RESUMO
In this study, the Box-Behnken experimental planning was used to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the cell wall of Rhizopus microspore var. oligosporus, with analysis of the quantitative effects of parameters pH, temperature and extraction time for polysaccharide yield. The optimal conditions for extraction were determined by the regression equation and evaluation of the response surface graphs, which indicated: pH 13, temperature of 120ºC and time of 60 min, with maximum yield around 18.5%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated typical polysaccharide signals. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and monosaccharide analysis indicated a ß(1,3) ß(1,6) glucogalactan. The polysaccharide exhibited an average molecular weight of 120 kDa and a polymerization degree of 741. Antioxidant assays in vitro revealed the potential of polysaccharide in elimination of ABTS+ radical and hydroxyl radicals. EC50 values for free radical elimination were 7.69 and 17.8 mg/mL, for ABTS+ and hydroxyls, respectively. The polysaccharides showed potential for α-amylase inhibition with an EC50 of 1.66 mg/mL. The results suggest that ß(1,3) ß(1,6) glucogalactan from Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus can be used in biotechnological applications.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Rhizopus , alfa-Amilases , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , alfa-Amilases/antagonistas & inibidores , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/farmacologia , Galactanos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/isolamento & purificação , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Marine algae are natural sources of macromolecules known as sulfated polysaccharides. This class of compounds has attracted the interest of Pharmaceutical Sciences due to its pharmacological anticoagulant, antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties. Therefore, this study evaluated the anticoagulant potential of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from the algae Penicillus capitatus. The extracted sulfated polysaccharides were purified, partially characterized and their anticoagulant activity was evaluated. The extraction process followed by ethanol precipitation resulted in five fractions. Among the analyzed fractions, F44 contained highest concentration of sulfated polysaccharides. After the purified fraction F23, F44 displayed in vitro anticoagulant activity in a time testing for activated partial thromboplastin time and pro-thrombin time. The preferential mechanism effect was based on interactions between thrombin and factor Xa. Additional studies on structure pharmacological are required to test the viability of the use of sulfated polysaccharides as therapeutic agents.
As algas marinhas são fontes naturais de macromoléculas conhecidas como polissacarídeos sulfatados. Esta classe de compostos atraiu o interesse das Ciências Farmacêuticas devido às suas propriedades farmacológicas como anticoagulante, antiplaquetária e antitrombótica. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial anticoagulante de polissacarídeos sulfatados extraídos de algas de Penicillus capitatus. Os polissacarídeos sulfatados extraídos foram purificados, parcialmente caracterizados e sua atividade anticoagulante foi avaliada. O processo de extração seguido pela precipitação com etanol resultou em cinco frações. Entre as frações analisadas, F44 foi a maior concentração de polissacarídeos sulfatados. Após a purificação, as frações F23 e F44 mostraram atividade anticoagulante in vitro em um teste de tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativada e tempo de protrombina. Seu mecanismo preferencial é baseado nas interações entre trombina e fator Xa. Estudos adicionais sobre a estrutura farmacológica são necessários para testar a viabilidade do uso como agente terapêutico.