RESUMO

The effectiveness of antisepsis of surgical sites in 20 animals (canine species) was compared and subdivided into two groups, using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate associated with alcohol (group 1) and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate (group 2). The samples were collected through skin swab after trichotomy (T1), after definitive antisepsis (T2) and one hour after the use of antiseptic (T3), and then submitted to the count of colony forming units (CFU). In both groups, bacterial growth occurred in T1; in T2, the reduction of CFUs was significant for both groups (G1 and G2); however, if we consider absolute values, we can see in T1 a greater amount of CFUs in G2, and when evaluating the results of T2, we can see values which are very similar between G1 and G2, which may suggest greater efficiency of G2 in initial times after antisepsis. In T3, the reduction of CFUs was more effective for G1, suggesting a greater residual effect when compared to G2. Both antiseptic protocols were effective as they significantly reduced the number of skin bacteria, both in T2 and T3.(AU)

---

A eficácia da antissepsia dos sítios cirúrgicos em 20 animais (espécie canina) foi comparada e subdividida em dois grupos, utilizando gluconato de clorexidina 4% associado ao álcool (grupo 1) e gluconato de clorexidina 0,5% (grupo 2). As amostras foram coletadas por meio de swab cutâneo após tricotomia (T1), após antissepsia definitiva (T2) e uma hora após o uso de antisséptico (T3), sendo então submetidas à contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Em ambos os grupos, o crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em T1; em T2, a redução das UFCs foi significativa para ambos os grupos (G1 e G2); porém, se considerarmos os valores absolutos, podemos observar em T1 uma maior quantidade de UFCs no G2, e ao avaliar os resultados de T2, podemos observar valores que são muito semelhantes entre G1 e G2, o que pode sugerir maior efi-ciência de G2 em tempos iniciais após a antissepsia. No T3, a redução das UFCs foi mais efetiva para o G1, sugerindo maior efeito residual quando comparado ao G2. Ambos os protocolos antissépticos foram eficazes, pois reduziram significativamente o número de bactérias cutâneas, tanto em T2 quanto em T3.(AU)

Assuntos

Animais , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cães/cirurgia

RESUMO

The effectiveness of antisepsis of surgical sites in 20 animals (canine species) was compared and subdivided into two groups, using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate associated with alcohol (group 1) and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate (group 2). The samples were collected through skin swab after trichotomy (T1), after definitive antisepsis (T2) and one hour after the use of antiseptic (T3), and then submitted to the count of colony forming units (CFU). In both groups, bacterial growth occurred in T1; in T2, the reduction of CFUs was significant for both groups (G1 and G2); however, if we consider absolute values, we can see in T1 a greater amount of CFUs in G2, and when evaluating the results of T2, we can see values which are very similar between G1 and G2, which may suggest greater efficiency of G2 in initial times after antisepsis. In T3, the reduction of CFUs was more effective for G1, suggesting a greater residual effect when compared to G2. Both antiseptic protocols were effective as they significantly reduced the number of skin bacteria, both in T2 and T3.

---

A eficácia da antissepsia dos sítios cirúrgicos em 20 animais (espécie canina) foi comparada e subdividida em dois grupos, utilizando gluconato de clorexidina 4% associado ao álcool (grupo 1) e gluconato de clorexidina 0,5% (grupo 2). As amostras foram coletadas por meio de swab cutâneo após tricotomia (T1), após antissepsia definitiva (T2) e uma hora após o uso de antisséptico (T3), sendo então submetidas à contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Em ambos os grupos, o crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em T1; em T2, a redução das UFCs foi significativa para ambos os grupos (G1 e G2); porém, se considerarmos os valores absolutos, podemos observar em T1 uma maior quantidade de UFCs no G2, e ao avaliar os resultados de T2, podemos observar valores que são muito semelhantes entre G1 e G2, o que pode sugerir maior efi-ciência de G2 em tempos iniciais após a antissepsia. No T3, a redução das UFCs foi mais efetiva para o G1, sugerindo maior efeito residual quando comparado ao G2. Ambos os protocolos antissépticos foram eficazes, pois reduziram significativamente o número de bactérias cutâneas, tanto em T2 quanto em T3.

