RESUMO
Diarrhea caused by zoonotic pathogens is one of the most common diseases in dairy calves, threatening the health of young animals. Humans are also at risk, in particular children. To explore the pathogens causing diarrhea in dairy calves, the present study applied PCR-based sequencing tools to investigate the occurrence and molecular characteristics of three parasites (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) and three bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp.) in 343 fecal samples of diarrheic dairy calves from five farms in Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. The total positive rate of these pathogens in diarrheic dairy calves was 91.0% (312/343; 95% CI, 87.9-94.0), with C. perfringens (61.5%, 211/343; 95% CI, 56.3-66.7) being the dominant one. Co-infection with two to five pathogens was found in 67.3% (231/343; 95% CI, 62.4-72.3) of investigated samples. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and diarrheagenic E. coli among farms, age groups, and seasons. Two Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum and C. bovis) and five gp60 subtypes of C. parvum (IIdA15G1, IIdA20G1, IIdA19G1, IIdA14G1, and a novel IIdA13G1) were identified. Two assemblages (assemblage E and zoonotic assemblage A) of G. duodenalis and six ITS genotypes of E. bieneusi (J, Henan-IV, EbpC, I, EbpA, and ESH-01) were observed. Four virulence genes (eaeA, stx1, stx2, and st) of diarrheagenic E. coli and one toxin type (type A) of C. perfringens were detected. Our study enriches our knowledge on the characteristics and zoonotic potential of diarrhea-related pathogens in dairy calves.
Title: Caractérisation moléculaire des protozoaires parasites zoonotiques courants et des bactéries responsables de diarrhée chez les veaux laitiers dans la région autonome Hui du Ningxia, en Chine. Abstract: La diarrhée causée par des agents pathogènes zoonotiques est l'une des maladies les plus courantes chez les veaux laitiers, menaçant la santé des jeunes animaux. Ceci est également un risque pour la santé humaine, en particulier les enfants. Pour explorer les agents pathogènes responsables de la diarrhée chez les veaux laitiers, cette étude a utilisé des outils de séquençage basés sur la PCR pour étudier l'occurrence et les caractères moléculaires de trois parasites (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis et Enterocytozoon bieneusi) et de trois agents pathogènes bactériens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens et Salmonella spp.) dans 343 échantillons fécaux de veaux laitiers diarrhéiques provenant de cinq fermes du comté de Lingwu, région autonome Hui du Ningxia, en Chine. Le taux total positif de ces pathogènes chez les veaux laitiers diarrhéiques était de 91,0 % (312/343; IC à 95 %, 87,994,0), et C. perfringens (61,5 %, 211/343; IC à 95 %, 56,366,7) était le plus répandu. Une co-infection avec deux à cinq pathogènes a été trouvée dans 67,3 % (231/343; IC à 95 %, 62,472,3) des échantillons étudiés. Il y avait des différences significatives (p < 0,05) dans les taux positifs de Cryptosporidium spp. et d'E. coli diarrhéogènes entre les fermes, les groupes d'âge et les saisons. Deux espèces de Cryptosporidium (C. parvum et C. bovis) et cinq sous-types de gp60 de C. parvum (IIdA15G1, IIdA20G1, IIdA19G1, IIdA14G1 et un nouveau, IIdA13G1) ont été identifiés. Deux assemblages (assemblage E et assemblage zoonotique A) de G. duodenalis et six génotypes ITS d'E. bieneusi (J, Henan-IV, EbpC, I, EbpA et ESH-01) ont été observés. Quatre gènes de virulence (eaeA, stx1, stx2 et st) d'E. coli diarrhéogènes et un type de toxine (type A) de C. perfringens ont été détectés. Notre étude enrichit les connaissances sur les caractères et le potentiel zoonotique des agents pathogènes liés à la diarrhée chez les veaux laitiers.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Diarreia , Enterocytozoon , Fezes , Giardia lamblia , Zoonoses , Animais , Bovinos , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Enterocytozoon/genética , Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , Enterocytozoon/classificação , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/classificação , Giardíase/veterinária , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Microsporidiose/veterinária , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Clostridium perfringens/classificação , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/classificação , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Indústria de LaticíniosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, ticks are the major threat to cattle productivity and production, leading to considerable economic losses. The current study was designed to estimate the prevalence of ixodid tick infestation, identify species, assess major risk factors associated with tick infestation and assess public awareness. METHODS: A cross-sectional and questionnaire-based study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 in the Aleltu district. The study animals were selected using a simple random sampling method. RESULTS: Of the 400 cattle examined, 303 (75.8%) were found to be infested by one or more tick species. Six species of ticks were identified that belonged to three genera: Amblyomma, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, and the subgenus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus). The most common tick species identified in terms of their prevalence and dominance were Rh. (Bo) decoloratus, Rh. evertsi, Am. variegatum, Hy. rufipes, Rh. bergeoni and Rh. praetextatus. In the present study, Rh. (Bo) decoloratus was the most prevalent (56.8%) in the study area. Among the risk factors considered, the prevalence of tick species had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association with the age, production systems and body condition of animals. Out of 110 people interviewed, 107 (97.3%) believed there was a tick infestation in their village, and almost all farmers 103(93.6%) in the study area were unaware that ticks serve as vectors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides preliminary information on the prevalence of tick infestation and the composition of ticks in the Aleltu district. Ticks are a major problem for the cattle in the study area. Therefore, the problem observed in the study area alarms the district and calls for a comprehensive control strategy.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Ixodidae , Infestações por Carrapato , Animais , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologia , Ixodidae/fisiologia , Prevalência , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
