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We are far behind the 2025 World Health Organization (WHO) goal of a zero increase in obesity. Close to 360 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean are overweight, with the highest rates observed in the Bahamas, Mexico, and Chile. To achieve relevant progress against the obesity epidemic, scientific research is essential to establish uniform practices in the study of obesity pathophysiology (using pre-clinical and clinical models) that ensure accuracy, reproducibility, and transcendent outcomes. The present review focuses on relevant aspects of white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion, underlying mechanisms of inefficient expandability, and its repercussion in ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver during nutritional abundance. In addition, we highlight the potential role of disrupted circadian rhythm in WAT metabolism. Since genetic factors also play a key role in determining an individual's predisposition to weight gain, we describe the most relevant genes associated with obesity in the Mexican population, underlining that most of them are related to appetite control.
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Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Obesidade , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Obesidade/genética , AdiposidadeRESUMO
Additive manufacturing and nanotechnology have been used as fundamental tools for the production of nanostructured parts with magnetic properties, expanding the range of applications in additive processes through tank photopolymerization. Magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size distribution value (DTEM) of 12 ± 2.95 nm and 37 ± 12.78 nm, respectively, were generated by the hydroxide precipitation method. The dispersion of the NPs in commercial resins (Anycubic Green and IRIX White resin) was achieved through mechanochemical reactions carried out in an agate mortar for 20 min at room temperature, with limited exposure to light. The resulting product of each reaction was placed in amber vials and stored in a box to avoid light exposure. The photopolymerization process was carried out only at low concentrations (% w/w NPs/resin) since high concentrations did not result in the formation of pieces, due to the high refractive index of ferrites. The Raman spectroscopy of the final pieces showed the presence of magnetic NPs without any apparent chemical changes. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results of the pieces demonstrated that their magnetic properties were maintained and not altered during the photopolymerization. Although significant differences were observed in the dispersion process of the NPs in each piece, we determined that the photopolymerization did not affect the structure and superparamagnetic behavior of ferrite NPs during processing, successfully transferring the magnetic properties to the final 3D-printed piece.
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Nanopartículas , Nanoestruturas , Nanopartículas/química , Cobalto/química , Compostos Férricos/química , Magnetismo , Fenômenos MagnéticosRESUMO
Natural porous materials adjust their resulting mechanical properties by the optimal use of matter and space. When these are produced synthetically, they are known as mechanical metamaterials. This paper adds degrees of tailoring of mechanical properties by producing double levels of gradation in lattice structures via cross-section variation in struts in uniformly periodic lattice structures (UPLS) and layered lattice structures (LLS). These were then additively manufactured via material extrusion (ME) and vat photopolymerization (VP). Their effective mechanical properties under compressive loads were characterized, and their stiffness contrasted with finite element models (FEM). According to the simulation and experimental results, a better correlation was obtained in the structures manufactured via VP than by ME, denoting that printing defects affect the correlation results. The brittle natural behavior of the resin caused a lack of a plateau region in the stress-strain curves for the UPLS structures, as opposed to those fabricated with ME. The LLS increased energy absorption up to 244% and increased the plateau stress up to 100% compared to the UPLS. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the mechanical properties of lattice structures with the same base topology could be modified by incorporating variations in the strut diameter and then arranging these differently.
