RESUMO
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of an additive based on plant and spice extracts in broiler chicken diets on the productive performance, carcass yield, and meat quality. 704 male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 4 treatment, 4 replicates of 44 broiler chickens each. The experimental diets consisted of Diet 1: Control diet; Diet 2: Control diet + antibiotic growth promoters (AGP); Diet 3: Control diet + vegetable extracts (100 g/ton) and Diet 4: Control diet + vegetable extracts (150 g/ton). The vegetable extracts used were carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol extracted from oregano, cinnamon, and cloves. The supplementation of vegetal extracts did not affect (p>0.05) broiler chickens' productive performance or carcass yield. The lipid peroxidation (MDA nmol/mg protein) in the meat in natura was decreased (p<0.05) for broilers supplemented with vegetable extracts. The supplementation of 100 or 150 g/ton of vegetal extracts based on carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol did not affect broiler chickens' productive performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, and inhibited MDA production in broilers' in natura meat.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Galinhas/fisiologia , Aditivos Alimentares/efeitos adversos , Carne/análise , Fenilalanina/efeitos adversos , Eugenol/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Monoterpenos/efeitos adversos , AntioxidantesRESUMO
Jambu [Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen] is an edible plant with a wide range of constituents of biological interest. In this study, the chemical composition of leaves, flowers and stems of jambu cultivated in hydroponic and conventional systems was investigated. In both crop systems, the leaves showed the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant capacity. The extracts were characterized by determining 45 compounds, including phenolic acids, glycosylated flavonoids, alkamides and fatty acids, by LC-MS analysis. Of these compounds, 31 are described for the first time in this species, five of which are reported for the first time in the literature. The PCA and cluster analysis results distinguished different anatomical parts (PC1 and PC2) and cultivation systems (PC3) into well-defined groups.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Asteraceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hidroponia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Asteraceae/anatomia & histologia , Cromatografia Líquida , Análise por Conglomerados , Espectrometria de Massas , Folhas de Planta/química , Análise de Componente PrincipalRESUMO
The Cerrado has a wide diversity of fauna and flora, and the knowledge of its horizontal structure, in different time intervals allows the prediction of its structural and floristic characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in structure and composition of tree community in three fragments of Cerrado with low anthropization, in an interval of 11 years at Minas Gerais state. Rectangular plots of fixed size were sampled, measuring stem diameter and height of all living arboreal individuals with diameter at 1.30 meters above ground (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The tree vegetation dynamics study of the areas was performed, as well as the floristic analysis and the diametric structure. Considering all fragments and years of measurement, the recruitment of trees surpassed its mortality. The basal area varied between 3.67 and 13.07 m².ha-1. The studied areas, considering all fragments and years of measurement, showed a Shannon diversity index (H') from 3.43 to 3.87 nat.ind-1 and Pielou equitability index (J') ranged an interval between 0.77 and 0.82. The similarity calculated by the Jaccard index (J), when performed per plot considering the three fragments, showed a value of 0.2653. Also, related to the development and growth of the study areas, it can be inferred that all fragments and their respective years of measurement had a J-inverse pattern. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the three fragments maintained a representative growth in number of individuals and basal area.(AU)
Assuntos
Pradaria , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Campos de murundus work as recharge zones and are important for the maintenance of water resources in Brazilian Cerrado. However, with the expansion of the agricultural frontier, this ecosystem may disappear or suffer high anthropogenic disturbances. The aim of the study was to evaluate the structure and distribution of woody species, after the implantation of artificial drainage channels in campo de murundus, in plots near and distant of the drains in the soil. We sampled woody individuals with ≥ 3 cm diameter at the base, and established 20 permanent plots of 20×50 m, 10 of which were between 0-20 m of the drains (edge) and 10 between 150-200 m distant from the drains (interior), totaling two hectares of survey. We recorded 47 species with total density of 230.5 ind.ha-1 and total basal area of 1.331 m2 ha-1. The diversity index of species was H = 3.18. We recorded higher density and basal area in the edge, and differential distribution and occupation of woody species in the microrelief of the murundus. This provides us strong evidence that the drains have altered the vegetation structure, especially in the edge of the remnant campos de murundus turning the vegetation woodier and denser.(AU)
Assuntos
Estruturas Vegetais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Biologia do Solo , Drenagem do SoloRESUMO
The Cerrado has a wide diversity of fauna and flora, and the knowledge of its horizontal structure, in different time intervals allows the prediction of its structural and floristic characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in structure and composition of tree community in three fragments of Cerrado with low anthropization, in an interval of 11 years at Minas Gerais state. Rectangular plots of fixed size were sampled, measuring stem diameter and height of all living arboreal individuals with diameter at 1.30 meters above ground (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The tree vegetation dynamics study of the areas was performed, as well as the floristic analysis and the diametric structure. Considering all fragments and years of measurement, the recruitment of trees surpassed its mortality. The basal area varied between 3.67 and 13.07 m².ha-1. The studied areas, considering all fragments and years of measurement, showed a Shannon diversity index (H') from 3.43 to 3.87 nat.ind-1 and Pielou equitability index (J') ranged an interval between 0.77 and 0.82. The similarity calculated by the Jaccard index (J), when performed per plot considering the three fragments, showed a value of 0.2653. Also, related to the development and growth of the study areas, it can be inferred that all fragments and their respective years of measurement had a J-inverse pattern. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the three fragments maintained a representative growth in number of individuals and basal area.