Assuntos

Animais , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cães/cirurgia

RESUMO

Neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to the decrease of copper concentrations in different regions of the brain. Therefore, intake of micronutrient supplements could be a therapeutic alternative. Since the copper distribution profile has not been elucidated yet, the aim of this study was to characterize and to analyze the concentration profile of a single administration of copper gluconate to rats by two routes of administration. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The control group received vehicle (n = 5), and the experimental groups received 79.5 mg/kg of copper orally (n = 4-6) or 0.64 mg/kg of copper intravenously. (n = 3-4). Blood, striatum, midbrain and liver samples were collected at different times. Copper concentrations were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper concentration in samples from the control group were considered as baseline. The highest copper concentration in plasma was observed at 1.5 h after oral administration, while copper was quickly compartmentalized within the first hour after intravenous administration. The striatum evidenced a maximum metal concentration at 0.25 h for both routes of administration, however, the midbrain did not show any change. The highest concentration of the metal was held by the liver. The use of copper salts as replacement therapy should consider its rapid and discrete accumulation into the brain and the rapid and massive distribution of the metal into the liver for both oral and intravenous routes. Development of controlled-release pharmaceutical formulations may overcome the problems that the liver accumulation may imply, particularly, for hepatic copper toxicity.

Assuntos

Gluconatos/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/sangue , Injeções Intravenosas , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Distribuição Tecidual

RESUMO

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the mucous membrane of the colon. The pathogenesis is not clear, but there is evidence of a complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. In this regard, we highlight the role of zinc in the immune system and probable control of the disease. This study evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation on the inflammatory response in patients with ulcerative colitis. A blind interventional study involving 41 patients of both sexes, who underwent either zinc gluconate supplementation (n = 23), or treatment with a placebo (corn starch) (n = 18). Patients were evaluated for dietary zinc intake, plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations, and serum levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 type cytokines at baseline (T0) and 30 (T1) and 60 (T2) days after intervention. Patients in the zinc supplementation group had a lower probability of having an adequate zinc intake than placebo. In this same group, there was a significant difference between plasma zinc concentrations (T1 in relation to T0, T2 in relation to T1, and T2 in relation to T0) and erythrocyte zinc (T1 in relation to T0 and T2 in relation to T1). Zinc supplementation resulted in significant changes in the concentrations of IL-2 and IL-10 without differences in the other interleukins. Zinc gluconate intervention in patients with ulcerative colitis improves the nutritional status of this mineral in these patients and positively influences their clinical outcome, reinforcing the role of zinc as an important dietary component in disease control.

Assuntos

Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Gluconatos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Zinco/análise

RESUMO

Organ transplantation is the treatment of choice against terminal and irreversible organ failure. Optimal preservation of the graft is crucial to counteract cold ischemia effects. As we developed an N,N-bis-2-hydroxyethyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid-gluconate-polyethylene glycol (BGP)-based solution (hypothermic machine perfusion [HMP]), we aimed to analyze the use of this solution on static cold storage (SCS) of rat livers for transplantation as compared with the histidine tryptophan ketoglutarate (HTK) preservation solution. Livers procured from adult male Sprague Dawley rats were preserved with BGP-HMP or HTK solutions. Liver total water content and metabolites were measured during the SCS at 0°C for 24 hours. The function and viability of the preserved rat livers were first assessed ex vivo after rewarming (90 minutes at 37°C) and in vivo using the experimental model of reduced-size heterotopic liver transplantation. After SCS, the water and glycogen content in both groups remained unchanged as well as the tissue glutathione concentration. In the ex vivo studies, livers preserved with the BGP-HMP solution were hemodynamically more efficient and the O2 consumption rate was higher than in livers from the HTK group. Bile production and glycogen content after 90 minutes of normothermic reperfusion was diminished in both groups compared with the control group. Cellular integrity of the BGP-HMP group was better, and the histological damage was reversible. In the in vivo model, HTK-preserved livers showed a greater degree of histological injury and higher apoptosis compared with the BGP-HMP group. In conclusion, our results suggest a better role of the BGP-HMP solution compared with HTK in preventing ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat liver model.