As part of the response to the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus outbreak in U.S. cattle and poultry and the associated human cases, CDC and partners are monitoring influenza A virus levels and detection of the H5 subtype in wastewater. Among 48 states and the District of Columbia that performed influenza A testing of wastewater during May 12-July 13, 2024, a weekly average of 309 sites in 38 states had sufficient data for analysis, and 11 sites in four states reported high levels of influenza A virus. H5 subtype testing was conducted at 203 sites in 41 states, with H5 detections at 24 sites in nine states. For each detection or high level, CDC and state and local health departments evaluated data from other influenza surveillance systems and partnered with wastewater utilities and agriculture departments to investigate potential sources. Among the four states with high influenza A virus levels detected in wastewater, three states had corresponding evidence of human influenza activity from other influenza surveillance systems. Among the 24 sites with H5 detections, 15 identified animal sources within the sewershed or adjacent county, including eight milk-processing inputs. Data from these early investigations can help health officials optimize the use of wastewater surveillance during the upcoming respiratory illness season.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Influenza Aviária , Influenza Humana , Aves Domésticas , Águas Residuárias , Animais , Humanos , Águas Residuárias/virologia , Bovinos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Vigilância Epidemiológica Baseada em Águas Residuárias , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infections with (tricho-)strongyles, Dictyocaulus viviparus or Fasciola hepatica have been shown to reduce milk production in dairy cows. However, the current published studies focused on one single helminth infection by neglecting helminth co-infections and their possible (additive) effects on host performance. Hence, for the first time, we investigated differences in the impact of patent helminth co-infections versus mono-infections on milk production parameters in individual cows. METHODS: A total of 1583 dairy cows from 27 herds were included in this study. Faecal samples were examined in 2015 and 2021/2022 to determine the number of eggs/larvae per gram faeces for (tricho-)strongyles, D. viviparus, F. hepatica and rumen flukes. The cows were classified as non-infected, mono-infected and co-infected. Linear mixed models were applied to analyse the association between infection status (non-infected vs. mono-infected vs. co-infected) with milk yield, milk protein and milk fat content by including potential confounders. RESULTS: Infections with (tricho-)strongyles, D. viviparus, F. hepatica and rumen flukes were detected in 100%, 28.6%, 50.0% and 21.4% of herds, and 27.4%, 2.6%, 10.8% and 0.8% of faecal samples in 2015, while 100%, 0.0%, 86.7% and 60.0% of herds and 52.3%, 0.0%, 13.3% and 26.8% of faecal samples were positive in 2021/2022. Co-infections with two or more helminth taxa were detected in 74.4% of herds and 5.0% of faecal samples in 2015, and in 93.3% of herds and 21.7% of faecal samples in 2021/2022. The correlations between strongyle EPG, D. viviparus LPG and F. hepatica EPG were significantly positive in 2015. Significantly higher mean EPGs were identified in 2015 in faecal samples presenting co-infections with F. hepatica and one or two other helminth taxa than in faecal samples presenting F. hepatica mono-infections (P = 0.013). Although expected, the infection status (mono- or co-infected) had no significant impact on milk yield, milk protein and milk fat content in the linear mixed model analyses based on individual faecal examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Patent helminth co-infections had no additive detrimental impact on milk production parameters in the present study. This might be a result of presumably low worm burdens, but should be confirmed in future studies.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Coinfecção , Fezes , Helmintíase Animal , Leite , Animais , Bovinos , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Leite/química , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Feminino , Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Lactação , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Fasciolíase/complicações , Fasciolíase/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Vector-borne pathogens continue to increase their impact on the livestock industry worldwide. To protect animals against these pathogens, it is very important to identify the species that cause the disease and understand their prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the presence and prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in apparently healthy cattle in different parts of Kyrgyzstan using molecular diagnostic techniques. For this purpose, 531 blood samples were collected from the Osh, Jalal-Abad, and Batken oblasts of Kyrgyzstan. The blood samples were investigated for vector-borne pathogens using PCR, RLB, and RFLP. Moreover, DNA sequence analyses were used to confirm the results of molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses of these pathogens. 