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A exposição ou secreção de proteínas relacionadas a fatores de virulência de bactérias Gram-negativas é dependente de sistemas de transporte altamente especializados. O sistema de secreção tipo V é o responsável pelo transporte das proteínas autotransportadoras membros da família das Serino-Proteases Autotransportadoras de Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE), as quais diversas funções de virulência vêm sendo atribuídas. SPATEs têm sido descritas em bactérias isoladas de infecções gastrointestinais, trato urinário, meningite e sepse. O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir com os estudos de caracterização do papel das toxinas da família das serino-proteases autotransportadoras de Enterobacteriaceae Vat, Tsh e Sat na infecção bacteriana avaliando, particularmente, a funcionalidade da Tsh purificada por gel filtração. Inicialmente a cinética de crescimento de E. coli patogênicas das cepas EC120 vat+ ou EC077, EC046, EC153 e EC143 tsh+ foi realizada nos meios TSB, LB, DMEM e DMEM acrescido de 1% de triptona a fim de determinar o melhor meio e tempo de cultivo que favorece a secreção das proteínas autotransportadoras. Para a obtenção da Tsh, a cepa EC143 foi cultivada em meio LB. O sobrenadante do cultivo concentrado foi submetido à coluna de gel filtração e as frações foram analisadas por SDS-PAGE e Westen Blotting. A quantidade de proteína das frações contendo Tsh foi determinada e a avaliação da funcionalidade da toxina foi realizada pelo ensaio de hemaglutinação de eritrócitos de galinha, clássico para avaliar a atividade de Tsh. Paralelamente, Vat e Sat foram também submetidas à hemaglutinação. Os resultados mostraram que a funcionalidade da Tsh purificada por gel filtração é mantida, que Vat não tem capacidade hemaglutinante e que a determinação da capacidade hemaglutinante de Sat necessita de maiores estudos visto que em presença de PMSF (inibidor de serino protease) o resultado foi mantido. Como o PMSF pode estar danificando os eritrócitos, novos ensaios utilizando, por exemplo, anticorpos anti-Sat para neutralizar o efeito serão realizados.
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This paper examines the impact of switching from paper to electronic invoicing on firm tax compliance and performance using quasi-experimental variation in the roll-out of VAT e-invoicing in Peru. We find that e-invoicing increases reported firm sales, purchases and VAT liabilities by over 5 percent in the first year after adoption. The impact is concentrated among small firms and sectors with higher rates of noncompliance, suggesting that e-invoicing enhances compliance by lowering compliance costs and strengthening deterrence. However, we also find that existing stocks of VAT credits were used to offset the reform's positive effects on VAT collection, suggesting that digital tools such as e-invoicing would need to be complemented by other reforms to improve revenue mobilization.
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In this paper, we study the capabilities of two additive manufacturing technologies for the production of lattice structures, namely material extrusion and vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing. A set of polymer lattice structures with diverse unit cell types were built using these additive manufacturing methods and tested under compression. Lattice structures built using material extrusion had lower accuracy and a lower relative density caused by the air gaps between layers, but had higher elastic moduli and larger energy absorption capacities, as a consequence of both the thicker struts and the relatively larger strength of the feedstock material. Additionally, the deformation process in lattices was analyzed using sequential photographs taken during the compression tests, evidencing larger differences according to the manufacturing process and unit-cell type. Both additive manufacturing methods produced miniature lattice structures with similar mechanical properties, but vat polymerization should be the preferred option when high geometrical accuracy is required. Nevertheless, as the solid material determines the compressive response of the lattice structure, the broader availability of feedstock materials gives an advantage to material extrusion in applications requiring stiffer structures or with higher energy absorption capabilities.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Both insulin resistance (IR) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are related cardiometabolic risk factors; nevertheless, their joint effect on endothelial functionality is controversial. This study aims to evaluate the joint effect of IR and VAT on endothelial functionality using the pulse-waveform analysis and explore the mediating role of VAT on the effect of IR on arterial pressure, arterial stiffness and incident arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured VAT (n = 586) using two methods (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a clinical surrogate), arterial stiffness (with pulse-waveform velocity), and IR (using three methods: HOMA2-IR (n = 586), a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (n = 131) and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamping (n = 97)) to confirm the mediator effect of IR on VAT. The incidence of arterial hypertension attributable to the mediating effect of IR related to VAT was evaluated using a prospective cohort (n = 6850). Adjusted linear regression models, causal mediation analysis, and Cox-proportional hazard risk regression models were performed to test our objective. IR and VAT led to increased arterial stiffness and increased blood pressure; the combination of both further worsened vascular parameters. Nearly, 57% (ΔEâMY 95% CI: 31.7-100.0) of the effect of IR on altered pulse-wave velocity (PWV) analysis was mediated through VAT. Moreover, VAT acts as a mediator of the effect of IR on increased mean arterial pressure (ΔEâMY 35.7%, 95% CI: 23.8-59) and increased hypertension risk (ΔEâMY 69.1%, 95% CI: 46.1-78.8). CONCLUSION: VAT acts as a mediator of IR in promoting arterial stiffness and arterial hypertension. Both phenomena should be targeted to ameliorate the cardiometabolic risk.