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/análise , Clorófitas , Galactanos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Marine algae are natural sources of macromolecules known as sulfated polysaccharides. This class of compounds has attracted the interest of Pharmaceutical Sciences due to its pharmacological anticoagulant, antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties. Therefore, this study evaluated the anticoagulant potential of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from the algae Penicillus capitatus. The extracted sulfated polysaccharides were purified, partially characterized and their anticoagulant activity was evaluated. The extraction process followed by ethanol precipitation resulted in five fractions. Among the analyzed fractions, F44 contained highest concentration of sulfated polysaccharides. After the purified fraction F23, F44 displayed in vitro anticoagulant activity in a time testing for activated partial thromboplastin time and pro-thrombin time. The preferential mechanism effect was based on interactions between thrombin and factor Xa. Additional studies on structure pharmacological are required to test the viability of the use of sulfated polysaccharides as therapeutic agents.(AU)
As algas marinhas são fontes naturais de macromoléculas conhecidas como polissacarídeos sulfatados. Esta classe de compostos atraiu o interesse das Ciências Farmacêuticas devido às suas propriedades farmacológicas como anticoagulante, antiplaquetária e antitrombótica. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial anticoagulante de polissacarídeos sulfatados extraídos de algas de Penicillus capitatus. Os polissacarídeos sulfatados extraídos foram purificados, parcialmente caracterizados e sua atividade anticoagulante foi avaliada. O processo de extração seguido pela precipitação com etanol resultou em cinco frações. Entre as frações analisadas, F44 foi a maior concentração de polissacarídeos sulfatados. Após a purificação, as frações F23 e F44 mostraram atividade anticoagulante in vitro em um teste de tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativada e tempo de protrombina. Seu mecanismo preferencial é baseado nas interações entre trombina e fator Xa. Estudos adicionais sobre a estrutura farmacológica são necessários para testar a viabilidade do uso como agente terapêutico.(AU)
Assuntos
Clorófitas , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Anticoagulantes/análiseRESUMO
Two sulfated polysaccharides (SPs), F2 and F3, isolated from Codium isthmocladum were found to contain galactose, sulfate, and pyruvate. The apparent molecular weights of F2 and F3 were determined to be 62 and 61â¯kDa, respectively. NMR spectroscopy combined with chemical analysis showed that F2 and F3 have the same structural features. However, F3 showed higher sulfate/sugar ratio (1/2.6) than F2 (1/4). F2 and F3 are essentially (1â¯ââ¯3)-ß-D-galactans with some branching at C6. Pyruvylation occurs at O3 and O4, forming 3,4-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-ß-D-Galp residues; some of these pyruvylated residues contain sulfate groups at C6. Some non-branching residues contain sulfate at C4. None of the SPs exhibited antioxidant activity. MTT results indicated that 1â¯mg/mL of both SPs about 40% of PANC-1 cell viability. At 10⯵g/mL, F2 and F3 had 1.7-fold longer clotting times compared to that of Clexane® at the same concentration. The higher sulfate content of F3 is not a determining factor for pharmacological activities of galactans, considering that both F2 and F3 exerted the effects.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Clorófitas/química , Galactanos/farmacologia , Alga Marinha/química , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Carboidratos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Piruvatos/química , Piruvatos/isolamento & purificação , Piruvatos/farmacologia , Ésteres do Ácido Sulfúrico/química , Ésteres do Ácido Sulfúrico/isolamento & purificação , Ésteres do Ácido Sulfúrico/farmacologiaRESUMO
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a tropical evergreen tree largely cultivated in Brazil, which produces the cashew apple, a peduncle rich in carbohydrates and considered an industrial waste of the nut production. Until now, there were no data available about the chemical structure of cell wall polysaccharides found in cashew apple. In this work, its pectic polysaccharides have been characterized through monosaccharide composition, HPSEC, methylation and 13C and 1H/13C HSQC-DEPT-NMR analyses. Highly methyl esterified homogalacturonan with a DE of 76% mixed with arabinogalactan were found. This latter was purified and presented a highly branched type II arabinogalactan (AG II) and small amounts of a type I rhamnogalacturonan in which the AG II could be anchored. These findings about the chemical structure of cashew apple pectins could contribute to develop future nutritional, biotechnological and pharmacological uses for this industrial waste from the cashew nut production.