Assuntos

Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Soluções para Preservação de Órgãos/administração & dosagem , Preservação de Órgãos/métodos , Perfusão/métodos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Alcanossulfônicos/química , Aloenxertos/irrigação sanguínea , Aloenxertos/patologia , Animais , Isquemia Fria/efeitos adversos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/química , Glucose/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Fígado/patologia , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Manitol/administração & dosagem , Soluções para Preservação de Órgãos/química , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Cloreto de Potássio/administração & dosagem , Procaína/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/diagnóstico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness and safety of balanced crystalloid fluids compared with saline (0.9% sodium chloride) as a fluid of choice in critically ill patients remain unclear. The effects of different fluid infusion rates on outcomes are also unknown. OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that a balanced crystalloid solution, compared with saline, decreases 90-day all-cause mortality among critically ill patients; and to test the hypothesis that slow, compared with rapid, infusion rate decreases 90-day mortality in this population of patients. METHODS: The Balanced Solution versus Saline in Intensive Care Study (BaSICS) is a pragmatic, 2 ??2 factorial, randomised controlled trial. A total of 11 000 patients will be recruited from at least 100 Brazilian intensive care units. Patients will be randomised to receive Plasma-Lyte 148 or saline, and to rapid infusion (999 mL/h) or slow infusion (333 mL/h). Study fluids will be used for resuscitation episodes (at rapid or slow infusion rates), dilution of compatible medications and maintenance solutions. Patients, health care providers and investigators will be blinded to the solutions being tested. The rate of bolus infusion will not be blinded. OUTCOMES: The primary outcome is 90-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes are: incidence of renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy within 90 days, incidence of acute kidney injury (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stages 2 and 3), incidence of non-renal organ dysfunction assessed by Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score at Days 3 and 7, and number of mechanical ventilationfree days within the first 28 days after randomisation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The BaSICS trial will provide robust evidence on whether a balanced crystalloid, compared with saline, improves important patient outcomes in critically ill patients. BaSICS will also provide relevant information on whether bolus infusion rate affects outcomes in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02875873.

Assuntos

Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Estado Terminal/terapia , Hidratação/métodos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Cloreto de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Brasil , Causas de Morte , Método Duplo-Cego , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas/métodos , Cloreto de Magnésio/administração & dosagem , Seleção de Pacientes , Cloreto de Potássio/administração & dosagem , Projetos de Pesquisa , Acetato de Sódio/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

Cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. A new highly reproducible procedure for human breast cancer MCF-7 stem cells (BCSC) isolation and selection was developed by using a combination of hypoxia/hypoglycemia plus taxol and adriamycin for 24h. The BCSC enriched fraction (i) expressed (2-15 times) the typical stemness protein markers CD44+, ALDH1A3 and Oct 3/4; (ii) increased its clonogenicity index (20-times), invasiveness profile (>70%), migration capacity (100%) and ability to form mammospheres, compared to its non-metastatic MCF-7 counterpart. This isolation and selection protocol was successful to obtain stem cell enriched fractions from A549, SiHa and medulloblastoma cells. Since the secretion of HPI/AMF cytokine seems involved in metastasis, the effects of erytrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and 6-phosphogluconate (6PG), potent HPI inhibitors, on the acquisition of the breast stem cell-like phenotype were also evaluated. The presence of E4P during the BCSC selection deterred the development of the stemness phenotype, whereas both extracellular E4P (5-250nM) and 6PG (1µM) as well as siRNA HPI/AMF depressed the BCSC invasiveness ability (>90%), clonogenicity index (>90%) and contents (50-96%) of stemness (CD44, ALDH1A), pluripotency (p38 MAPK, Oct3/4, wnt/ß-catenin) and EMT (SNAIL, MMP-1, vimentin) markers. The cytokine inhibitor repertaxin (10nM) or the anti-IL-8 or anti-TGF-ß monoclonal antibodies (10µg/mL) did not significantly affect the BCSC metastatic phenotype. E4P also diminished (75%) the formation and growth of MCF-7 stem cell mammospheres. These results suggested that E4P by directly interacting with extracellular HPI/AMF may be an effective strategy to deter BCSC growth and progression.