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Adiposidade , Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Resistência à Insulina , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Rigidez Vascular , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Incidência , Insulina/sangue , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect more than 150 million people, with a cost of over 3.5 billion dollars, each year. Escherichia coli is associated with 70-80% of UTIs. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) has virulence factors including adhesins, siderophores, and toxins that damage host cells. Vacuolating autotransporter toxin (Vat) is a member of serine protease autotransporter proteins of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) present in some uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains. Vat has been identified in 20-36% of UPEC and is present in almost 68% of urosepsis isolates. However, the mechanism of action of Vat on host cells is not well-known. Thus, in this study the effect of Vat in a urothelium model of bladder cells was investigated. Several toxin concentrations were tested for different time periods, resulting in 15-47% of cellular damage as measured by the LDH assay. Vat induced vacuole formation on the urothelium model in a time-dependent manner. Vat treatment showed loss of the intercellular contacts on the bladder cell monolayer, observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. This was also shown using antibodies against ZO-1 and occludin by immunofluorescence. Additionally, changes in permeability of the epithelial monolayer was demonstrated with a fluorescence-based permeability assay. Cellular damage was also evaluated by the identification of cytoskeletal changes produced by Vat. Thus, after Vat treatment, cells presented F-actin distribution changes and loss of stress fibers in comparison with control cells. Vat also modified tubulin, but it was not found to affect Arp3 distribution. In order to find the nature of the vacuoles generated by Vat, the Lysotracker deep red fluorescent dye for the detection of acidic organelles was used. Cells treated with Vat showed generation of some vacuoles without acidic content. An ex vivo experiment with mouse bladder exposed to Vat demonstrated loss of integrity of the urothelium. In conclusion, Vat induced cellular damage, vacuole formation, and urothelial barrier dysregulation of bladder epithelial cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of these vacuoles induced by Vat and their relationship with the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Infecções Urinárias , Escherichia coli Uropatogênica , Animais , Citoesqueleto , Células Epiteliais , Camundongos , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo V , Bexiga Urinária , VacúolosRESUMO
As serino-proteases autotransportadoras de Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) constituem uma família de proteases secretadas pelo sistema de secreção do tipo V, cujos genes foram estudados em Escherichia coli intestinal e extraintestinal. Vat é uma SPATE citotóxica de 140 kDa, a qual o gene foi identificado pela primeira vez em APEC (Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli) isolado de colibacilose em frangos de corte ocasionando lesões em órgãos internos associados a septicemia. Estudos recentes analisam a relação desta citotoxina em cepas isoladas de infecção extraintestinais (ExPEC), principalmente E. coli isoladas de infecção urinária (UPEC) e septicemia. Além disso, o nosso grupo identificou o gene vat em cepas de E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para um projeto amplo sobre a expressão e função de Vat em E. coli patogênica humana, não APEC, identificando cepas de Escherichia coli patogênica (UPEC e EPEC) secretoras de Vat. Na confirmação da presença do gene vat em duas cepas de EPEC (BA 1250 e BA 1244) e uma UPEC (DV 33) constatou-se que a cepa BA 1244 não apresentava mais o gene e por isso esta cepa foi excluída do estudo. A presença de outras SPATEs como Pet e Pic que poderiam se presentes, interferir na identificação de Vat, também foram investigadas nas cepas DV 33 e BA 1250. Em nenhuma das duas cepas a expressão de Pet foi demonstrada. No entanto, a cepa DV 33 secretou Pic sendo está também excluída do estudo. As condições de cultivo da cepa BA 1250 para a obtenção do sobrenadante do cultivo, rico em proteínas, para a identificação de Vat foram padronizadas. Uma banda de massa molecular de 111 kDa que corresponde a massa molecular (sem a porção do β barril e peptídeo sinal) de Vat foi identificada. Uma nova corrida eletroforética será realizada a fim de se obter uma banda mais forte, bem delimitada que possibilite o envio para a identificação.