Assuntos
Estruturas Vegetais/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , PradariaRESUMO
Campos de murundus work as recharge zones and are important for the maintenance of water resources in Brazilian Cerrado. However, with the expansion of the agricultural frontier, this ecosystem may disappear or suffer high anthropogenic disturbances. The aim of the study was to evaluate the structure and distribution of woody species, after the implantation of artificial drainage channels in campo de murundus, in plots near and distant of the drains in the soil. We sampled woody individuals with ≥ 3 cm diameter at the base, and established 20 permanent plots of 20×50 m, 10 of which were between 0-20 m of the drains (edge) and 10 between 150-200 m distant from the drains (interior), totaling two hectares of survey. We recorded 47 species with total density of 230.5 ind.ha-1 and total basal area of 1.331 m2 ha-1. The diversity index of species was H = 3.18. We recorded higher density and basal area in the edge, and differential distribution and occupation of woody species in the microrelief of the murundus. This provides us strong evidence that the drains have altered the vegetation structure, especially in the edge of the remnant campos de murundus turning the vegetation woodier and denser.
Assuntos
Biologia do Solo , Drenagem do Solo , Estruturas Vegetais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Pigmented maize has been extensively studied due to its high anthocyanin content. This study has been focused mainly on kernel, although the whole plant of purple corn is a potential source of anthocyanins. First, general parameters of extraction (solvent system, solvent-to-solid ratio, number of extractions, and acid type) were established depending on the total anthocyanins content. Then, three extraction methods to access anthocyanins were compared: maceration extraction (ME), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Since the residual material still possessed an intense color, a further treatment was performed by application of enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE). Three enzymatic cocktails (Xylanases, Celluclast, and Depol), pH, and temperature were evaluated to establish optimal reaction conditions. Subsequent analysis and identification of the anthocyanins obtained by four different extraction techniques were performed using HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry, respectively. The most efficient method was UAE using 20 min of ultrasound (100 W) preceded by sample treatment in the following conditions: ethanol/water/lactic acid mixture (80:19:1), two extractions, 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. As a result, anthocyanins from corn cob and corn husk were extracted at concentrations of 24.32 and 25.80 mg/gDW, respectively. No difference in the anthocyanins profile for samples extracted by three different methods was observed. However, an enhanced presence of cyanidin-3-(6''malonyl)glucoside was detected in the sample corresponding to the EAE method. Therefore, the Cahuacintle corn husk can be considered as a competitive source of anthocyanins with the available commercial sources. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The by-products obtained from Cacahuacintle purple corn can be potentially used as natural colorants thanks to their anthocyanins content. In this work, we established the most efficient extraction method of anthocyanins from corn husk and corn cob, and demonstrated that their anthocyanins profile is comparable to other Peruvian purple corns, which are currently used as natural colorants. Therefore, the extraction procedure described in this study might be scaled-up in an industrial process to get access to anthocyanins from undervalued wastes.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/isolamento & purificação , Cor , Extratos Vegetais/química , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Zea mays/química , Antocianinas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Tecnologia de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Peru , Solventes/química , Especificidade da Espécie , Zea mays/classificaçãoRESUMO
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck is extensively cultivated worldwide and one of the most consumed fruits in the world. We evaluated the therapeutic properties of the methanol extract from Citrus sinensis fruit peel (CSMe) in high-fat diet-fed streptozotocin-induced insulin-resistant diabetic rats. Body weight, food intake, and water consumption were analysed. Biochemical and molecular biologic indices, and the expression of insulin receptor-induced signalling molecules were assessed to identify possible mechanisms. In addition, we conducted histology of pancreatic and adipose tissues. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of 17 dietary phenolics at substantial concentrations. High-fat diet-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats administered CSMe (50 and 100â¯mg/kg) had reduced fasting blood glucose (56.1% and 55.7%, respectively) and plasma insulin levels (22.9% and 32.7%, respectively) compared with untreated diabetic control rats. CSMe reversed the biochemical abnormalities in diabetic rats, showed cytoprotective activity, and increased the intensity of the positive immunoreactions for insulin in pancreatic islets. CSMe treatment increased the expression of PPARγ in the adipose tissue and signalling molecules GLUT4 and insulin receptor. Our data suggest that CSMe could optimize glucose uptake of adipose tissues through the insulin-dependent signalling cascade mechanism and it should be investigated in the management of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Assuntos