Assuntos

Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Hipóxia Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Feminino , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Células MCF-7 , Metástase Neoplásica , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Paclitaxel/administração & dosagem , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Fosfatos Açúcares/administração & dosagem , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

ANTECEDENTES: Se solicita al IETSI la evaluación y Validación de la tecnología "Alcohol de Gluconato de Clorhexidina y Emoliente para Antisepsia de Manos" según CARTA N° 1290-DIR-INCOR-EsSalud-2016 El "Alcohol con Gluconato de Chlorhexidina y Emoliente para Antisepsia de Manos", es un antiséptico cutáneo cuyos principios activos incluyen el alcohol etílico (etanol) 60 - 96° en volumen de 60 ­ 98%, el gluconato de clorhexidina al 0.05%, y sustancias emolientes como el propilenglycol, la glicerina o el aloe. Los 2 agentes antisépticos de ésta formulación (etanol y gluconato de clorhexidina) han demostrado eficacia y seguridad a diferentes concentraciones cuando se usan para la antisepsia de manos en el ámbito hospitalario y quirúrgico. El etanol, por ejemplo, es un agente antimicrobiano clásico con propiedades bactericidas mediadas en gran parte por su capacidad de desnaturalizar y coagular proteínas, en tanto que el gluconato de clorhexidina daña directamente la membrana citoplasmática microbiana, siendo históricamente usado como la base antiséptica de jabones para el lavado quirúrgico. En general, el gluconato de clorhexidina parece tener una buena actividad antimicrobiana residual, por lo que su presencia en este nuevo dispositivo médico potenciaría los efectos antimicrobianos de una formulación con etanol solo, permitiendo un efecto antimicrobiano sostenido por varias horas. EsSalud actualmente cuenta con alternativas que han demostrado eficacia y seguridad para la higiene de manos como es el Alcohol con emoliente para antisépsia de mano (etanol 70%) . Esta evaluación de tecnología, permitirá establecer la eficacia y seguridad del uso de la combinación de etanol con gluconato de clorhexidina para la antisepsia de manos en comparación con la alternativa disponible actualmente en nuestra institución, Alcohol con emoliente para antisépsia de mano (etanol 70%). METODOLOGÍA: El análisis consistió en una búsqueda y evaluación de la evidencia científica actual sobre el uso de la tecnología. Se realizó una evaluación de estudios descriptivos, guías, revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis, ensayos clínicos, entre otros. en las siguientes bases de datos referenciales hasta Febrero 2017: Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO, Trip Database, Science Direct, Scielo, así como información proporcionada por grupos internacionales o agencias internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias tales como The Cochrane Library y el National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Para la búsqueda se usaron los siguientes términos generales: "Chlorhexidine" "Alcohol gel", "Hand hygiene", "Hand rub", "alcohol based hand rub", "alcohol based hand gel" "surgical hand rub", "hand desinfection". ANÁLISIS DE LA EVALUACIÓN: Según la evidencia científica revisada, se encontró información acerca del dispositivo "Alcohol de Gluconato de Clorhexidina y Emoliente para Antisepsia de Manos", en comparación al dispositivo médico existente en EsSalud: "Alcohol Gel (etanol 70%)", se presenta la evidencia científica encontrada. CONCLUSIÓN: En conclusión, no se encontró evidencia que respalde mayor eficacia y seguridad del Dispositivo Médico "Alcohol con Gluconato de Clorhexidina y Emoliente para Antisepsia de Manos" frente al Alcohol con emoliente para antisépsia de mano (etanol 70%) estándar empleado actualmente en EsSalud. En general. los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados revisados han sido realizados en su mayoría con otros tipos de alcohol diferentes al etanol y con concentraciones de gluconato de clorhexidina diferentes a la del dispositivo médico en evaluación. Además, los estudios presentaron calidad limitada principalmente debido a serias debilidades metodológicas.

Assuntos

Humanos , Clorexidina/administração & dosagem , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Desinfecção das Mãos/métodos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Compostos Férricos/efeitos adversos , Sais de Ferro/efeitos adversos , Óxido Ferroso-Férrico/efeitos adversos , Ácido Glucárico/efeitos adversos , Gluconatos/efeitos adversos , Anafilaxia/etiologia , Complexo Ferro-Dextran/efeitos adversos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Compostos Férricos/administração & dosagem , Risco , Óxido Ferroso-Férrico/administração & dosagem , Óxido de Ferro Sacarado , Ácido Glucárico/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Anafilaxia/epidemiologia , Injeções Intravenosas , Complexo Ferro-Dextran/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