359 (67.61%) out of 531 samples were found to be infected with at least one pathogen, whereas 172 (32.39%) were detected to be negative. Thirteen vector-borne pathogens were detected in cattle blood samples, and the prevalence of these pathogens was as follows: Theileria orientalis (47.83%), T. annulata (25.61%), Babesia major (0.19%), B. occultans (0.38%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like 1 (3.20%), A. capra (3.01%), A. centrale (2.82%), A. bovis (1.13%), (A) ovis (0.19%), Candidatus Anaplasma camelii (0.94%), Trypanosoma theileri (19.21%), Mycoplasma wenyonii (6.03%), and Ca. Mycoplasma haemobos (2.64%). Among the positive samples, one pathogen was identified in 189 cattle (35.59%), and co-infections (two or more pathogens) were determined in 170 (32.01%) animals. Theileria parva, T. mutans, (B) bigemina, B. bovis, B. divergens, and A. marginale could not be detected in the study. Anaplasma bovis and Ca. Anaplasma camelii were detected for the first time in the country. This molecular survey provides important epidemiological and genetic data for the vector-borne pathogens in cattle. The results of the study showed that vector-borne pathogens have a significant spread and distribution in cattle in Kyrgyzstan.
Assuntos
Anaplasma , Anaplasmose , Doenças dos Bovinos , Animais , Bovinos , Quirguistão/epidemiologia , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasma/genética , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Prevalência , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Theileria/isolamento & purificação , Theileria/genética , Theileriose/epidemiologia , Theileriose/parasitologia , Theileriose/sangue , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium infection is one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis and diarrhoea caused by a protozoan parasite affecting vertebrates and humans. The disease is prevalent in cases of immunocompromised individuals. Despite the impact of the diseases in calf and hospitalized humans, well-documented studies are not available in the study area. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves and hospitalized humans and assess the major associated risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in calves and hospitalized humans. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 on calf and human Cryptosporidium infection in Libo Kemkem District, North West Ethiopia. A total of 193 calves and 122 human stool samples admitted to the hospital were used for this study. Three kebeles were selected purposely, and individual calves were selected using a simple random sampling method. A number of sampled calves were allocated proportionally to the selected kebeles. Human samples were collected using a systematic random sampling method. Faecal and stool samples were examined using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. RESULT: The overall prevalence of calf and human Cryptosporidium infection found in this study was 15.5% and 11.5%, respectively. Age of calf, breed, body condition, water source, faecal consistency and hygienic condition were found significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Cryptosporidium infection in the calf. Similarly, the source of potable water, immunocompromisation and contact with domestic animals were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Cryptosporidium infection in humans. CONCLUSION: There was a higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves and humans in Libo Kemkem District. Therefore, the implementation of proper prevention methods of zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection between calf and human beings through significant risk factors is mandatory. Furthermore, additional studies to investigate the levels of economic importance of the disease should be conducted.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Criptosporidiose , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Animais , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Masculino , Feminino , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Adolescente , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , CriançaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ticks are vectors of pathogens that affect the health of animals and humans. With the constant trade of livestock across borders, there is the risk of new tick species invasion accompanied by the spread of infectious tick-borne pathogens. AIM: This study sought to determine the diversity of tick species within abattoirs and a slaughter slab as well as identify the pathogens carried by these ticks. METHODS: The ticks were collected from slaughtered cattle, identified and screened for pathogens using PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 371 ticks were collected from slaughtered cattle across the three sampling sites: Kumasi abattoir (288, 77.63%), Akwatia Line slaughter slab (52, 14.02%) and Suame abattoir (31, 8.35%). The predominant species was Amblyomma variegatum (85.44%) with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) (0.27%) as the least occurring species. Total nucleic acid from the tick pools was screened for pathogens based on the nucleoprotein gene region in the S segment of the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) genome, the 295-bp fragment of the transposase gene of the Coxiella burnetii IS1111a element, the 560 bp segment of the ssrRNA gene of Babesia and Theileria, the 345 bp fragment