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O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as correlações e interações entre a paisagem, caminhadas de lazer e o contexto sistêmico de desenvolvimento turístico na cidade de Linha Nova, Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo de natureza aplicada tem abordagem qualitativa. Quanto aos procedimentos, caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso do município de Linha Nova. Foram entrevistados seis organizadores de caminhadas e disponibilizado um questionário online para pessoas que praticam caminhadas de lazer, totalizando 40 participantes. As respostas indicaram dois temas: a) A natureza como principal atrativo; b) Desenvolvimento econômico e turístico através das caminhadas. Os resultados demonstraram que existe uma relação positiva entre eventos de caminhada e o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do turismo, além de uma percepção de "paisagem" associada à natureza, espaços naturais e cenários panorâmicos.

The objective of this study is to understand the correlations and interactions between the landscape, leisure walks and the systemic context of tourist development in the city of Linha Nova, Rio Grande do Sul. The study of an applied nature has aqualitative approach. As for the procedures, it is characterized as a case study of the municipality of Linha Nova. Six walk organizers were interviewed,and an online questionnaire was made available to people who take leisure walks, totaling 40 participants. The responses indicated two themes: a) Nature as the main attraction; b) Economic and tourist development through hiking. The results demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between walking events and the development of the tourism production chain, in addition to a perception of "landscape" associated with nature, natural spaces and panoramic scenarios.

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Addressing urban water management challenges requires a holistic view. Sustainable approaches such as blue-green infrastructure (BGI) provide several benefits, but assessing their effectiveness demands a systemic approach. Challenges are magnified in informal areas, leading to the combination of integrated urban water management (IUWM) with BGI as a proposed solution by this research. We employed the Urban Water Use (UWU) model to assess the effectiveness index (EI) of BGI measures in view of IUWM after stakeholder consultation. The procedure in this novel assessment includes expert meetings for scenario building and resident interviews to capture the community's vision. To assess the impact of IUWM on the effectiveness of BGI measures, we proposed a simulation with BGI only and then three simulations with improvements to the water and sewage systems. The results of the EI analysis reveal a substantial improvement in the effectiveness of BGI measures through IUWM combination. Moreover, we offer insights into developing strategies for UWU model application in informal settlements, transferrable to diverse urban areas. The findings hold relevance for policymakers and urban planners, aiding informed decisions in urban water management.

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The present study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Family Integration (IFI) by means of a dyadic analysis based on the responses of fathers and mothers in families from the city of Arequipa, southern Peru. For this purpose, 264 married couples living with their families were non-probabilistically selected and administered the 52-item IFI. An analysis of dimensionality and reliability was carried out, and a factorial invariance analysis was applied under a dyadic approach and, finally, a comparative analysis using Cohen's d was performed. The results reported moderate correlations between the values of fathers and mothers in each family holon: personal, spousal, parental, sibling and familial. Likewise, the dimensionality fit of each holon in fathers and mothers was adequate with acceptable magnitudes, and the reliability indices calculated with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's Omega tests were high. The five-factor internal structure and internal consistency in both fathers and mothers were corroborated.

El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Integración Familiar (IIF) mediante un análisis diádico en función de las respuestas de padres y madres de conforman una familia procedente de la ciudad de Arequipa, al sur de Perú. Para ello, se seleccionó de manera no probabilística a 264 parejas casadas que viven con sus familias, a quienes se les aplicó el IIF que consta de 52 ítems. Se realizó un análisis de la dimensionalidad y la confiabilidad, y se aplicó un análisis de invarianza factorial bajo un enfoque diádico y finalmente un análisis comparativo mediante la d de Cohen. Los resultados reportaron correlaciones moderadas entre los valores de los padres y madres en cada holón familiar: personal, conyugal, parental, fraternal y familiar. Asimismo, el ajuste de dimensionalidad de cada holón en padres y en madres fue adecuado con magnitudes aceptables, y los índices de confiabilidad calculados con las pruebas alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald fueron elevados. Se corrobora la estructura interna de cinco factores y la consistencia interna tanto en padres como en madres.