Population management of free-roaming domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) is of interest due to the threat these animals pose to people, other animals and the environment. Current sterilization procedures for male dogs include surgical and chemical methods. However, little is known about how these procedures affect their behavior. The primary objective of this study was to investigate changes in selected behaviors following chemical and surgical sterilization in a male free-roaming dog (FRD) population in southern Chile. We also examined the association between serum testosterone levels and behaviors thought to be influenced by circulating androgens. A total of 174 dogs were randomly assigned to either a surgical or chemical sterilization group, or a control group. At the onset of the intervention period, 119 dogs remained and 102 dogs successfully completed the study. Each dog was monitored pre- and post-intervention using video recordings, GPS collars, and blood samples for the measurement of testosterone. Analysis of behavior revealed that surgically castrated dogs showed no reduction of sexual activity or aggression when compared to their pre-intervention behavior. Chemically sterilized dogs showed a statistically significant increase in dog-directed aggression, but no change in sexual activity. There was no change in home range size in any groups between the pre- and post-intervention measurement. We found no consistent association between levels of serum testosterone concentration and behavioral changes in any of the groups. This study presents the first detailed behavioral observations following surgical and chemical sterilization in male FRDs. The information generated is highly relevant to communities struggling with the control of FRDs. Complementary studies to further our understanding of the effects of male sterilization on the behavioral and reproductive dynamics of FRD populations are needed.

Assuntos

Agressão , Esterilizantes Químicos/farmacologia , Cães/fisiologia , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Esterilização Reprodutiva/veterinária , Agressão/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Arginina/administração & dosagem , Arginina/farmacologia , Esterilizantes Químicos/administração & dosagem , Chile , Cães/cirurgia , Análise Fatorial , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Esterilização Reprodutiva/métodos , Testosterona/sangue

RESUMO

There is a growing interest in chemical sterilization as an alternative to surgical castration in large-scale sterilization campaigns to control canine populations. An important step toward understanding the short-term and long-term effects of chemical sterilants is to determine their impact on blood testosterone concentrations, particularly as these could influence dog behavior after treatment. A field trial was conducted with 118 free-roaming male dogs in the Chilean Patagonia, where 36 dogs were chemically sterilized using EsterilSol, 39 dogs were surgically castrated, and 43 dogs remained intact as controls. Blood testosterone levels were determined at four time periods: on enrollment 6 months before treatment (t-6m), at the time of treatment (t0, within one hour after surgical castration or chemical sterilization and during a concurrent 2-week period for the control group), four (t+4m), and six (t+6m) months after treatment. Intrinsic and temporal factors were evaluated; age was significantly associated with testosterone, where dogs 2- to 4-year-old had the highest testosterone concentrations (P = 0.036), whereas body weight and body condition scores were not associated with testosterone; testosterone concentration was not influenced by time of day, month, or season. After treatment (t+4m and t+6m), all of the surgically castrated dogs had testosterone concentrations below 1.0 ng/mL. On the basis of this cut point (<1 ng/mL), testosterone remained unchanged in 66% of the chemically sterilized dogs at both t+4m and t+6m; it remained low for 22% of dogs at both t+4m and t+6m; it was unchanged at t+4m but low at t+6m in 9% of dogs; and, it was low at t+4m but reverted back to unchanged at t+6m in one dog (3%). Incidentally, testosterone in chemically sterilized dogs increased dramatically within 1 hour of treatment (t0), more than doubling (131%) the concentration of control dogs at the time of treatment (t0), likely because of severe necrosis of interstitial cells. The use of EsterilSol as a method of sterilizing dogs had a variable effect on blood testosterone concentrations. Approximately, 30% of chemically sterilized dogs had a reduced testosterone concentration (actual maximum, 1 ng/mL) after 6 months, similar to that of surgically castrated dogs. Most chemically sterilized dogs, however, showed no long-term changes in blood testosterone concentrations.