of the Ehrlichia genus 16SrRNA gene and the rOmpA gene (OmpA) of Rickettsia. From the 52 tick pools screened, 40 (76.92%) were found positive for pathogen DNA. The pathogens identified were Rickettsia africae (69.23%), Rickettsia aeschlimannii (7.69%), C. burnetii (5.77%), uncultured Ehrlichia sp. (5.77%), Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii (3.85%) and CCHFV (3.85%). A significant association was observed among A. variegatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum and occurring tick-borne pathogens R. africae, R. aeschlimannii and uncultured Ehrlichia sp. (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings show the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens, suggesting an increased risk of infections among the abattoir workers. There is a need to adopt control measures within the abattoirs to prevent pathogen spread.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Animais , Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Bovinos , Gana/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/veterinária , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/parasitologia , Ixodidae/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Rickettsia/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bovine fascioliasis is a parasitic disease that affects cattle. It leads to direct and indirect great economic loss due to animal mortalities, growth retardation and expenditure on anthelmintics, reduction livestock productivity and essentially condemnation of infected liver by inspection service. The study was carried out to determine the seasonal prevalence and estimated financial losses of fascioliasis in cattle in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. METHODOLOGY: A total of 2167 cattle were selected. Later, the cattle, have being the carcasses, were dissected, and the livers were dissected and carefully examined for adult liver flukes. Faeces were collected immediately after the cattle were killed and examined using the formol-ether concentration technique. Condemned livers were weighted to estimate the financial losses using the average price of a kilogram of liver. RESULTS: A total 428 of cattle were found with infected livers or egg in the faeces giving a total prevalence of 19.75%. Among the infected carcass, 18.64% had both the Fasciola eggs in the faeces and flukes in the liver while 1.10% had only flukes in the liver. Results revealed that prevalence of Fasciola spp. was significantly higher during the rainy season (23.48%) than 16% in the dry season (p = 0.00). A significantly (p = 0.000) higher prevalence was also observed in females (33.9%) than in males (13.1%). Age range showed significant (p = 0.000) influence with the animals of 8-10 years old recorded the highest prevalence of 39.3%. Furthermore, 433.1 kg of liver was condemned giving a direct financial loss of 1221,550 FCFA (2049.64 USD) and an annual financial loss due to liver condemnation estimated to 1814,775 (3045.01 USD). CONCLUSION: Findings of this study indicated that bovine fascioliasis is prevalent in cattle in the Western Highlands of Cameroon, and it leads to an important financial loss particularly in the rainy season.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Doenças dos Bovinos , Fasciolíase , Animais , Bovinos , Camarões/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/economia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Fasciolíase/epidemiologia , Fasciolíase/economia , Prevalência , Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Feminino , Estações do Ano , Fezes/parasitologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da DoençaRESUMO
Background: Liver disease caused by Fasciola is a significant zoonotic and parasitic disease with substantial economic impacts on humans and animals. Many studies have looked at the prevalence of fasciolis worldwide, yet the overall prevalence and risk factors in cattle, ruminants, and humans remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence and risk factors of fascioliasis in humans and domestic ruminants. With this aim, we searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to 8 December 2022 for studies reporting the prevalence of fascioliasis in humans or domestic ruminants post-2000. We then used random effects models to describe the prevalence of fascioliasis; trim-and-fill analysis and Egger's test to assess publication bias; and meta-regression and sensitivity analyses to examine the risk factors for prevalence and heterogeneity. Results: We retrieved 4422 articles, with 371 being included in the analysis, as they concerned fascioliasis in humans and ruminants globally. The pooled prevalence of bovine fasciolosis was 17%, while ovine fasciolosis and human fascioliasis had pooled prevalences of 13% and 5%, respectively. We also conducted subgroup analyses by continents, countries, Fasciola species, sampling years, altitude, rainfall, temperature, humidity, age, sex, feeding mode, and residence. Here, altitude and age emerged as risk factors associated with an increased prevalence of fascioliasis. Both the trim-and-fill analysis and Egger's test confirmed the presence of publication bias, while the sensitivity analysis showed that the omission of any single study did not significantly influence the combined pooled prevalence. Conclusions: Fascioliasis is a widely prevalent zoonosis among humans and livestock worldwide. Strategies targeting risk factors such as altitude and age are urgently needed for prevention and control of this disease, which will consequently reduce Fasciola infection. Additionally, given the inadequacy or absence of data in some countries, greater attention should be paid to Fasciola infection, with further epidemiological studies focussing on improving data quality.