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Objetivo: discutir o novo paradigma da Saúde Única à luz da Teoria Sistêmica de Niklas Luhmann e a atuação do subsistema do Direito em face das interconexões da abordagem. Metodologia: tratou-se de um ensaio crítico inédito, com utilização da teoria luhmaniana e os novos conceitos da saúde única. Resultados: a teoria dos sistemas sociais de Luhmann possibilita o subsistema do Direito, em sua autopoiese, além de compreender e passar a operar com as novas abordagens integradas de saúde humana, saúde animal e meio ambiente. Conclusão: o subsistema do Direito está apto a incorporar em sua comunicação interna o novo paradigma, reconhecendo a futura legislação da saúde única.

Objective: to discuss the new One Health paradigm in the light of Niklas Luhmann's Systemic Theory and the performance of the Law subsystem in view of the interconnections of the approach. Methodology: this was an unprecedented critical essay, using Luhmanian theory and the new concepts of single health. Results: Luhmann's theory of social systems enables the subsystem of Law, in its autopoiesis, to understand and begin to operate with the new integrated approaches to human health, animal health and the environment. Conclusion: the Law subsystem can incorporate the new paradigm into its internal communication, recognizing the future single health legislation.

Objetivo: discutir el nuevo paradigma One Health a la luz de la Teoría Sistémica de Niklas Luhmann y el desempeño del subsistema del Derecho frente a las interconexiones del abordaje. Metodología: se trató de un ensayo crítico inédito, utilizando la teoría luhmaniana y los nuevos conceptos de salud única. Resultados: la teoría de los sistemas sociales de Luhmann permite al subsistema Derecho, en su autopoiesis, comprender y pasar a operar con los nuevos enfoques integrados de la salud humana, la salud animal y el medio ambiente. Conclusión: el subsistema del Derecho logra incorporar el nuevo paradigma en su comunicación interna, reconociendo la futura legislación de la salud única.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar reflexões sobre as sessões de Psicodrama Público SP On-line ocorridas entre agosto de 2020 e dezembro de 2021. O procedimento utilizado foi a análise qualitativa de entrevistas com a unidade funcional, o anfitrião e alguns participantes, gravadas após a realização dos psicodramas. Foram criadas quatro categorias a partir dos temas protagônicos apresentados. Foram identificados dois movimentos complementares: um em direção ao desequilíbrio e outro em direção à tentativa de restaurá-lo,além de uma retroalimentação entre as categorias e entre os períodos analisados. Observou-se que se instauraram novos processos de subjetivação no contexto grupal marcados pelos múltiplos sofrimentos vivenciados no período pandêmico da COVID-19, facilitados pela liberação da espontaneidade e criatividade.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to present reflections on the Psicodrama Público SP On-line sessions that took place between August 2020 and December 2021. The procedure used was the qualitative analysis of interviews, with the functional unit, the host and some participants, recorded after the realization of psychodramas. Four categories were created from the main themes presented. Two complementary movements were identified: one towards the imbalance and the other towards the attempt to restore it, in addition to a feedback between the categories and between the analyzed periods. It was observed that new processes of subjectivation were established in the group context marked by many sufferings in the pandemic period of COVID-19, facilitated by the release of spontaneity and creativity.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar reflexiones sobre las sesiones de Psicodrama Público SP On-line que se desarrollaron entre agosto de 2020 y diciembre de 2021. El procedimiento utilizado fue el análisis cualitativo de entrevistas, con la unidad funcional, el conductor y algunos participantes, grabadas después de la realización de psicodramas. Se crearon cuatro categorías a partir de los principales temas presentados. Se identificaron dos movimientos complementarios: uno hacia el desequilibrio y otro hacia el intento de restaurarlo, además de una retroalimentación entre las categorías y entre los periodos analizados. Se observó que se establecieron nuevos procesos de subjetivación en el contexto grupal marcado por los muchos sufrimientos en el período de pandemia por la COVID-19, facilitados por la liberación de la espontaneidad y la creatividad.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia de la COVID-19 implicó cambios en el quehacer universitario que orientaron a enfatizar en el tratamiento al proceso formativo, acorde con las necesidades sociales y del sector salud. Objetivo: exponer las experiencias y resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento al proceso formativo en la COVID-19 en la Facultad Ciencias Médicas de Bayamo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal del periodo marzo 2020-febrero 2022. Se emplearon métodos teóricos con un enfoque general sistémico, el analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y la modelación, además de estadística descriptiva e inferencial que incluyó prueba de diferencias de proporciones para muestras independientes con un 5% de significación. Resultados: la reorganización del proceso formativo distinguió etapas de reordenamiento, sistematización y valoración formativa contextual. El 99% de la matrícula prevista de estudiantes se integró al enfrentamiento y control de la COVID-19 en el trabajo integral comunitario. Se desarrollaron acciones en centros de aislamiento, sitios de vacunación, puestos de mando de oxígeno y laboratorios especializados. Se obtuvo una amplia participación estudiantil en eventos científicos virtuales y foros debates, entre otras actividades. Los resultados de promoción superaron al curso precedente y la calidad resultó significativa. Conclusiones: la reorganización sistémica del proceso formativo aseguró el desarrollo de un proceso integral con amplia inserción de estudiantes en actividades curriculares, extracurriculares y sociopolíticas, se evidenció elevado compromiso y sentido de pertenencia, manifestado en la sistematicidad y diversidad de acciones desarrolladas y en resultados académicos superiores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic implied changes in university activities that led to emphasizing treatment of the formation process, in accordance with social and health sector needs. Objective: to expose the experiences and results obtained in the treatment of the formation process in COVID-19 at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Bayamo. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2020 to February 2022. Theoretical methods were used with a general systemic approach, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and modeling, in addition to descriptive and inferential statistics that included a test of differences in proportions for independent samples with 5% significance. Results: the reorganization of the formation process distinguished stages of reordering, systematization and contextual training assessment. 99% of the expected enrollment of the students was integrated into the confrontation and control of COVID-19 in comprehensive community work. Actions were carried out in isolation centers, vaccination sites, oxygen command posts and specialized laboratories. Wide participation of the students was obtained in virtual scientific events and discussion forums, among other activities. The promotion results exceeded the previous course and the quality was significant. Conclusions: the systemic reorganization of the formation process ensured the development of a comprehensive process with a wide insertion of students in curricular, extracurricular and sociopolitical activities, high commitment and sense of belonging was evidenced, manifested in the systematicity and diversity of actions developed and in academic results superiors.