Assuntos

Esterilizantes Químicos/farmacologia , Cães , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Esterilização Reprodutiva/veterinária , Testosterona/sangue , Animais , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Orquiectomia/métodos , Esterilização Reprodutiva/métodos

RESUMO

It has been reported that a commercial zinc gluconate preparation disrupts spermatogenesis and apparently causes permanent sterilization in male dogs, but there is little information regarding similar approaches in the male cat. The objective of this study was to evaluate zinc gluconate as a permanent contraceptive for domestic male cats. Sixteen sexually mature mixed breed cats were allocated at random, by replicate, into two groups and given a single injection into each testis of either isotonic saline or zinc gluconate, respectively. Clinical and reproductive parameters were assessed immediately before injection and after 60 and 120 days. On day 120 the testis size of treated cats was decreased (P<0.05). Azoospermia occurred in 8/11 (73%) cats, and penile spines were decreased in 6/11 (55%) and absent in 4/11 (36%) cats, and there were substantial reductions in male behavior. However, plasma testosterone concentrations (single samples collected at each assessment) were not significantly different between treated and control cats at any time point. Although additional studies are warranted, intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate might have potential as a permanent contraceptive for cats.

Assuntos

Anticoncepcionais Masculinos/farmacologia , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Azoospermia/induzido quimicamente , Azoospermia/veterinária , Gatos , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Pênis/anatomia & histologia , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Testosterona/sangue

RESUMO

The objective was to determine whether the efficacy of zinc gluconate (Testoblock(®)) as a chemical contraceptive in male dogs was compromised in the presence of metamizole sodium (a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory/analgesic agent). Ten sexually mature mongrel dogs were assigned to two groups, a control group (n = 5) and a treated group (n = 5). Testoblock(®), a proprietary zinc-gluconate (13.1 mg zinc/ml) solution in a physiological vehicle, was injected into each testis (0.2-1.0 ml/testis, based on testis width). Half of the dogs (treated group) were also given metamizole sodium (also known as sodium dipyrone) orally (25mg/kg three times a day for 2 days), starting 2-3 h after testis injection. A physical examination and assessment of testis width, hematology, clinical chemistry (hepatic and renal function) and semen characteristics, were done immediately after treatment and then every 2 months for 180 days. There was no post-treatment scrotal biting or licking, although there was transient testicular swelling in both control and treated dogs during the first 3 days after injection. At 60 days after injection, all dogs were azoospermic. At 120 and 180 days, seven dogs had azoospermia and the remaining three (two control and one treated) had apparent aspermia (no ejaculate could be collected). There were no significant differences between groups for clinical findings or any aspect of hematology, renal, or hepatic function. In conclusion, giving metamizole sodium concurrent with an intra-testicular injection of a zinc-based solution did not interfere with chemical sterilization and it improved animal welfare.

Assuntos

Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Anticoncepcionais Masculinos/farmacologia , Dipirona/farmacologia , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Masculinos/administração & dosagem , Dipirona/administração & dosagem , Cães , Interações Medicamentosas , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Injeções/veterinária , Masculino , Sêmen/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

Liver cells respond to copper loading upregulating protective mechanisms. However, to date, except for liver content, there are no good indicators that identify individuals with excess liver copper. We hypothesized that administering high doses of copper to young (5.5 mg Cu · kg⁻¹ . d⁻¹) and adult (7.5 mg Cu · kg⁻¹ . d⁻¹) capuchin monkeys would induce detectable liver damage. Study groups included adult monkeys (2 females, 2 males) 3-3.5 y old at enrollment treated with copper for 36 mo (ACu); age-matched controls (1 female, 3 males) that did not receive additional copper (AC); young monkeys (2 female, 2 males) treated from birth with copper for 36 mo (YCu); and young age-matched controls (2 female, 2 males) that did not receive additional copper (YC). We periodically assessed clinical, blood biochemical, and liver histological indicators and at 36 mo the hepatic mRNA abundance of MT2a, APP, DMT1, CTR1, HGF, TGFß, and NFκΒ only in adult monkeys. After 36 mo, the liver copper concentration was 4-5 times greater in treated monkeys relative to controls. All monkeys remained healthy with normal routine serum biochemical indices and there was no evidence of liver tissue damage. Relative mRNA abundance of HGF, TGFß and NFκB was significantly greater in ACu than in AC monkeys. In conclusion, capuchin monkeys exposed to copper at doses up to 50 times the current upper level enhanced expression of genes related to inflammation and injury without clinical, blood biochemical, or histological evidence of liver damage.