Assuntos
Fasciola , Fasciolíase , Saúde Global , Animais , Fasciolíase/epidemiologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Humanos , Prevalência , Saúde Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Fasciola/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , Fatores de Risco , Animais Domésticos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , OvinosRESUMO
Cattle tracing databases have become major resources for representing demographic processes of livestock and assessing potential risk of infections spreading by trade. The herds registered in these databases are nodes of a network of commercial movements, which can be altered to lower the risk of disease transmission. In this study, we develop an algorithm aimed at reducing the number of infected animals and herds, by rewiring specific movements responsible for trade flows from high- to low-prevalence herds. The algorithm is coupled with a generic computational model based on the French cattle movement tracing database (BDNI), and used to describe different scenarios for the spread of infection within and between herds from a recent outbreak (epidemic) or a five-year-old outbreak (endemic). Results show that rewiring successfully contains infections to a limited number of herds, especially if the outbreak is recent and the estimation of disease prevalence frequent, while the respective impact of the parameters of the algorithm depend on the infection parameters. Allowing any animal movement from high to low-prevalence herds reduces the effectiveness of the algorithm in epidemic settings, while frequent and fine-grained prevalence assessments improve the impact of the algorithm in endemic settings. Our approach focusing on a few commercial movements is expected to lead to substantial improvements in the control of a targeted disease, although changes in the network structure should be monitored for potential vulnerabilities to other diseases. This general algorithm could be applied to any network of controlled individual movements liable to spread disease.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Doenças dos Bovinos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Prevalência , França/epidemiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Meios de Transporte , ComércioRESUMO
Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease caused by an Orthonairovirus of the Nairoviridae family transmitted by tick bites and also contact with infected blood, tissues, or body fluids. Until now, fewer studies have been conducted on animals in Burkina Faso. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of CCHF in two provinces of Burkina Faso. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 371 bovine animals. In addition, questionnaire surveys were performed with cattle breeders. The double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test was used to determine the presence of antibodies against the CCHF virus in serum samples. Results: The results showed an overall prevalence of 72.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 67.6%-76.7%)]. Within the 74 herds included in the study, a herd prevalence of 96% (95% CI: 91.4%-100%) was obtained. The prevalence was significantly higher in Mouhoun province (80%, 95% CI: 74%-86%) compared to Kénédougou province (65.6%, 95% CI: 59.1%-72.2%). Multivariable regression analysis showed that females were more likely to be infected (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6, p = 0.023) than males. In addition, cross-breed animals (OR = 6.42, 95% CI: 1.71-24.14, p = 0.006) were more likely to be infected compared to local-bred animals. This study revealed the presence of antibodies of the CCHF virus in cattle in the study area, indicating the need to implement control measures in the veterinary sector. Conclusion: Despite the importance of CCHF in public health, no study has been implemented regarding this condition in animals in Burkina Faso. This study described evidence of cattle exposure to the virus in Burkina Faso.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Doenças dos Bovinos , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia , Animais , Bovinos , Burkina Faso/epidemiologia , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/veterinária , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/epidemiologia , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/imunologia , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Feminino , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Abortions in livestock herds are a major contributor to economic losses. The incidence of fungal aetiology has been reported thus far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of abortions due to fungi in referred cases to the Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Veterinary Hospital of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, from different provinces of Iran. METHODS: A total of 200 calves were referred between 2018 and 2022. Samples were taken from the lungs, liver, spleen and abomasum. The fungi present in the cultures were analysed microscopically and morphologically. RESULTS: There were varying contamination levels in the liver, spleen and lungs, with prevalence ranging from 15% to 17%. Abdomasum had a 1% prevalence rate. Different fungal species, including Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), Aspergillus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Trichosporon spp., Candida spp., Geotrichum spp., Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp., were identified, indicating a diverse range of pathogens affecting calves. The specificity of fungal contaminants in certain organs, such as C. neoformans, Rhodotorula spp. and Trichosporon spp., highlighted the organ's microenvironment as a potential factor influencing fungal growth. CONCLUSION: As fungi are emerging as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in animals, the growing role of fungi in livestock abortions should be investigated. As clinical signs are not pathognomonic, laboratory help is imperative to confirm fungal abortion diagnosis.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal , Doenças dos Bovinos , Animais , Bovinos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Aborto Animal/microbiologia , Aborto Animal/epidemiologia , Feminino , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Micoses/veterinária , Micoses/epidemiologia , Micoses/microbiologia , Baço/microbiologia , Fígado/microbiologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Abomaso/microbiologiaRESUMO