RESUMO Introdução: a pandemia COVID-19 imentou mudanças no trabalho universitário que levaram à ênfase no tratamento do processo de formação, de acordo com as necessidades sociais e do setor saúde. Objetivo: apresentar as experiências e resultados obtidos no tratamento do processo de formação no COVID-19 na Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Bayamo. Métodos: estudo transversal foi realizado para o período de março de 2020 a fevereiro de 2022. Métodos teóricos foram utilizados com abordagem sistêmica geral, analítica-sintética, indutiva-dedutiva e modelagem, bem como estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais que incluíram testes de diferenças de proporções para amostras independentes com significância de 5%. Resultados: a reorganização do processo de treinamento distinguiu etapas de rearranjo, sistematização e avaliação formativa contextual. 99% das matrículas esperadas dos alunos foram integradas ao confronto e controle do COVID-19 no trabalho comunitário integral. As ações foram realizadas em centros de isolamento, postos de vacinação, postos de comando de oxigênio e laboratórios especializados. Uma ampla participação dos alunos foi obtida em eventos científicos virtuais e fóruns de discussão, entre outras atividades. Os resultados da promoção superaram o curso anterior e a qualidade foi significativa. Conclusões: a reorganização sistêmica do processo de formação garantiu o desenvolvimento de um processo integral com ampla inserção dos alunos em atividades curriculares, extracurriculares e sociopolíticas, alto comprometimento e senso de pertencimento, manifestado na sistemática e diversidade das ações desenvolvidas e em resultados acadêmicos superiores.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more frequently manifesting as one of the main complications of cirrhosis of the liver, its principal risk factor. There have been modifications in its incidence over the past decade, related to an epidemiologic transition in the etiology of cirrhosis, with a decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis C and an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a cause, as well as the development of HCC in the non-cirrhotic liver due to NAFLD. Genetic markers associated with the disease have been identified, and surveillance and diagnosis have improved. Regarding treatment, surgical techniques, in both resection and transplantation, have advanced and radiologic techniques, at the curative stage of the disease, have enhanced survival in those patients. And finally, there have been radical changes in the systemic approach, with much more optimistic expectations, when compared with the options available a decade ago. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología decided to carry out the Second Mexican Consensus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma, which is an updated review of the available national and international evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, to offer the Mexican physician current information on the different topics regarding hepatocellular carcinoma. In this second part of the document, the topics related to the treatment of HCC are presented.

