h-1. Therefore, it was concluded that Span 20 considerably enhanced the production of this polyol from glycerol.
Assuntos
Tensoativos/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Yarrowia/metabolismo , Eritritol/biossíntese , Manitol/metabolismo , Polissorbatos/análise , Polissorbatos/metabolismo , Tensoativos/análise , Octoxinol/análise , Octoxinol/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Eritritol/análise , Manitol/análiseRESUMO
Various chemical compounds, including surfactants, when introduced to culture media may increase the permeability of cellular membranes and thereby affect the quantity of metabolites excreted by cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of detergents including Triton X-100, Span 20 and Tween 80 on erythritol production from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia K1 in a shake-flask experiment, batch and fed-batch cultures. When Span 20 was added to a fed-batch culture with glycerol as a carbon source (300gL(-1)), erythritol production increased by 15% compared to the culture without the surfactant where it reached 142gL(-1) after 5 days, which corresponded to 0.47gg(-1) yield and productivity of 1.1gL(-1)h(-1). Therefore, it was concluded that Span 20 considerably enhanced the production of this polyol from glycerol.
Assuntos
Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Eritritol/biossíntese , Manitol/metabolismo , Tensoativos/metabolismo , Yarrowia/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Eritritol/análise , Manitol/análise , Octoxinol/análise , Octoxinol/metabolismo , Polissorbatos/análise , Polissorbatos/metabolismo , Tensoativos/análiseRESUMO
137Cs and 40K activity concentrations and stable elements have been measured in Clavariadelphus truncatus collected in Mexico. Iron-chelating compounds of siderophore-type was also studied in the species. 137Cs and 40K were determined in soil and mushroom samples with HpGe gamma-ray spectrometry. Macro- and micro-elemental concentrations were determined by XRF and ICP-MS. Siderophore detection was obtained with a colorimetric assay and X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a Siemens D5000 diffractometer. 137Cs geometric mean concentration in C. truncatus was 26 times higher as compared with other Mexican edible mushroom species, while 40K showed stability. Soil-C. truncatus concentration ratio for 137Cs and other micro-elements such as Cs, Rb and Pb were also higher than other Mexican edible species. The 137Cs committed effective dose due to the ingestion of C. truncatus was 8 x 10(-6) Sv year(-1). The main crystalline structure found in C. truncatus was D-Mannitol.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/química , Radioisótopos de Césio/análise , Metais/análise , Radioisótopos de Potássio/análise , Sideróforos/análise , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/análise , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Césio/metabolismo , Colorimetria , Manitol/análise , Manitol/química , Espectrometria de Massas , Metais/metabolismo , México , Radioisótopos de Potássio/metabolismo , Sideróforos/metabolismo , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/metabolismo , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/metabolismo , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
São apresentados alguns dos substitutos da sacarose mais utilizados e que apresentam maior segurança. Neste intuito, destacam-se informações sobre as características e limitações de alguns substitutos da sacarose e agentes adoçantes
Assuntos
Edulcorantes/análise , Edulcorantes/química , Aspartame/análise , Ciclamatos/análise , Frutose/análise , Lactose/análise , Manitol/análise , Sacarina/análise , Sorbitol/análise , Xilitol/análiseAssuntos
Goma de Mascar/efeitos adversos , Goma de Mascar/análise , Goma de Mascar/microbiologia , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Cariogênicos/análise , Cariogênicos/efeitos adversos , Cariogênicos/química , Fermentação , Técnicas In Vitro , Manitol/efeitos adversos , Manitol/análise , Manitol/química , Odontopediatria , Placa Dentária/etiologia , Placa Dentária/metabolismo , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Polissacarídeos/análise , Polissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Polissacarídeos/química , Salivação , Saliva/química , Saliva/efeitos dos fármacos , Sacarose/efeitos adversos , Sacarose/análise , Sacarose/química , Edulcorantes/análise , Edulcorantes/uso terapêutico , Xilitol/efeitos adversos , Xilitol/análise , Xilitol/químicaRESUMO
Foram analisadas 19 amostras de "Adocantes Naturais de Stevia", tendo por objetivo verificar-se a presenca de outros adocantes nao caloricos sinteticos que nao sao declarados no rotulo do produto. Constatou-se que em 18 amostras, alem de componentes do extrato de Stevia rebaudiana (BERT.) Bertoni, a sacarina estava presente e que so uma delas declarava tal fato no rotulo. Em tres dessas amostras foi encontrado tambem aspartame e em uma, ciclamato. Finalmente, em uma amostra nao foi encontrado nenhum componente do extrato de Stevia rebaudiana (BERT.) Bertoni, mas sim uma mistura de manitol e aspartame.