Bovine lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) are nematodes which cause a respiratory disease known as verminous bronchitis or pneumonia. In this paper, we describe 20 outbreaks of bovine dictyocaulosis recorded between 2000 and 2023 in Central Argentina. Outbreaks occurred more frequently during the autumn-winter season (from April to August) and affected cattle under 1 year old in beef production systems. An average morbidity and mortality of 26.22 % and 8.44 % were registered, respectively. The main clinical signs observed were respiratory distress (coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea, and nasal discharge), weight loss, weakness, decubitus, and diarrhea. Necropsies were performed in thirty-one calves, heifers, and steers. Gross findings included diffuse interstitial or multifocal pneumonia, with marbled appearance intermingling atelectasis and red-gray firm areas of consolidation, and subpleural and interlobular emphysema and edema. Microscopically, lungs were characterized by abundant edema and mixed intra-alveolar multifocal to coalescent infiltrate. Frequently, adult worms and/or larvae were spotted in the bronchi or alveoli, respectively. Some cases exhibited proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes and hyaline membranes covering the alveolar septa. Co-infections with gastrointestinal nematodes were frequently found in fecal samples. Given the perspective of anthelmintic resistance and future changes in environmental conditions due to climate change, integrated parasitic control strategies are mandatory and should be tailored to each production system. The information gathered in this research provides an overview of lungworm infections in livestock production systems from Central Argentina and could be useful for surveilling, monitoring and designing strategic interventions for the control of this important parasitic disease in the region.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Infecções por Dictyocaulus , Dictyocaulus , Surtos de Doenças , Animais , Bovinos , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por Dictyocaulus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Dictyocaulus/parasitologia , Infecções por Dictyocaulus/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Dictyocaulus/isolamento & purificação , Estações do Ano , Fezes/parasitologiaRESUMO
The emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A subtype H5N1 (HP H5N1-IAV), particularly clade H5N1 2.3.4.4b, pose a severe global health threat, affecting various species, including mammals. Historically, cattle have been considered less susceptible to IAV, but recent outbreaks of H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b in dairy farms suggest a shift in host tropism, underscoring the urgency of expanded surveillance and the need for adaptable diagnostic tools in outbreak management. This study investigated the presence of anti-nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies in serum and milk and viral RNA in milk on dairy farms affected by outbreaks in Texas, Kansas, and Michigan using a multi-species IAV ELISA and RT-qPCR. The analysis of ELISA results from a Michigan dairy farm outbreak demonstrated a positive correlation between paired serum and milk sample results, confirming the reliability of both specimen types. Our findings also revealed high diagnostic performance during the convalescent phase (up to 96%), further improving sensitivity through serial sampling. Additionally, the evaluation of diagnostic specificity using serum and milk samples from IAV-free farms showed an excellent performance (99.6%). This study underscores the efficacy of the IAV NP-blocking ELISA for detecting and monitoring H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b circulation in dairy farms, whose recent emergence raises significant animal welfare and zoonotic concerns, necessitating expanded surveillance efforts.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Surtos de Doenças , Leite , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Animais , Bovinos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Leite/virologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , RNA Viral/genética , Indústria de Laticínios , FemininoRESUMO
Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata are tick-borne protozoans that cause piroplasmosis in cattle, resulting in huge damages to the livestock industry. The prevalence of these infections depends on various intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. In Pakistan, there is no information regarding the molecular characterization of Babesia bigemina and the risk factors associated with piroplasmosis. This study aimed to molecularly characterize Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. infecting various cattle breeds in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to shed light on risk factors associated with these infections. Altogether, 219 blood samples were collected from various symptomatic cattle breeds, including Holstein Friesian (65.3%; 143/219), Jersey (21.5%; 47/219) and Sahiwal (13.2%; 29/219). Isolated genomic DNA from these blood samples was used in PCR for the amplification of the 18S rRNA fragment of apicomplexan parasites. Obtained 18S rDNA sequences from cattle hosts showed 99.5% identity with B. bigemina, or 100% with T. annulata. Having an overall infection rate of 61.6% (135/219), the highest infection rate was recorded for T. annulata (43.8%; 95/219), followed by B. bigemina (18.3%; 40/219). Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences revealed that B. bigemina clustered with corresponding species reported from Bolivia, and South Africa, while T. annulata grouped with same species from Italy, India, and Turkey. Among the different risk factors, the breed, season, and tick infestation were found to have a significant (P < 0.05) association with the piroplasmid infections. The information obtained in this study can be employed for effective surveillance and control of babesiosis and theileriosis in Pakistan. In addition to confirming our previous molecular detection of T. annulata in cattle, this study provides the first molecular surveillance and phylogenetic position of B. bigemina and associated risk factors in the study region.