Assuntos
Anacardium/química , Pectinas/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Parede Celular/química , Frutas/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Pectinas/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In this study, sulfated polysaccharide-rich extracts were isolated from 22 tropical seaweeds (4 red, 11 brown, and 7 green) found in northeastern Brazil, and evaluated for the role of anticoagulant agents. Fifteen of the extracts showed anticoagulant activity, including all the extracts from green seaweeds. Udotea flabellum (a green seaweed) extract was the most potent, requiring an amount of only 3 µg to double the plasma coagulation time in the activated partial thromboplastin time test. A similar result was obtained with 1 µg of heparin. Two sulfated homogalactans with anticoagulant activity, F-I (130 kDa) and F-II (75 kDa), were isolated from this extract using several bio-guided purification steps. Their anticoagulant activity, as well as properties related to antitumor activity (anti-proliferative, anti-adhesive, and anti-migratory), were accessed. Their anticoagulant activities were close to that of heparin. We found that F-I and F-II (0.5â»10 µg/mL) were not able to directly inhibit thrombin. In the presence of anti-thrombin, F-I (0.5 µg/mL) was more effective than heparin (0.5 µg/mL) in inhibiting thrombin, while F-II showed similar effects as heparin. F-I and F-II also inhibited B16-F10 (murine melanoma cells) adhesion, migration, and proliferation on a fibronectin-coated surface, but not on laminin- or collagen I-coated surfaces. Except for the antiproliferative activity, the other effects of F-I and F-II were eliminated upon their desulfation (~50%), indicating that the degree of sulfation is not as important for F-I and F-II anti-proliferative activity as the sulfation position. Taken together, the results provide strong evidence for the potential utility of sulfated galactans from U. flabellum, making these compounds an interesting option for future investigations that aim to design new anticoagulant/antitumor agents.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Clorófitas/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Alga Marinha/química , Animais , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/farmacologia , Heparina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Sulfatos/química , Sulfatos/isolamento & purificação , Sulfatos/farmacologia , Trombina/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Syzygium jambos is an Indo-Malaian found in many tropical countries and it is mainly composed of carbohydrates. Fraction PF-WSP and SF-WSP were obtained by aqueous extraction followed by Fehling's treatment. Monosaccharide analysis showed that fraction PF-WSP has a high content of uronic acids (90%) and fraction SF-WSP presented mainly galactose (39.1%) and arabinose (34.2%), as neutral sugars and 9% of galacturonic acid. The presence of type II arabinogalactan in SF-WSP was evidenced by methylation analysis and 13C/1H HSQC NMR experiments. Immunomodulating properties of SF-WSP was investigated. It decreases THP-1 macrophage viability at the highest concentration tested (200µg/mL). We then tested non-cytotoxic concentrations of SF-WSP on THP-1 cytokine production in the presence and absence of LPS. The results showed that SF-WSP increased TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-10 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner as well as attenuated the inflammatory response induced by LPS at the highest concentration (100µg/mL). These results contribute to elucidate the effects of fruit pectic polysaccharides on immune cells.
Assuntos
Galactanos/química , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Syzygium/química , Arabinose/química , Carboidratos/química , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/imunologia , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/farmacologia , Galactose/química , Ácidos Hexurônicos/química , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/imunologia , Ácidos Urônicos/químicaRESUMO
A mannogalactoglucan (RK2-Ab; Mw 1.8×104gmol-1) composed by Man (27.3%), Gal (24.4%) and Glc (48.3%) was extracted and characterized from Agaricus bisporus, and its biological activity was evaluated on human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2). The partially-O-methylated alditol acetates together with the NMR data suggest the main chain to be composed of α-d-Galp (32.8%) and ß-d-Glcp (37.0%) units (1â6)-linked, with ß-d-Manp (14.6%), as non-reducing end units, substituting the side chains at O-2 (α-d-Galp units; 3.3%) and O-2 and O-4 (ß-d-Glcp units; 3.6%). (1â2)-linked ß-d-Glcp (2.7%) and ß-d-Manp (6.0%) can also be observed. RK2-Ab reduced cellular viability of HepG2 cells, by both, the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, promoted the increase of cytochrome c release and decrease of ATP content. Suggesting that the mannogalactoglucan from A. bisporus may have antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis by the mitochondrial death pathway, and could be used in cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Agaricus/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Galactanos/farmacologia , Glucanos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/toxicidade , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/isolamento & purificação , Glucanos/toxicidade , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/química , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from seaweed have important pharmacological properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the sulfated polysaccharide (PLS) from the algae Hypnea musciformis and evaluate its protective effect in colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats. The sulfated polysaccharide possess a high molecular mass (1.24×10(5)gmol(-1)) and is composed of a κ-carrageenan, as depicted by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic data. PLS was administered orally (10, 30, and 60mg/kg, p.o.) for three days, starting before TNBS (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) instillation (day 1). The rats were killed on day three, the portion of distal colon (5cm) was excised and evaluated macroscopic scores and wet weight. Then, samples of the intestinal were used for histological evaluation and quantification of glutathione, malonyldialdehyde acid, myeloperoxidase, nitrate/nitrite and cytokines. Our results demonstrate that PLS reduced the colitis and all analyzed biochemical parameters. Thus, we concluded that the PLS extracted from the marine algae H. musciformis reduced the colitis in animal model and may have an important promising application in the inflammatory bowel diseases.