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Resumen El presente artículo parte de la importancia que el tránsito a la vida adulta ha adquirido a lo largo del tiempo, por ser un tema de reflexión y de múltiples estudios para conocer cómo las condiciones de hoy en día permiten este proceso en los jóvenes. Este artículo es un estudio cualitativo de revisión sistemática y tuvo como objetivo describir el tránsito a la adultez desde dos perspectivas. La primera, una construcción por medio de investigaciones realizadas por varios autores, los cuales encontraron que la transición a la adultez está mediada por aspectos como la autonomía, los nuevos roles, las expectativas individuales, las demandas, entre otras. Y la segunda, una visión anclada a paradigmas emergentes y el enfoque sistémico, que plantean que el tránsito a la vida adulta se ve permeado por elementos como la desvinculación, la individuación y las dinámicas familiares. La revisión permitió concluir que las condiciones familiares y sociales en las que se desarrolla el individuo son determinantes en su tránsito a la vida adulta, favoreciendo o dificultando este proceso.

Abstract This article is based on the importance that the transition to adulthood has had over time, as it is a subject of reflection and multiple studies that aim to understand how the current conditions allow this process in young people. This is a qualitative study of systematic review and its objective is to describe the transition to adulthood from two perspectives. The first, a construction through research conducted by different authors, who found that the transition to adulthood is mediated by aspects such as autonomy, new roles, individual expectations, and demands, among others. The second one, a vision anchored to emerging paradigms and the systemic approach, which suggests that the transition to adulthood is influenced by elements such as decoupling, individuation, and family dynamics. The review made it possible to conclude that the social and family conditions in which the individual develops are determining factors in his/her transition to adulthood, either favoring or hindering this process.

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Resumo Os modelos conceituais de determinantes sociais da saúde (DSS) disponíveis na literatura, embora úteis para compreensão dos mecanismos que afetam os resultados do sistema de saúde sobre as condições de vida das populações, apresentam limitações quanto à sua aplicação em estudos empíricos e, consequentemente, na orientação da gestão de políticas públicas de saúde. Isso ocorre porque as categorias adotadas por esses modelos não são adequadamente representadas por indicadores ou variáveis homogêneas, sujeitas a manipulações matemáticas ou estatísticas em um sistema simples de relacionamentos. Este estudo tem por objetivo contribuir para o preenchimento dessa lacuna, ao propor um modelo conceitual de DSS passível de aplicação operacional, ou seja, de ser reproduzido em modelos matemáticos ou estatísticos, a fim de subsidiar estudos e definir estratégias de saúde pública. O esforço recorre à literatura para revisar modelos conceituais consagrados, identificar um conjunto de DSS e apresentar recomendações e critérios de escolha. Na sequência, identifica fontes de dados confiáveis que disponibilizem indicadores e variáveis dispostos em séries históricas e propõe o desenho de um modelo conceitual aplicável, cuja operacionalização requer métodos e ferramentas próprios de uma abordagem sistêmica.

Abstract The conceptual models of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) available in the literature, although useful for comprehending mechanisms that affect the results of the health system on the living conditions of the population, present limitations regarding their application in empirical studies and, consequently, in guiding public health policies. This occurs because the categories adopted by these models are not adequately represented by indicators of homogeneous variables subject to mathematical or statistical manipulations in a simple relation system. This study aims to help filling this gap by proposing an operationally applicable SDH conceptual model - reproducible as a mathematical or statistical model - to support studies and define strategies concerning public health. We resorted to the literature to review previously developed conceptual models, identifying a set of SDH and presenting recommendations and choice criteria. Then we located reliable data sources supplying indicators and variables listed in historic series and proposed an applicable conceptual model, which requires specific methods and tools for a systemic approach for operationalization.