Assuntos
Babesia , Babesiose , Doenças dos Bovinos , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 18S , Theileria annulata , Theileriose , Bovinos , Animais , Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesia/genética , Babesia/classificação , Theileriose/epidemiologia , Theileriose/parasitologia , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Babesiose/parasitologia , Theileria annulata/genética , Theileria annulata/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Risco , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , RNA Ribossômico 18S/análise , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Prevalência , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , FemininoRESUMO
Displaced abomasum (DA) usually occurs in the early postpartum period and can negatively affect production and welfare of dairy cows. The objective of this research was to identify predictors for the occurrence of DA in Iranian Holsteins. Therefore, we analyzed data collected from six commercial dairy farms in Iran (calving between January 2011 and October 2020). We used generalized linear mixed-effects model to identify predictors based on estimates of odds ratios (ORs). Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were then calculated, as these are expected to more accurately prioritize risk factors on population level by considering the association between the risk factor and the its prevalence in the population. Over the 6 herds, the average percentage of DA was 2.5% (range 1.1-3.4% across herds). The results showed that calving during winter increased the odds of DA 1.4 times. Cows with high milk fat-to-protein ratio before the occurrence of disease, abnormal calving (including dystocia, stillbirth, and twinning) and long pregnancy length (≥ 280 d) showed increased odds of DA with ORs of 1.52, 1.31 and 1.30, respectively. Milk yield was also positively associated with DA in next lactation. Among the modifiable predictors of DA, the highest PAF was for the ratio of milk fat-to-protein (11.0%); other PAFs were retained placenta (4.1%), metritis (3.1%), abnormal calving (2.7%), and ketosis (2.7%). The results of the present study can provide managers with the a helpful strategy to reduce the occurrence of DA.
Assuntos
Abomaso , Doenças dos Bovinos , Gastropatias , Animais , Bovinos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Feminino , Gastropatias/veterinária , Gastropatias/epidemiologia , Gastropatias/etiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Indústria de Laticínios , Gravidez , Lactação , Prevalência , Período Pós-Parto , Leite/químicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hypodermosis is a subcutaneous infestation in cattle that is caused by larvae of Hypoderma spp. and it is an economically important disease in the cattle industry. This study aimed to find the prevalence rate of hypodermosis and identify variations in the COX1 gene among isolates present in Sulaymaniyah, in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in a Sulaymaniyah slaughterhouse from March to July 2021. The carcasses of 867 cattle were carefully checked before and after skinning them to record the presence of boils containing the larvae of Hypoderma spp. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using TaqI enzyme, and sequencing of the COX1 gene were used for diagnosis and molecular characterization of Hypoderma spp. RESULTS: The rate of infestation with Hypoderma bovis was 1.61% and the highest rate (3.57%) was detected in April. The disease was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in local breeds at 2.79%. PCR-RFLP confirmed that all recorded species were H. bovis. The result was further confirmed by Sanger sequencing of the COX1 gene of the isolated species. Comparison of the sequences of the conserved COX1 gene of the parasite led to identification of six different haplotypes in the research area. Two of the haplotypes were previously recorded internationally, while four new haplotypes associated with four novel mutations were recorded for the first time in the study region. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results we can conclude that H. bovis is a widespread species in the research region.
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Matadouros , Doenças dos Bovinos , Animais , Bovinos , Iraque/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Prevalência , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Hipodermose/epidemiologia , Hipodermose/genética , Hipodermose/veterinária , Larva/genética , Miíase/epidemiologia , Miíase/veterinária , Miíase/parasitologiaRESUMO
Trypanosoma vivax infections are endemic in Africa, where they provoke trypanosomosis against which some local taurine breeds are tolerant and are thus named trypanotolerant. In Latin America, T. vivax was imported in 1919, since when it has been responsible for periodic outbreaks of the disease. This study assessed whether a South American taurine breed resilient to several parasitic and infectious diseases (Curraleiro Pé-Duro-CPD) can meet trypanotolerant criteria (control parasite proliferation, prevent anemia, survive without treatment, and maintain productivity). Three groups were established, each consisting of six animals (Group 1: CPD-infected; Group 2: Holstein/Gyr-infected; Group 3: Holstein/Gyr-uninfected, negative control). Groups 1 and 2 were infected with T. vivax on Day 0 and evaluated until day 532. Throughout the experimental period, parasitological (Woo and Brener), molecular (cPCR), serological (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA, indirect fluorescent antibody test - IFAT, immunochromatographic assay - IA), and clinical (hemogram, fever, weight loss) aspects were evaluated. During the acute phase of the disease, T. vivax was initially detected in Holstein/Gyr. Notably, the CPD animals restored their packed cell volume (PCV) values to the normal range 74 days after inoculations. In the chronic phase, two of the six CPD animals were positive by cPCR until D + 522 following immunosuppression with dexamethasone. Regarding serological aspects, the two CPD animals had positive tests until D + 532. The absence of T. vivax in blood during the chronic phase did not correspond to "self-cure". Holstein/Gyr animals exhibited fever on more evaluation days than CPD animals. Both breeds experienced weight loss, with Holstein/Gyr animals losing significantly more weight. On D + 25, the Holstein/Gyr group required treatment. During the 532 days, none of the CPD animals required treatment, even after being sensitized with dexamethasone. Animals from Group 3 tested negative for T. vivax throughout the experiment. This study demonstrated that CPD cattle fulfill the mentioned trypanotolerant criteria.
Assuntos
Trypanosoma vivax , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , América Latina , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Tripanossomíase Africana/veterinária , Tripanossomíase Africana/sangue , Tripanossomíase Africana/parasitologia , Masculino , Feminino , Tripanossomíase Bovina/epidemiologia , Tripanossomíase Bovina/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Calf diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the livestock sector worldwide and it can be caused by multiple infectious agents. In Ethiopia, cattle are the most economically important species within the livestock sector, but at the same time the young animals suffer from high rates of morbidity and mortality due to calf diarrhea. However, studies including both screening and molecular characterization of bovine enteric pathogens are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to both detect and molecularly characterize four of the major enteric pathogens in calf diarrhea, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli K99 +), Cryptosporidium spp., rotavirus A (RVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in calves from central Ethiopia. Diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves were included in the study and fecal samples were analyzed with antigen-ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Positive samples were further characterized by genotyping PCRs. RESULTS: All four pathogens were detected in both diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves using qPCR and further characterization showed the presence of three Cryptosporidium species, C. andersoni, C. bovis and C. ryanae. Furthermore, genotyping of RVA-positive samples found a common bovine genotype G10P[11], as well as a more unusual G-type, G24. To our knowledge this is the first detection of the G24 RVA genotype in Ethiopia as well as in Africa. Lastly, investigation of the spike gene revealed two distinct BCoV strains, one classical BCoV strain and one bovine-like CoV strain. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that Cryptosporidium spp., E. coli K99 + , RVA and BCoV circulate in calves from central Ethiopia. Furthermore, our findings of the rare RVA G-type G24 and a bovine-like CoV demonstrates the importance of genetic characterization.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Coronavirus Bovino , Cryptosporidium , Diarreia , Fezes , Rotavirus , Animais , Bovinos , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/virologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fezes/virologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/classificação , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Coronavirus Bovino/genética , Coronavirus Bovino/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/genética , Genótipo , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologiaRESUMO
A Rift Valley fever epizootic affected livestock in Rwanda during March-October 2022. We confirmed 3,112 infections with the virus, including 1,342 cases, 1,254 abortions, and 516 deaths among cattle, goats, and sheep. We recommend a One Health strategy for investigations and response to protect animal and human health.