Assuntos
Galactanos/química , Galactanos/farmacologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfatos/química , Ácido Trinitrobenzenossulfônico/efeitos adversos , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citoproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/citologia , Intestinos/imunologia , Masculino , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The galactan system biosynthesized by the red seaweed Gymnogongrus tenuis (Phyllophoraceae) is constituted by major amounts of κ/ι-carrageenans, with predominance of ι-structures, which were isolated by extraction with hot water in high yield (â¼ 45%). A small amount of non-cyclized carrageenans mostly of the ν-type was also obtained. Besides, 12% of these galactans are agaran structures, which were present in major quantities in the room temperature water extracts, but they were also found in the hot water extract. They are constituted by 3-linked ß-D-galactose units partially substituted on C-6 with sulfate or single stubs of ß-D-xylose and 4-linked residues that comprise α-L-galactose units partially sulfated or methoxylated on C-3 or sulfated on C-3 and C-6 and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose. Related structural patterns were previously found for agarans synthesized by other carrageenophytes. Results presented here show that these agarans are low molecular weight molecules independent of the carrageenan structures, with strong interactions between them.
Assuntos
Carragenina/química , Galactanos/química , Rodófitas/química , Alga Marinha/química , Carragenina/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Temperatura Alta , Água/químicaRESUMO
In Brazil, snakebites are a public health problem and accidents caused by Lachesis muta have the highest mortality index. Envenomation by L. muta is characterized by systemic (hypotension, bleeding and renal failure) and local effects (necrosis, pain and edema). The treatment to reverse the evolution of all the toxic effects is performed by injection of antivenom. However, such therapy does not effectively neutralize tissue damage or any other local effect, since in most cases victims delay seeking appropriate medical care. In this way, alternative therapies are in demand, and molecules from natural sources have been exhaustively tested. In this paper, we analyzed the inhibitory effect of a sulfated galactan obtained from the red seaweed Palisada flagellifera against some toxic activities of L. muta venom. Incubation of sulfated galactan with venom resulted in inhibition of hemolysis, coagulation, proteolysis, edema and hemorrhage. Neutralization of hemorrhage was also observed when the galactan was administered after or before the venom injection; thus mimicking a real in vivo situation. Moreover, the galactan blocked the edema caused by a phospholipase A2 isolated from the same venom. Therefore, the galactan from P. flagellifera may represent a promising tool to treat envenomation by L. muta as a coadjuvant for the conventional antivenom.
Assuntos
Antivenenos/farmacologia , Galactanos/farmacologia , Rodófitas/química , Venenos de Víboras/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivenenos/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fosfolipases A2/metabolismo , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Venenos de Víboras/toxicidade , ViperidaeRESUMO
A structural characterization of polysaccharides obtained by aqueous extraction of ripe pulp of the edible exotic tropical fruit named tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) was carried out. After fractionation by freeze-thaw and α-amylase treatments, a fraction containing a mixture of highly-methoxylated homogalacturonan and of arabinogalactan was obtained. A degree of methylesterification (DE) of 71% and a degree of acetylation (DA) of 1.3% was determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and spectrophotometric quantification, respectively. A type I arabinogalactan was purified via Fehling precipitation and ultrafiltration through 50 kDa (cut-off) membrane. Its chemical structure was performed by sugar composition, HPSEC, methylation, carboxy-reduction and (13)C NMR spectroscopy analysis. Intraperitoneal administration of the arabinogalactan did not reduce the nociception induced by intraplantar injection of 2.5% formalin in mice, but significantly reduced the number of abdominal constrictions induced by 0.6% acetic acid, indicating that fraction has an antinociceptive effect on the visceral inflammatory pain model.