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Early vat bacterial biofilms developed spontaneously through contact with whey have been characterized on seven wood types (Castanea sativa Miller, Cedrus libani, A. Rich., Prunus avium L., Fraxinus ornus L., Juglans regia L., Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold and Populus nigra L.). The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of these biofilms on the microbiological, chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of PDO Vastedda della valle del Belìce (VdB) cheese, processed traditionally from raw ewe's milk using wooden tools. To this purpose, the experimental cheeses after 15â¯d of refrigerated storage were examined. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations dominated the microbial community of all samples. The species more frequently identified were Lactococcus lactis among starter LAB and Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum and Pediococcus pentosaceus among non starter LAB. Culture-independent analysis of microbiota diversity was performed by MiSeq Illumina that identified Streptococcus as major group followed by members of Enterobacteriaceae family, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus. Generally, the seven tree species did not negatively affect the physicochemical composition of VdB cheeses. Chestnut (both Sicilian and Calabrian) vats produced cheeses with significant lower hue angle (a*/b*) than other wood types. Among chemical parameters, significant variations were registered for aw, primary and secondary lipid oxidation state (significantly lower for the VdB cheeses produced with poplar wood), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The significant differences detected among the VOCs emitted from cheeses were not perceived by the panelists who recognized all cheeses from the different trials as similar. This study confirmed the suitability of cedar, cherry, ash, walnut, black pine and poplar as alternative woods to chestnut for the production of the wooden vats employed in cheese making for the Sicilian traditional dairy productions.
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Biofilmes , Queijo/microbiologia , Microbiota , Adulto , Animais , Queijo/análise , Fenômenos Químicos , Cor , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactobacillales/isolamento & purificação , Limosilactobacillus fermentum/isolamento & purificação , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/isolamento & purificação , Lactococcus/isolamento & purificação , Lactococcus lactis/isolamento & purificação , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Leite/microbiologia , Pediococcus pentosaceus/isolamento & purificação , Fenótipo , Polifenóis/análise , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Ovinos , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Perinatal nutrient restriction exerts profound influences on brain development. Animals that suffer undernutrition during lactation also display impaired weight gain. Feeding behavior is mainly modulated by neural and hormonal inputs to the hypothalamus. The arcuate-paraventricular neuropeptidergic Y pathway has a prominent role in appetite regulation. The aim of this work was to study the effects of protein undernutrition during lactation on this hypothalamic pathway. We used rats from 5 to 60 postnatal (P) days whose dams were fed a 0% protein diet (PFG) or a normoprotein diet (CG) from P1 to P10. To reproduce the same amount of calorie ingested by the PFG we used an underfed group (UFG). Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess neuropeptide Y (NPY) distribution in the arcuate, periventricular and paraventricular nuclei. Our results showed a NPY immunostaining peak at P10 in all nuclei in CG animals. In UFG animals this peak was observed by P15, while, in the PFG animals only by P20. Our results suggest that the neuropeptidergic arcuate-paraventricular pathway suffered a delay in NPY distribution in undernourished animals, particularly those fed a 0% protein diet, reflecting an effect on this pathway maturation that could explain previously reported alterations on feeding behavior in these animals.
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Núcleo Arqueado do Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Desnutrição/patologia , Neuropeptídeo Y/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Feminino , Leptina/sangue , Vias Neurais/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Se destaca al sobrepeso y obesidad como el principal condicionante actual de patología crónica no transmisible. Se identifican y discuten las principales comorbilidades asociadas al sobrepeso y obesidad, analizando las evidencias que las apoyan. Se destaca el rol de la adiposidad en la etiopatogenia del síndrome metabólico y en forma muy especial de la DM. Se analiza la asociación entre indicadores de masa corporal y tejido adiposo y tasas de mortalidad, destacando un significativo incremento de la mortalidad a medida que la masa corporal o grasa se incrementa. Se destacan los rangos asociados a la menor mortalidad, nadires que fundamentan los rangos de peso normal. Se discute en forma separada la asociación entre sobrepeso yobesidad en la infancia y adolescencia y salud, en especial su posible rol en la incidencia de patologías crónicas al alcanzar la adultez.
The article highlights overweight and obesity as the main factor in some current chronic diseases. Also it identifies and discusses major co-morbidities associated with overweight and obesity, analyzing the evidence that support them. The role of adiposity in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome especially in the development of mellitus diabetes 2 is discussed. We analyze the association between indicators of body mass and adipose tissue and mortality, highlighting a significant increase in mortality as the fat body mass increases and shows the range associated with lower mortality, basing the normal weight ranges. Will be discussing separately the association between overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence health, especially its possible role in the incidence of chronic diseases that will develop at adulthood.