Assuntos

Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/toxicidade , Fígado/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/fisiologia , Administração Oral , Envelhecimento , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cebus , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Gluconatos/análise , Cabelo/química , Fígado/citologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Função Hepática , Masculino , Modelos Animais , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a single intratesticular injection of a Zinc Gluconate-based solution to induce sterility in male dogs. Fifteen pubertal mongrel dogs (8 mo to 4 y old) were assigned to two groups; Control dogs (n = 5) received a single injection of an isotonic saline solution into each testis, whereas Treated dogs (n = 10), were given Testoblock, a proprietary zinc-gluconate (13.1 mg zinc/ml) solution in a physiological vehicle. The volume of saline or Testoblock injected varied from 0.2 to 1.0 ml/testis (based on testis width). Physical examination, testis width, hematology, clinical chemistry (hepatic and renal function), plasma testosterone concentration, semen characteristics, and libido, were assessed until castration (150 d after treatment). In Treated dogs, testis width increased (approximately 20%) relative to that in Control dogs, but subsequently was not significantly different from Controls (group × time interaction, P < 0.0001). For all dogs, values for hematology and clinical chemistry consistently remained within reference ranges. Although plasma testosterone concentrations decreased over time (P < 0.006), there was only a tendency for an effect of group (P < 0.09), and libido was not significantly affected. By 63 d after Testoblock treatment, eight Treated dogs were azoospermic, whereas the remaining two were oligozoospermic (<10 × 10(6) sperm/ml). We concluded that intratesticular injection of the Zinc Gluconate-based chemical sterilant Testoblock has considerable potential to induce permanent contraception in male dogs.

Assuntos

Anticoncepcionais Masculinos/uso terapêutico , Gluconatos/uso terapêutico , Esterilização Reprodutiva/veterinária , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticoncepcionais Masculinos/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Injeções/veterinária , Libido/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Esterilização Reprodutiva/métodos , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Testosterona/sangue

RESUMO

Background: Fertility control of animals by nonsurgical methods has been pursued to prevent unwanted pregnancies and suppress testosterone-dependent traits in farm and companion animals. In the latter, injection of sclerosing agents into the testis had considerable potential as a candidate for chemical sterilization of dogs. This article aims to review the potential of this new non-surgical technology for sterilization of male dogs. Review: Investigations of contraceptive agents for male dogs where initiated only in the last decade. Chemical sterilization is a solution for pet overpopulation and for non-surgical methods of male contraception. A variety of compounds have been tested, some of which were either safe but not effective or vice versa. The ideal chemical sterilization needs to meet three key criteria to be regarded as a good alternative to surgical sterilization. First, it has to be effective in a high percentage of treated animals. Secondly, it should have a high margin of safety for treated animals and the environment. Third, it has to be permanent and irreversible following a single treatment. The first product obviously fulfilling these criteria was zinc gluconate. Conclusion: Intratesticular injection of a zinc gluconate-based solution has great potential as a permanent contraceptive for dogs.

Assuntos

Animais , Masculino , Cães , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Masculinos/análise , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Soluções Esclerosantes/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of zinc gluconate associated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for chemical neutering in canine males. Fifteen sexually mature male dogs were divided in two groups, named control and treated. An injection was administered to both testicles, at a concentration of 26.2 mg zinc gluconate per ml and 0.5% DMSO in the treated group (11 dogs). The control group was given injections of saline solution (four dogs). Clinical examination and blood collection for a haemogram were done both before and after drug injection. There were 12 spermograms performed to analyse sperm motility, sperm vigour, ejaculate volume, testicle size, pathology and sperm concentrations. Libido was also measured. An ultrasound examination and histopathology were performed at the end of the experiment. Dogs' libido after chemical injection was reduced by over 50%. The spermogram analysis showed final mean results of 14.54% for sperm motility, 0.72 of sperm vigour and 37,150 per million spermatozoa per millilitre, values considered below the necessary levels at which fertilization can occur. Ultrasound and histopathology analyses of testicles for the treated group revealed more intense injuries when compared with the control group, with compromised testicular parenchyma and a decrease of germ cell number leading to total atrophy, indicating that the treatment reduced the fertilizing potential of male dogs, promoting a possible subfertile status.