Assuntos
Analgésicos , Frutas/química , Galactanos , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Solanum , Ácido Acético , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/isolamento & purificação , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Feminino , Formaldeído , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/uso terapêutico , Metilação , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Peso Molecular , Monossacarídeos/análise , Dor/induzido quimicamente , FitoterapiaRESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases (CDs) are the principal cause of death in the world. Anticoagulation is the commonest therapeutic strategy for treatments of CDs in clinical settings. Although possessed of numerous downsides, heparin is the main clinical anticoagulant/antithrombotic agent used so far. Novel sulfated polysaccharides like the marine dermatan sulfate, sulfated fucans and galactans are also able to block clot and thrombus formation. These relatively new marine glycans call special attention mostly due to their unique structures and distinct mechanisms of action. This structural uniqueness is seen by the peculiar aspect of these polysaccharides being made of clear and regular sulfation patterns. The structures have been reported only in polysaccharides from marine invertebrates like sea urchins and cucumbers. This report intends to prove the promising combination of the triad sea-carbohydrates-clotting in drug discovery of the cardiovascular field.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatan Sulfato/uso terapêutico , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Galactanos/uso terapêutico , Polissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/isolamento & purificação , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Dermatan Sulfato/química , Dermatan Sulfato/isolamento & purificação , Descoberta de Drogas , Fibrinolíticos/química , Fibrinolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Heparina/química , Heparina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Pepinos-do-Mar/química , Ouriços-do-Mar/químicaRESUMO
Endopleura uchi is a native plant from the Amazon used in popular medicine to treat myomas. A crude polysaccharide (AGb) obtained from E. uchi bark decoction was purified, yielding a type II arabinogalactan (AG) that was characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. AG was evaluated for its cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells. AG (5-500 µg/ml) reduced cell viability at 48 and 72 h (approximately 20%) but not in a dose-dependent manner. Cell proliferation was also reduced by AG, with a 25% inhibition (100 µg/ml) at 72 h. The results suggest that the cytotoxicity exhibited by AG does not involve pathways related to the cell cycle.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/farmacologia , Magnoliopsida/química , Casca de Planta/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HeLa , HumanosRESUMO
A fucomannogalactan (FMG-Am) and a (1â3), (1â6)-linked ß-D-glucan (ßGLC-Am) were isolated from Amanita muscaria fruiting bodies. These compounds' structures were determined using mono- and bi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and controlled Smith degradation. FMG-Am was shown to be a heterogalactan formed by a (1â6)-linked α-D-galactopyranosyl main chain partially substituted at O-2 mainly by α-L-fucopyranose and a minor proportion of ß-D-mannopyranose non-reducing end units. ßGLC-Am was identified as a (1â3)-linked ß-D-glucan partially substituted at O-6 by mono- and a few oligosaccharide side chains, which was confirmed after controlled Smith degradation. Both the homo- and heteropolysaccharide were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential, and they produced potent inhibition of inflammatory pain, specifically, 91±8% (30 mg kg(-1)) and 88±7% (10 mg kg(-1)), respectively.
Assuntos
Amanita/química , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/farmacologia , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/farmacologia , Dor/complicações , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Feminino , Formaldeído/efeitos adversos , Carpóforos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/uso terapêutico , Glucanos/isolamento & purificação , Glucanos/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/complicações , Masculino , Camundongos , Peso Molecular , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Solubilidade , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Cell wall polysaccharides from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana were extracted successively with water and with aq. 10% KOH. After the purification steps, homogeneous fractions (SFW-10RM and SSFK-10RM) were analyzed by sugar composition, HPSEC, methylation and (13)C NMR spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that SFW-10RM is a pectic arabinogalactan with an unusual ß-(1â6)-linked D-Galp residues forming the main chain. Approximately 38% of the ß-D-Galp units of the backbone carry branches on position O-3, consisting of single D-Galp units or arabinan side chains. Arabinose residues were found to occupy mostly the terminal positions in both furanose and pyranose forms and as 2-, 5- and 3,5-linked residues in these side chains. Fraction SSFK-10RM is a similar arabinogalactan, differing mainly in the relative proportions of arabinans attached to the galactan core and in the content of D-GalpA residues present in the pectic domain. The crude aqueous and alkaline extracts and homogeneous SSFK-10RM showed antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) in vitro.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Galactanos/farmacologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Stevia/química , Animais , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Células VeroRESUMO
Guar gums of two different commercial sources were successfully electrospun on both mica and copper tape at several concentrations starting from 1% (w/w). The electrospun fibers formed with the raw materials were not uniform and presented aggregates and beads within the fibers. Two different purification procedures and a filtration sequence with different pore size membranes were applied to enhance galactomannan solution homogeneity and solubility. The consequence was improved fiber morphology. We observed that the precipitation step, within the purification procedure, produced changes in the molar mass distribution and yielded different fiber diameter. Furthermore, spherical aggregates between fibers and within them disappeared after the sequential filtration. The resulting electrospun fiber diameter decreased with membrane pore diameter reduction. We conclude that the filtration process is responsible for molecular disentanglement, as well as disaggregation, which leads to improved electrospun galactomannan fiber morphology.
Assuntos
Filtração/métodos , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Mananas/química , Mananas/isolamento & purificação , Gomas Vegetais/química , Gomas Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Silicatos de Alumínio/química , Fenômenos Químicos , Precipitação Química , Cromatografia em Gel , Cobre/química , Membranas Artificiais , Microscopia de Força Atômica , Conformação Molecular , Nanofibras/análise , Nanofibras/química , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Porosidade , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The fucogalactan from Agaricus bisporus (EFP-Ab) obtained on aqueous extraction followed by purification had M(w) 37.1 × 10(4)g mol(-1) relative to a (1â6)-linked α-D-Galp main-chain partially methylated at HO-3, and partially substituted at O-2 by nonreducing end-units of α-L-Fucp or ß-d-Galp. EFP-Ab also inhibited significantly the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin-induced licking, however, the antinociceptive effect was more pronounced against the inflammatory phase with ID(50) of 36.0 (25.8-50.3)mg kg(-1). In addition, EFP-Ab decreased the lethality induced by CLP. Its administration reduced the late mortality rate by 40%, prevented neutrophil accumulation in lungs and markedly decreased iNOS and COX-2 protein expression by ileum cells. These data show for the first time that EFP-Ab has significant anti-sepsis, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions, which seems to be related to the decreased iNOS and COX-2 expression. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that EFP-Ab could constitute an attractive molecule of interest for the development of new drugs.
Assuntos
Agaricus/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos , Galactanos , Inflamação , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Formaldeído/toxicidade , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Galactanos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Sepse/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Type II arabinogalactan (AG) is a polysaccharide found in Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae), a plant reputed as gastroprotective. Oral and intraperitoneal administration of the AG protected rats from gastric ulcers induced by ethanol. No alteration of mechanisms related to acid gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility were observed. In vitro, the AG showed a potent scavenging activity against the radical of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with an IC50 value of 9.3 microM. However, the mechanism of the gastroprotective action remains to be identified.
Assuntos
Galactanos/farmacologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Maytenus/química , Animais , Feminino , Galactanos/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas In Vitro , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
CONTEXT: The red algae Gelidium crinale (Turner) Gaillon (Gelidiaceae), encountered along the Southeast and Northeast Brazilian sea coast, contains a sulfated galactan presenting a similar saccharide backbone compared to λ carrageenan. Inflammatory effects of other galactans were reported, but not for that obtained from G. crinale (SG-Gc). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vivo edematogenic effect of SG-Gc in comparison to λ carrageenan. METHODS: SG-Gc was isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Paw edema was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) intraplantar injection of SG-Gc or λ carrageenan and evaluated by hydroplethysmometry. Data were expressed as the increase in paw volume subtracted from the basal volume or area under curve-AUC. To investigate the participation of early and late-phase inflammatory mediators, rats were treated with pyrilamine, compound 48/80, indomethacin, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or pentoxifylline before SG-Gc. RESULTS: SG-Gc edematogenic effect was initiated at 0.5 h, peaked at 2 h (1.26 ± 0.05 mL) and lasted until 6 h (0.21 ± 0.03 mL), whereas the carrageenan-induced edema started at 1 h. The first phase (1-3 h) of SG-Gc-induced edema was 176 ± 15 (AUC) versus carrageenan (114.5 ± 14), whereas the second phase (3-5 h) was 95 ± 12 (AUC) versus carrageenan (117.5 ± 11). Treatment with compound 48/80, pyrilamine, indomethacin, L-NAME, and pentoxifylline inhibited the effect of SG-Gc by 32, 40, 69, 72, and 49%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: SG-Gc and λ carrageenan induce different profile of inflammatory response in the paw edema model, that involves histamine, cytokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide (NO), but with different degree of participation.