Citrus/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Resistência à Insulina , Insulina/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Creatinina/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/sangue , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Testes de Função Hepática , Masculino , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Ratos Wistar , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Estreptozocina , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The present investigation evaluated 4 different solvent compositions for their relative capacity to extract total phenolic and total flavonoid (TF) components of the leaves, trunks, and stems of Bucida buceras L. (Combretaceae), and the stems of Phoradendron californicum (Viscaceae), plus mesquite and oak species endemic to the Southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and tropical regions of Central and South America, as well as to profile the composition of these plant materials and to measure their antioxidant capacity. METHODS: The total phenolic content of plant material used in the present investigation was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Total flavonoids were assayed by AlCl3 and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin colorimetry. Nitroblue tetrazolium was utilized for scavenging of superoxide anion, and in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power assays. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening of each plant extract evaluated revealed the following major results: (1) No evidence of alkaloids for each of the extraction phases tested was detected in the hexanic, ethanolic, or aqueous phases of Bucida buceras and Phoradendron californicum (oak and mesquite); (2) Analysis of the hexane phase of B. buceras and P. californicum (mesquite) extracts revealed the presence of carotenes, triterpenes/steroids, and lactonic groups; (3) Analysis of the ethanol and aqueous extraction phases for both plants revealed the presence of a diverse range of compounds, including tripterpenes/steroids, lactonics groups, saponins, phenols/tannins, amines and/or amino acids, and flavonoids/anthocyanins; and (4) The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in P. californicum (oak): 523.886 ± 51.457 µg GAE/mg extract and 409.651 ± 23.091 µg/mg of extract for methanol and aqueous fractions, respectively. The highest flavonoid content was 237.273 ± 21.250 µg PNE/mg extract in the acetone extract of Bucida buceras stems; while the flavonol content (260.685 ± 23.031 µg CE/mg extract) was higher in the ethanol extract of P. californicum (oak). The acetone extract of B. buceras trunk extract showed the highest levels of DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 4.136 ± 0.446 µg/mL) and reducing power (4928.392 ± 281.427 µM AAE/mg extract). The highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50) was 55.249 ± 9.829 µg/mL, observed in acetone extracts of B. buceras leaves. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present investigation demonstrated the effects of extraction solvent on phenolic and flavonoid content yield-and antioxidant activities by Bucida buceras and Phoradendron californicum. The present investigation further revealed that Bucida buceras exhibited optimal antioxidant capacity when acetone was used as extraction solvent; and the highest yield of phenols and flavonoids were obtained from the P. californicum oak, using methanol and aqueous solvents, respectively.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Combretaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Solventes/química , Viscaceae/química , Flavonoides/análise , Fenóis/análise , Estruturas Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
In Santa Catarina State, Brazil, wood exploitation and the expansion of agricultural areas represent some of the responsible factors for the significant reduction of natural areas. The objective was to provide information on the floristic composition and the structure of a remnant forest in order to subsidize the restoration of degraded areas. Sampling was performed by the method of quadrant points, where we measured the diameter of the plant to the lap height (individuals from 1 meter to 1.30 meters in height), the diameter at breast height (individuals over 1.30 meters), and the distance from the base (point central); the frequency, density, and absolute and relative dominance, the importance value index, the Shannon diversity, and the Pielou evenness were calculated. To evaluate the floristic-structural similarity between transects we used the Bray-Curtis index, performed by the ordination of transects on the basis of floristic characteristics through multivariate analysis technique NMDS. The study found 254 arboreal individuals belonging to 17 families, 20 genders and 36 species. The species with the highest importance value were: Baccharis uncinella, Solanum variabile, Mimosa scabrella, Pinus taeda, and Vernonanthura discolor. The diversity index was 2.56 nats. ind-1 and the evenness was 0.69, indicating low ecological dominance in the area. According to the assessment of of the similarity between transects, it was possible to observe the separation of two distinct floristic groups through greater similarity of transects 1-3 and 2-4. The NMDS analysis indicated that the floristic-structural organization of regenerating component showed no marked spatial variations associated with the environmental characteristics of each transect. The results follow the standard found in studies conducted in similarareas and that the maintenance of these forest fragments favors the formation of biodiversity corridors.(AU)
No Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, a exploração madeireira e a expansão de áreas agrícolas representam alguns dos fatores responsáveis pela expressiva redução de áreas naturais. O objetivo foi fornecer informações da composição florística e estrutural de um remanescente florestal a fim de subsidiar as medidas de restauração das áreas degradadas. A amostragem foi realizada pelo método de pontos quadrantes, em que foram registrados o diâmetro a altura do colo (indivíduos entre 1 metro até 1,30 metros de altura), o diâmetro à altura do peito (indivíduos maiores de 1,30 metros), e a distância da base (ponto central), e calculados a frequência, a densidade e a dominância absoluta e relativa, o valor de importância, o índice de diversidade de Shannon e a equabilidade de Pielou. Para avaliar a similaridade florística-estrutural entre os transectos foi utilizado o índice de Bray-Curtis e feita a ordenação dos transectos em função das características florísticas e estruturais por meio da técnica de análise multivariada NMDS. Foram encontrados 3.214 ind.ha-1 distribuídos em 17 famílias, 20 gêneros e 36 espécies. As espécies com maior valor de importância foram: Baccharis uncinella, Solanum variabile, Mimosa scabrella, Pinus taeda e Vernonanthura discolor. O índice de diversidade foi de 2,56 nats.ind.-1 e o índice de equabilidade foi de 0,69, indicando baixa dominância ecológica na área. De acordo com a avaliação da similaridade entre os transectos foi possível observar a separação de dois grupos distintos através da maior similaridade entre os transectos 1-3 e 2-4. A análise NMDS demonstrou que a organização florístico-estrutural não apresentou variações espaciais marcantes associadas às características ambientais de cada transecto. Os resultados seguem o padrão encontrado em estudos realizados em áreas semelhantes e que a manutenção destes fragmentos florestais favorece a formação de corredores de biodiversidade.(AU)
Assuntos
Florestas , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Estruturas Vegetais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pinus/citologia , Pinus/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
In Santa Catarina State, Brazil, wood exploitation and the expansion of agricultural areas represent some of the responsible factors for the significant reduction of natural areas. The objective was to provide information on the floristic composition and the structure of a remnant forest in order to subsidize the restoration of degraded areas. Sampling was performed by the method of quadrant points, where we measured the diameter of the plant to the lap height (individuals from 1 meter to 1.30 meters in height), the diameter at breast height (individuals over 1.30 meters), and the distance from the base (point central); the frequency, density, and absolute and relative dominance, the importance value index, the Shannon diversity, and the Pielou evenness were calculated. To evaluate the floristic-structural similarity between transects we used the Bray-Curtis index, performed by the ordination of transects on the basis of floristic characteristics through multivariate analysis technique NMDS. The study found 254 arboreal individuals belonging to 17 families, 20 genders and 36 species. The species with the highest importance value were: Baccharis uncinella, Solanum variabile, Mimosa scabrella, Pinus taeda, and Vernonanthura discolor. The diversity index was 2.56 nats. ind-1 and the evenness was 0.69, indicating low ecological dominance in the area. According to the assessment of of the similarity between transects, it was possible to observe the separation of two distinct floristic groups through greater similarity of transects 1-3 and 2-4. The NMDS analysis indicated that the floristic-structural organization of regenerating component showed no marked spatial variations associated with the environmental characteristics of each transect. The results follow the standard found in studies conducted in similarareas and that the maintenance of these forest fragments favors the formation of biodiversity corridors.
No Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, a exploração madeireira e a expansão de áreas agrícolas representam alguns dos fatores responsáveis pela expressiva redução de áreas naturais. O objetivo foi fornecer informações da composição florística e estrutural de um remanescente florestal a fim de subsidiar as medidas de restauração das áreas degradadas. A amostragem foi realizada pelo método de pontos quadrantes, em que foram registrados o diâmetro a altura do colo (indivíduos entre 1 metro até 1,30 metros de altura), o diâmetro à altura do peito (indivíduos maiores de 1,30 metros), e a distância da base (ponto central), e calculados a frequência, a densidade e a dominância absoluta e relativa, o valor de importância, o índice de diversidade de Shannon e a equabilidade de Pielou. Para avaliar a similaridade florística-estrutural entre os transectos foi utilizado o índice de Bray-Curtis e feita a ordenação dos transectos em função das características florísticas e estruturais por meio da técnica de análise multivariada NMDS. Foram encontrados 3.214 ind.ha-1 distribuídos em 17 famílias, 20 gêneros e 36 espécies. As espécies com maior valor de importância foram: Baccharis uncinella, Solanum variabile, Mimosa scabrella, Pinus taeda e Vernonanthura discolor. O índice de diversidade foi de 2,56 nats.ind.-1 e o índice de equabilidade foi de 0,69, indicando baixa dominância ecológica na área. De acordo com a avaliação da similaridade entre os transectos foi possível observar a separação de dois grupos distintos através da maior similaridade entre os transectos 1-3 e 2-4. A análise NMDS demonstrou que a organização florístico-estrutural não apresentou variações espaciais marcantes associadas às características ambientais de cada transecto. Os resultados seguem o padrão encontrado em estudos realizados em áreas semelhantes e que a manutenção destes fragmentos florestais favorece a formação de corredores de biodiversidade.
Assuntos
Estruturas Vegetais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Florestas , Pinus/citologia , Pinus/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Objective To understand the trajectories that women go through from entering into to leaving relationships involving intimate partner violence (IPV), and identify the stages of the transition process. Method We utilized a constructivist paradigm based on grounded theory. We ensured that the ethical guidelines of the World Health Organization for research on domestic violence were followed. The analysis focused on narratives of 28 women survivors of IPV, obtained from in-depth interviews. Results The results showed that the trajectories experienced by women were marked by gender issues, (self) silencing, hope and suffering, which continued after the end of the IPV. Conclusion The transition process consists of four stages: entry - falls in love and becomes trapped; maintenance - silences own self, consents and remains in the relationship; decides to leave - faces the problems and struggles to be rescued; (re) balance - (re) finds herself with a new life. This (long) process was developed by wanting (and being able to have) self-determination. .
Objetivo Conhecer as trajetórias que as mulheres percorrem desde a entrada até à saída de relações de violência exercida por parceiros íntimos (VPI), e identificar as fases do processo de transição. Método Utilizou-se um paradigma construtivista com recurso à grounded theory. Salvaguardaram-se as orientações éticas da OMS em matéria de investigação sobre violência doméstica. A análise centrou-se em narrativas de 28 mulheres sobreviventes de VPI, obtidas em entrevistas em profundidade. Resultados Referem que as trajetórias percorridas pelas mulheres foram atravessadas por questões de género, (auto)silenciamento, esperança e sofrimento, o que ultrapassou o fim da VPI. Conclusión O processo de transição é constituído por quatro fases: entrada - enamora-se e fica aprisionada; manutenção - auto-silencia-se, consente e permanece na relação; decisão de saída - enfrenta o problema e luta pelo resgate; (re)equilíbrio - (re)encontra-se com uma nova vida. Este (longo) processo foi atravessado por querer (e poder) autodeterminar-se. .
Objetivo Conhecer as trajetórias que as mulheres percorrem desde a entrada até à saída de relações de violência exercida por parceiros íntimos (VPI), e identificar as fases do processo de transição. Método Utilizou-se um paradigma construtivista com recurso à grounded theory. Salvaguardaram-se as orientações éticas da OMS em matéria de investigação sobre violência doméstica. A análise centrou-se em narrativas de 28 mulheres sobreviventes de VPI, obtidas em entrevistas em profundidade. Resultados Referem que as trajetórias percorridas pelas mulheres foram atravessadas por questões de género, (auto)silenciamento, esperança e sofrimento, o que ultrapassou o fim da VPI. Conclusão O processo de transição é constituído por quatro fases: entrada - enamora-se e fica aprisionada; manutenção - auto-silencia-se, consente e permanece na relação; decisão de saída - enfrenta o problema e luta pelo resgate; (re)equilíbrio - (re)encontra-se com uma nova vida. Este (longo) processo foi atravessado por querer (e poder) autodeterminar-se. .
Assuntos
Animais , Contaminação de Alimentos , Inseticidas , Ácaros , Monoterpenos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Pinus/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Cicloexanóis/análise , Cicloexenos , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Terpenos/análiseRESUMO
A conversão de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) em etanol de segunda geração é um processo que ainda possui muitos desafios devido a sua estrutura química formada pela celulose que é envolvida pela hemicelulose e principalmente pela resistente lignina. Para promover a desnaturação da lignina e recuperação de celulose, pode-se recorrer a aplicação de tecnologia combinada com enzimas eficientes. Neste trabalho foi investigado o emprego de CO2 sub e supercrítico no pré-tratamento do BCA, qualificando-o como biomassa para o processo de hidrólise da celulose na produção de etanol. A composição química do BCA pré-tratado com CO2, sub e supercrítico foi avaliada utilizando a combinação de dióxido de carbono supercrítico e vários modificadores de polaridade (etanol, água, hidróxido de sódio) e um pós-tratamento térmico com hidróxido de sódio em comparação com o BCA sem pré-tratamento. Os melhores resultados de composição química foram hidrolisados com dois complexos enzimáticos celulásicos (A e B) e os rendimentos de AR (açúcares redutores) foram comparados entre si e entre o BCA hidrolisado sem pré-tratamento. Os resultados mostram que houve uma deslignificação de até 42,74 % e recuperação de 48,56 % de celulose quando se utilizou etanol e água como modificador de polaridade no BCA pré-tratado com CO2 supercrítico (60°C, 200 bar, 6 h) combinado com pós-tratamento térmico a 100°C com solução diluída de hidróxido de sódio. Essa condição apresentou a melhor eficiência de hidrólise e rendeu 71,85±0,43 g/100 g de celulose + hemicelulose de BCApt em base seca de AR, utilizando o complexo enzimático B com suplementação de β-glicosidase. A partir dos resultados apresentados neste trabalho, pode-se concluir que o tratamento CO2 supercrítico combinado com pós-tratamento térmico com hidróxido de sódio é uma alternativa eficiente e promissora para realizar o pré-tratamento da matéria-prima lignocelulósica em temperaturas relativamente baixas, o que se torna uma vantagem aos pré-tratamentos convencionais com uso de temperaturas elevadas o que pode promover a formação de inibidores de fermentação.
The conversion of sugar cane bagasse (SCB) to second generation ethanol is a process that still has many challenges due to their chemical structure made by cellulose which is involved by hemicellulose and mainly engaged by the lignin resistant. To promote lignin denaturation and cellulose recovery it can be resorted to the application of technology combined with efficient enzymes. In this study was investigated the use of sub and supercritical CO2 in the pretreatment of SCB, qualifying it as biomass to the process of cellulose hydrolysis in ethanol production. The chemical composition of pretreated SCB (pt-SCB) with CO2, sub and supercritical, was assessed using a combination of supercritical carbon dioxide and various polarity modifiers (ethanol, water, sodium hydroxide), and a subsequent treatment heat with sodium hydroxide in comparison with SCB without pretreatment. The best results of chemical composition were hydrolyzed with two cellulosic enzymatic complexes (A and B) and AR (sugars reducers) yields were compared between each other and between hydrolyzed SCB without pretreatment. The results show that there was a delignification of up to 42.74% and 48.56% recovery of cellulose when ethanol and water was used as SCB polarity modifier, pretreated with supercritical CO2 (60°C, 200 bar, 6 h) combined with subsequent heat treatment at 100°C with diluted solution of sodium hydroxide. This condition showed the best efficiency of hydrolysis and yielded 71.85 (± 0.43) g/100g of cellulose and hemicellulose pt- SCB on a dry basis of AR, using the enzymatic complex B supplemented with β-glucosidase. From the results presented in this work, it can be concluded that treatment with supercritical CO2 combined with subsequent heat treatment with sodium hydroxide is an effective and promising alternative to perform pretreatment of lignocellulosic raw material at relatively low temperatures, which becomes an advantage to conventional pretreatment with the use of high temperatures which can promote the formation of fermentation inhibitors.
Assuntos
Celulose/análise , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Etanol/isolamento & purificação , Saccharum/classificação , Biomassa , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/administração & dosagem , Hidróxido de Sódio/administração & dosagemRESUMO
A família Apocynaceae é caracterizada por possuir grande diversidade de estruturas secretoras como idioblastos, coléteres, laticíferos e nectários florais. Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar anatomicamente as estruturas secretoras nos órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos de Secondatia densiflora e identificar as principais classes de compostos químicos nos idioblastos e na secreção dos coléteres vegetativos. Os idioblastos estão distribuídos por todos os órgãos aéreos da planta possuindo conteúdo na maioria das vezes denso e fortemente corado pela safranina. Alguns idioblastos apresentam secreção de aspecto granulado. Os testes histoquímicos evidenciaram apenas compostos fenólicos. Os laticíferos são do tipo anastomosado podendo ser observados em todos os órgãos estudados e identificados pelo conteúdo diferenciado e, em alguns casos, pela presença de paredes celulares mais espessas que as paredes das células parenquimáticas. O látex tem cor branca e aspecto leitoso, sendo extravasado logo que a planta é lesionada. Os coléteres vegetativos são do tipo padrão, formados por uma porção alongada que se afina em direção à extremidade. A epiderme secretora em paliçada delimita uma região parenquimática e o curto pedúnculo é coberto por epiderme não secretora de formato retangular. Todo coléter é recoberto por cutícula fina. A mucilagem é constatada tanto no interior das células secretoras quanto no meio extracelular pelo vermelho de rutênio e pela reação PAS. Os nectários florais têm origem receptacular, possuem uma epiderme que reveste toda estrutura, parênquima nectarífero, e feixes vasculares; são fundidos na base e livres na região apical constituindo cinco unidades distintas.
The family Apocynaceae is characterized for showing a wide variety of secretory structures such as idioblasts, colleters, laticiferous glands and floral nectaries. The present study aimed to anatomically characterize the secretory structures in vegetative and reproductive organs of Secondatia densiflora and to identify the major classes of chemical compounds in idioblasts and in the secretion of vegetative colleters. Idioblasts are distributed all over the aerial organs of the plant and their content is usually dense and strongly stained with safranin. Some idioblasts have secretion of granulated aspect. Histochemical tests evidenced phenolic compounds only. Laticiferous glands are of the anastomosed type and can be seen in all the studied organs and identified by their distinct content and, in some cases, by the presence of cell walls that are thicker than those of parenchyma cells. Latex is white, milky and leaks as the plant is injured. Vegetative colleters are of the standard type and formed of an elongated portion that becomes thinner towards the end. The secretory palisade epidermis delimits a parenchymatic region, while the short peduncle is covered by rectangular non-secretory epidermis. A thin cuticle covers the entire colleter. Mucilage is detected both inside the secretory cells and in the extracellular medium by ruthenium red staining and PAS reaction. Floral nectaries have receptacular origin and epidermis covering their entire structure, nectariferous parenchyma, and vascular bundles; they are fused at their bases but have free apical region, forming five distinct units.
Assuntos
Estruturas Vegetais/química , Apocynaceae/classificação , Plantas Medicinais , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Plant defensins are cationic peptides that are ubiquitous within the plant kingdom and belong to a large superfamily of antimicrobial peptides found in several organisms collectively called defensins. The primary structure of these peptides includes 45 to 54 amino acid residues with considerable sequence variation. At the level of three-dimensional structure, they are small and globular, composed of three anti-parallel ß-sheets and one α-helix, which is highly conserved among these peptides. The three-dimensional structure is stabilized by four disulfide bridges formed by eight strictly conserved Cys residues. Two of these bridges compose the Cys-stabilized α-helix ß-strand motif, which is found in other peptides with biological activities. Plant defensins present numerous biological activities, such as inhibiting protein synthesis, ion channel function and α-amylase and trypsin activity; impairing microbial, root hair and parasitic plant growth; mediating abiotic stress and Zn tolerance; altering ascorbic acid redox state; stimulating sweet taste sensation; serving as epigenetic factors; affecting self-incompatibility; and promoting male reproductive development. Some of these biological activities, such as microbial growth inhibition and sweet taste induction, coupled with a scaffold that provides these peptides with incredible physicochemical resistance to harsh environments and the potential for simple amino acid substitution, raise the opportunity to improve the function of defensins or introduce new activities, endowing these peptides with great biotechnological and medical significance. This review will cover the biological activities and roles of plant defensins and will focus on their application in the field of biotechnology.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia , Defensinas , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Plantas , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Defensinas/genética , Defensinas/isolamento & purificação , Defensinas/farmacologia , Defensinas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Vegetais , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Plantas/química , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/química , Conformação Proteica , Alinhamento de Sequência , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
PURPOSE: To measure the healed areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits filled with biopolymer sugar cane gel and to compare these with those of the control group at 90, 120 and 180 days. METHODS: A study was made of 16 New Zealand rabbits, 6 and 7 months old, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg. Defects of 3.2 x 4 mm were made, with trephine, in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees. As to the study group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the right knee were used which were filled with Biopolymer Sugar Cane Gel; as to the Control Group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the left t knees were used which were left open for natural healing. The defects were analyzed at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. After euthanasia, the knees were removed and fixed in Bouin's solution for later digital photographic documentation with a digital camera. The areas healed were measured in both the study and control groups using the images obtained from an Image-J® program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the means of the healed areas in the study and control groups at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: The dimension of the healed areas of the defects treated with the biopolymer sugar-cane gel in the study group was similar to those of the control group, which healed naturally.
OBJETIVO: Mensurar as áreas cicatrizadas dos defeitos osteocondrais produzidos em côndilos femorais de coelhos preenchidos com gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar e comparar com o grupo controle nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados, 16 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia com seis a sete meses de idade, entre 2,0 e 2,5 kg de peso. Foram feitos, com trefina, defeitos de 3,2 x 4 mm nos côndilos femorais dos joelhos direito e esquerdo. Como grupo de estudo foram utilizados os defeitos dos côndilos medial e lateral dos joelhos direito que foram preenchidos com gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açucar. Como grupo controle foram utilizados os defeitos dos côndilos medial e lateral dos joelhos esquerdos que foram deixados abertos para cicatrização natural. Os defeitos foram analisados nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias após a cirurgia. Após a eutanásia, os joelhos foram retirados e fixados em solução de Bouin para posterior documentação fotográfica com maquina digital Nikon Coopix® 5400. As áreas cicatrizadas foram mensuradas nos grupos estudo e controle, através das imagens obtidas com o programa Image-J®. A análise estatística foi feita aplicando-se o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significantes entre as médias das áreas cicatrizadas nos grupos estudo e controle nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: A dimensão das áreas cicatrizadas dos defeitos tratados com o gel do biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar, grupo de estudo foi semelhante as do grupo controle, cicatrizadas naturalmente.
Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos , Biopolímeros/uso terapêutico , Cartilagem Articular/lesões , Fêmur/lesões , Saccharum/química , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Géis/uso terapêutico , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To measure the healed areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits filled with biopolymer sugar cane gel and to compare these with those of the control group at 90, 120 and 180 days. METHODS: A study was made of 16 New Zealand rabbits, 6 and 7 months old, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg. Defects of 3.2 x 4 mm were made, with trephine, in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees. As to the study group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the right knee were used which were filled with Biopolymer Sugar Cane Gel; as to the Control Group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the left t knees were used which were left open for natural healing. The defects were analyzed at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. After euthanasia, the knees were removed and fixed in Bouin's solution for later digital photographic documentation with a digital camera. The areas healed were measured in both the study and control groups using the images obtained from an Image-J(®) program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the means of the healed areas in the study and control groups at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: The dimension of the healed areas of the defects treated with the biopolymer sugar-cane gel in the study group was similar to those of the control group, which healed naturally.
Assuntos
Biopolímeros/uso terapêutico , Cartilagem Articular/lesões , Fêmur/lesões , Saccharum/química , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Géis/uso terapêutico , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Coelhos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The feasibility of diluted nitric acid solutions for microwave-assisted decomposition of botanical samples in closed vessels was evaluated. Oxygen pressurized atmosphere was used to improve the digestion efficiency and Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg and Na were determined in digests by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Efficiency of digestion was evaluated taking into account the residual carbon content (RCC) and residual acidity in digests. Samples were digested using nitric acid solutions (2, 3, 7, and 14 mol L(-1) HNO(3)) and the effect of gas phase composition inside the reaction vessels by purging the vessel with Ar (inert atmosphere, 1 bar), air (20% of oxygen, 1 bar) and pure O(2) (100% of oxygen, 1 bar) was evaluated. The influence of oxygen pressure was studied using pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20 bar. It was demonstrated that a diluted nitric acid solution as low as 3 mol L(-1) was suitable for an efficient digestion of sample masses up to 500 mg of botanical samples using 5 bar of oxygen pressure. The residual acidities in final digests were lower than 45% in relation to the initial amount of acid used for digestion (equivalent to 1.3 mol L(-1) HNO(3)). The accuracy of the proposed procedure was evaluated using certified reference materials of olive leaves, apple leaves, peach leaves and pine needles. Using the optimized conditions for sample digestion, the results obtained were in agreement with certified values. The limit of quantification was improved up to a factor of 14.5 times for the analytes evaluated. In addition, the proposed procedure was in agreement with the recommendations of the green chemistry once it was possible to obtain relatively high digestion efficiency (RCC<5%) using only diluted HNO(3), which is important to minimize the generation of laboratory residues.
Assuntos
Metais Pesados/química , Metais Leves/química , Micro-Ondas , Ácido Nítrico/química , Origanum , Oxigênio/química , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Origanum/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Espectrofotometria/métodosRESUMO
A simple miniprep based on early elimination of highly acidic and proteinaceous mucilages through ethanol washing of the tissue homogenates has been developed for the extraction of genomic DNA from mature leaves and seeds of Corchorus spp. As compared to high cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-NaCl DNA extraction followed by ethanol-based removal of remnant mucilages from the DNA pellet, this simple miniprep consistently and reproducibly recovers high amounts of DNA with good spectral qualities at A260/A280 and A260/A230. The purified DNA is efficiently digested by restriction endonucleases, and is suitable for PCR amplification of nuclear microsatellites with expected allele sizes.
Assuntos
Corchorus/citologia , Corchorus/genética , DNA , Estruturas Vegetais/genética , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Etanol/metabolismo , Etanol/químicaRESUMO
Desenvolveu-se ensaio de cultivo de Calendula officinalis, variando-se os tipos de adubação e utilização de cobertura morta na observação da produção de inflorescências, droga vegetal e quantificação dos flavonóides presentes nestes materiais.O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, em arranjo fatorial de 3 x 2, constituído de seis tratamentos, sendo 1. adubação química (100 kg de N ha-1 + 50 kg de P ha-1); 2. adubação química + cobertura morta (grama seca - Paspalum notatum); 3. adubação orgânica (esterco bovino curtido 50 t ha-1); 4. adubação orgânica + cobertura morta; 5. sem adubação química ou orgânica + cobertura morta; 6. sem adubação química ou orgânica e sem cobertura morta (testemunha). Os resultados de número capítulos produzidos, massa seca das inflorescências e massa da droga vegetal foram totalizados após cinco meses do plantio. A quantificação de flavonóides foi realizada através de método espectrofotométrico. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (ANOVA/Teste Tukey-Kramer-5 por cento) e mostraram diferenças significativas (70 por cento superior) no número de inflorescências, massa seca das inflorescências e massa da droga vegetal entre o tratamento com adubação orgânica (3) e os tratamentos sem adubação química ou orgânica com cobertura morta (5) e o testemunha (6). As demais comparações, inclusive o teor de flavonóides, entre os diversos tratamentos não resultaram em diferenças significativas.
Calendula officinalis was experimentally grown under field conditions with different fertilization types and mulching in order to evaluate inflorescence production, plant drugs and flavonoid levels. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 3 replicates, in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, consisting of six treatments, as follows: 1. chemical fertilization (100 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P ha-1); 2. chemical fertilization + mulch (dry grass - Paspalum notatum); 3. organic fertilization (cured bovine manure 50 t ha-1); 4. organic fertilization + mulch; 5. no chemical or organic fertilization + mulch; 6. no chemical or organic fertilization and no mulch (control). Data regarding number of produced capitula, dry matter of inflorescences and plant drug matter were totaled after five months of planting. Flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometry. The results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA / Tukey-Kramer test-5 percent) and showed significant differences (70 percent higher) for number of inflorescences, inflorescence dry matter and plant drug matter between the treatment with organic fertilization (3) and treatments with no chemical or organic fertilization with mulching (5) and control (6). The remaining comparisons, including flavonoid content, did not result in significant differences among treatments.