Assuntos

Dimetil Sulfóxido/farmacologia , Cães , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Esterilização Reprodutiva/métodos , Animais , Dimetil Sulfóxido/administração & dosagem , Vias de Administração de Medicamentos/veterinária , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ultrassonografia

RESUMO

The objective of the present study was to evaluate, by light and transmission electron microscopy, the efficacy of a single intratesticular injection of a novel zinc-based solution, as a contraceptive for male dogs. Fifteen mongrel dogs were assigned to three groups (five dogs/group). Group 1, the control group, which consisted of animals ranging from 8 mo to 4 yr, was injected with saline solution. Group 2, which consisted of animals ranging from 8 mo to 1 yr old and Group 3, animals ranging from 2 to 4 yr old, were injected with a zinc-based solution (0.2-1.0mL; volume based on testicular width). There were no histopathological changes detected in testes from control dogs. Histological examination of treated groups revealed degeneration, vacuolation, fewer germ cells, formation of multinucleated giant cells, and a lack of elongated spermatids in atrophic seminiferous tubules. Leydig cells had varying degrees of lipid degeneration and necrosis. The majority of seminiferous tubules in all zinc-treated dogs were lined only by Sertoli cells, which were vacuolated. Ultrastructure of testis of treated groups had degenerate Sertoli and Leydig cells, characterized by numerous mitochondria with the lack of a matrix and agglomeration of lysosomal bodies. The cytoplasm of elongated spermatids was characterized by tubules of hyperplastic and hypertrophic smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi apparati. Round spermatids in Golgi phase had lysis of acrosomal vesicles. The degree of histological changes suggested irreversibility. In conclusion, intratesticular injection of a zinc-based solution effectively impaired spermatogenesis.

Assuntos

Cães/fisiologia , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Bloqueadores de Espermatogênese/farmacologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Zinco/farmacologia , Animais , Anticoncepção/métodos , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Injeções , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Bloqueadores de Espermatogênese/administração & dosagem , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Espermatozoides/ultraestrutura , Testículo/patologia , Testículo/ultraestrutura , Zinco/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

The aim of the study was to determine the relative bioavailability of zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine in a Petit Suisse cheese from an infant dessert. Weight gain and bone zinc content were the nutritional responses evaluated for the diets of different zinc content: 2 ppm (basal) and 5, 10, and 30 ppm from zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine and zinc sulfate. Nonlinear regression analysis of the fitted curves for weight gain determined a relative zinc bioavailability of 100% for the Ymax ratio and 96% for Ymax/t1/2 ratio for zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine (R2=0.7996 for zinc sulfate and 0.8665 for zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine). The slope ratio analysis from linear regression of femur zinc determined a relative zinc bioavailability of 93% for zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine (R2=0.8693 for zinc sulfate and 0.8307 for zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine). Zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine has similar bioavailability as zinc sulfate in a Petit Suisse cheese nutritional matrix, with the advantage that the stabilized compound does not modify the sensorial characteristics of the fortified cheese.

Assuntos

Biomarcadores , Queijo/análise , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Zinco/farmacocinética , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Fêmur/química , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Glicina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Sulfato de Zinco/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

The bioH-malA region of the E.coli chromosome (min 75.5) includes the gntT gene which encodes a high affinity transport for gluconate. Other gnt loci have not been characterized in this region; nevertheless, because lesion in it affect severely the utilization of gluconate, it has been suggested as being more complex. This region was investigated with respect to gluconate catabolism through the characterization of suitable E.coli strains lysogenized with a specialized transducing phage carrying the bioH-malA region of the bacterial chromosome (cI857st68h80d2bioH-malA). It was found that the region transduced by this phage while includes the gntT gene lacks other gnt loci that might code additional activities for transport of gluconate or its phosphorylation. Moreover, the pleiotropic lesion gntM2, previously mapped into this region and suggested as altering gntT or a presumptive regulator gene that might be involved in this catabolism, resulted recessive in lysogens (partial diploids) containing the defective prophage. The results obtained supported the idea that gntM2 is an allele of gntT; consequently those results suggested the precise position of this gene on the cromosomic map and the central role that its product might have in the initial incorporation of gluconate in E.coli.

Assuntos

Escherichia coli/análise , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem