RESUMO
This study aims to describe the prices of food groups consumed in Brazil considering the nature, extent, and purpose of their processing. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey for 2008-2009. The mean prices of the groups (natural, cooking ingredients, processed, and ultra-processed) and their respective food subgroups were estimated for Brazil according to income, region, and area. Natural products and cooking ingredients showed lower prices per calorie when compared to the other groups, suggesting an economic advantage to preparing meals at home when compared to replacing them with ultra-processed foods. Families with the highest income paid the highest prices for their food, while families in the Northeast and North regions and rural areas paid the lowest. While fresh foods (meat, milk, fruit, and vegetables) tend to cost more than ultra-processed foods, dry grains (like rice and beans) are a more economical alternative for adopting healthy eating practices.
Assuntos
Culinária/economia , Dieta/economia , Manipulação de Alimentos/economia , Alimentos/classificação , Alimentos/economia , Brasil , Culinária/estatística & dados numéricos , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Energia , Características da Família , Comportamento Alimentar , Manipulação de Alimentos/classificação , Humanos , RendaRESUMO
Resumo: Estudo com objetivo de descrever o preço dos grupos de alimentos consumidos no Brasil considerando a natureza, a extensão e o propósito de seu processamento. Dados provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009 foram utilizados. O preço médio dos grupos (in natura, ingredientes culinários, processados e ultraprocessados) e seus respectivos subgrupos de alimentos foram estimados para o Brasil segundo renda, região e área. Os produtos in natura e ingredientes culinários apresentaram menor preço por caloria quando comparado aos demais grupos, sugerindo uma vantagem econômica no preparo de refeições no lar em comparação a sua substituição por ultraprocessados. As famílias de maior nível econômico pagaram preço mais elevado por suas aquisições, enquanto as regiões Nordeste, Norte e a área rural pagaram os menores preços. Enquanto alimentos frescos (como carnes, leite, frutas e hortaliças) tendem a custar mais caro que alimentos ultraprocessados, grãos secos (como o arroz e o feijão) despontam como uma alternativa mais econômica para adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis.
Abstract: This study aims to describe the prices of food groups consumed in Brazil considering the nature, extent, and purpose of their processing. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey for 2008-2009. The mean prices of the groups (natural, cooking ingredients, processed, and ultra-processed) and their respective food subgroups were estimated for Brazil according to income, region, and area. Natural products and cooking ingredients showed lower prices per calorie when compared to the other groups, suggesting an economic advantage to preparing meals at home when compared to replacing them with ultra-processed foods. Families with the highest income paid the highest prices for their food, while families in the Northeast and North regions and rural areas paid the lowest. While fresh foods (meat, milk, fruit, and vegetables) tend to cost more than ultra-processed foods, dry grains (like rice and beans) are a more economical alternative for adopting healthy eating practices.
Resumen: El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el precio de los grupos de alimentos consumidos en Brasil, considerando la naturaleza, la extensión y el propósito de su procesamiento. Se utilizaron datos provenientes de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares de 2008-2009. Se estimó el precio medio de los grupos (in natura, ingredientes culinarios, procesados y ultraprocesados) y sus respectivos subgrupos de alimentos para Brasil según renta, región y área. Los productos in natura e ingredientes culinarios presentaron menor precio por caloría, cuando se comparan con los demás grupos, sugiriendo una ventaja económica en la preparación de comidas en el hogar, en comparación a su sustitución por alimentos ultraprocesados. Las familias de mayor nivel económico pagaron un precio más elevado por sus adquisiciones, mientras que las regiones Nordeste, Norte y el área rural pagaron menores precios. En lo referente a los alimentos frescos (como carnes, leche, frutas y hortalizas) tienden a costar más caro que los alimentos ultraprocesados, legumbres (como el arroz y los frijoles) despuntan como una alternativa más económica para adopción de prácticas alimentarias saludables.
Assuntos
Humanos , Culinária/economia , Dieta/economia , Alimentos/classificação , Alimentos/economia , Manipulação de Alimentos/economia , Brasil , Ingestão de Energia , Características da Família , Culinária/estatística & dados numéricos , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Alimentar , Manipulação de Alimentos/classificação , RendaRESUMO
We examine the control of air pollution caused by households burning wood for heating and cooking in the developing world. Since the problem is one of controlling emissions from nonpoint sources, regulations are likely to be directed at household choices of wood consumption and combustion technologies. Moreover, these choices are subtractions from, or contributions to, the pure public good of air quality. Consequently, the efficient policy design is not independent of the distribution of household income. Since it is unrealistic to assume that environmental authorities can make lump sum income transfers part of control policies, efficient control of air pollution caused by wood consumption entails a higher tax on wood consumption and a higher subsidy for more efficient combustion technologies for higher income households. Among other difficulties, implementing a policy to promote the adoption of cleaner combustion technologies must overcome the seemingly paradoxical result that efficient control calls for higher technology subsidies for higher income households.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Culinária/métodos , Financiamento Governamental , Incêndios , Calefação/métodos , Renda , Poluentes Atmosféricos/economia , Comércio , Culinária/economia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Política Ambiental/economia , Características da Família , Calefação/economia , Humanos , Impostos , Tecnologia/economia , Tecnologia/métodos , Incerteza , População Urbana , MadeiraRESUMO
Waste frying oils (WFO) can be a good source for the production of biodiesel because this raw material is not part of the food chain, is low cost and can be used in a way that resolves environmental problems (i.e. WFO is no longer thrown into the sewage network). The goal of this article is to propose a method to evaluate the costs of biodiesel production from WFO to develop an economic assessment of this alternative. This method embraces a logistics perspective, as the cost of collection of oil from commercial producers and its delivery to biodiesel depots or plants can be relevant and is an issue that has been little explored in the academic literature. To determine the logistics cost, a mathematical programming model is proposed to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP), which was applied in an important urban center in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), a relevant and potential center for biodiesel production and consumption. Eighty-one biodiesel cost scenarios were compared with information on the commercialization of biodiesel in Brazil. The results obtained demonstrate the economic viability of biodiesel production from WFO in the urban center studied and the relevance of logistics in the total biodiesel production cost.