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Resumen La gran mayoría de las alternativas y soluciones propuestas, adolecen de un enfoque holístico, que permita enfrentar el problema desde una óptica integradora como consecuencia, no se cuenta en la actualidad en la ciudad de Medellín, con una alternativa que permita suplir el déficit de vivienda digna, segura, económica y sostenible. La duplicación de esfuerzos, el despilfarro de recursos y la ineficiencia en los procesos, se han convertido en una constante permanente de los proyectos que termina ofreciendo el Estado, el rechazo por parte de la comunidad y los usuarios ante las soluciones propuestas, genera un impacto social de grandes proporciones, que termina agudizando el problema existente.

Abstract The vast majority of the alternatives and solutions proposed, suffer from a holistic approach, which allows to tackle the problem from an integrative perspective as a consequence, currently, in the city of Medellín there does not exist, an alternative, which allows to supply the deficit of a dignified, safe, economic and sustainable housing. The duplication of efforts, the waste of resources, and the inefficiency in the processes have become a permanent constant of the projects, which the State ends up offering, the rejection by the community, and the users in the light of the proposed solutions. It generates a social impact of great proportions, which ends up sharpening the existing problem.

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RESUMEN La necesidad de garantizar calidad en salud demanda métodos de pensamiento y gestión diferentes. Especialmente ante las transformaciones que implementa el Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba. Dentro de estos se enmarca el clima organizacional como elemento que media entre los factores del sistema organizacional y el comportamiento individual y que se relaciona con las llamas "competencias no técnicas" a que se hace referencia. En la práctica obstétrica se redobla la necesidad de tener en cuenta estos factores y se necesita un enfoque sistémico. Las complicaciones durante el embarazo y el parto tienen frecuencia considerable y existe interés creciente en el análisis de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave como un indicador de calidad del cuidado materno y el enfrentamiento a las emergencias obstétricas. El artículo presenta la opinión de los autores y propuestas de acciones (AU).

ABSTRACT The necessity of guaranteeing the quality in health demands different methods of thoughts and management, especially in front of the transformations implemented in the Cuban National Health System. Among them, it could be found the organizational climate seen as an element mediating between the factors of the organizational climate and individual behavior, what is related to the so called "non-technical competences" the authors refers to. In the obstetric practice, the necessity of taking into account these factors increases and a systemic approach is needed. The complications during pregnancy and delivery have a considerable frequency and there is a growing interest in the analysis of the extremely serious maternal morbidity as an indicator of quality of the maternal care and obstetric emergencies facing. The article presents the authors' opinion and propositions of actions (AU).

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Para el análisis teórico y práctico de la familia es necesario conocer su funcionamiento, el concepto de sistema y sus diferentes teorías, la comunicación como elemento primordial en todo grupo social y las particularidades del doble vínculo en aquellas con un miembro esquizofrénico, ya que generalmente muestran problemas en la comunicación, no solo desde el comportamiento del enfermo, sino también desde los demás familiares. En ese sentido se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tema que permite la selección del enfoque sistémico para la aplicación en la práctica diaria(AU)

For the theoretical and practical analysis of the family it is necessary to know its way of functioning, the system concept and its different theories, communication as main element in all social group and the particularities of double binding in those with a schizophrenic member, since generally they show problems in communication, not only from the sick person's behavior, but also from the other family members behavior. In that sense, a literature review related to the topic was carried out which allows the selection of the systemic approach for the implementation in the daily practice(AU)

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Para el análisis teórico y práctico de la familia es necesario conocer su funcionamiento, el concepto de sistema y sus diferentes teorías, la comunicación como elemento primordial en todo grupo social y las particularidades del doble vínculo en aquellas con un miembro esquizofrénico, ya que generalmente muestran problemas en la comunicación, no solo desde el comportamiento del enfermo, sino también desde los demás familiares. En ese sentido se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tema que permite la selección del enfoque sistémico para la aplicación en la práctica diaria.

For the theoretical and practical analysis of the family it is necessary to know its way of functioning, the system concept and its different theories, communication as main element in all social group and the particularities of double binding in those with a schizophrenic member, since generally they show problems in communication, not only from the sick person's behavior, but also from the other family members behavior. In that sense, a literature review related to the topic was carried out which allows the selection of the systemic approach for the implementation in the daily practice.

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RESUMEN La necesidad de garantizar calidad en salud demanda métodos de pensamiento y gestión diferentes. Especialmente ante las transformaciones que implementa el Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba. Dentro de estos se enmarca el clima organizacional como elemento que media entre los factores del sistema organizacional y el comportamiento individual y que se relaciona con las llamas "competencias no técnicas" a que se hace referencia. En la práctica obstétrica se redobla la necesidad de tener en cuenta estos factores y se necesita un enfoque sistémico. Las complicaciones durante el embarazo y el parto tienen frecuencia considerable y existe interés creciente en el análisis de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave como un indicador de calidad del cuidado materno y el enfrentamiento a las emergencias obstétricas. El artículo presenta la opinión de los autores y propuestas de acciones.

ABSTRACT The necessity of guaranteeing the quality in health demands different methods of thoughts and management, especially in front of the transformations implemented in the Cuban National Health System. Among them, it could be found the organizational climate seen as an element mediating between the factors of the organizational climate and individual behavior, what is related to the so called "non-technical competences" the authors refers to. In the obstetric practice, the necessity of taking into account these factors increases and a systemic approach is needed. The complications during pregnancy and delivery have a considerable frequency and there is a growing interest in the analysis of the extremely serious maternal morbidity as an indicator of quality of the maternal care and obstetric emergencies facing. The article presents the authors' opinion and propositions of actions.

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Resumen El enfoque sistémico de la innovación resalta la interrelación de los agentes e instituciónes, sin embargo, no reconoce la complementariedad institucional. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo diseñar y evaluar un indicador del constructo de "engranaje institucional" como un elemento que reconoce el impacto que una institución tiene sobre otra en los procesos de innovación, así como examinar la relación existente entre el índice de engranaje institucional y el crecimiento económico. Se utilizó el método de regresión lineal, considerando el PIB per cápita de 17 países de América Latina en el periodo de 1980 a 2014. Se usaron variables como la tasa de actividades empresariales (TAE), que mide la población involucrada; el porcentaje de la TAE, que tiene un producto o servicio nuevo; gobierno efectivo, Estado de derecho, leyes estables; y vínculos entre universidad-empresa, siendo clasificados como productos e insumos. El diseño del indicador de engranaje institucional resultó adecuado para reconocer la complementariedad en las instituciones y su papel en los procesos de innovación, además de confirmar que los países en donde se tiene un mayor índice de engranaje institucional presentan un crecimiento económico superior. Los resultados muestran que los países latinoamericanos deben impulsar el engranaje institucional para fortalecer su sistema nacional de innovación, y así lograr un progreso económico sostenido, como el que presentan la mayoría de los países desarrollados (Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos).

Abstract The systemic approach to innovation highlights the interrelationship between actors and institutions, but does not recognize the institutional complementarity. For that, this paper aims to design and assess an indicator of institutional gear as an element that recognizes the impact that an institution has over another in the innovation process, and the relationship between institutional gear index and economic growth. Linear regression was used by considering GDP per cápita of 17 Latin American economies for the 1980 to 2014 period. Variables such as the rate of entrepreneurial activity (REA) which measures population involved, the percentage of REA that a new product or service has, effective government, state rights, laws and stable links between university-companies were used. These were classified as outputs and inputs. The institutional gear design was suitable for recognizing the complementary between the institutions and their role in innovation processes, as well as establishing that the countries where they have greater institutional gear have higher economie growth. The results show that the Latin American countries must boost the institutional gear to strengthen their national innovation systems and thus achieve sustained economie growth, as that shown by most of the developed countries (European Union and the United States).

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Este artículo busca problematizar concepciones corrientes sobre las mujeres víctimas de violencia, pobreza y exclusión, quienes en el rol materno replican en sus hijos las conductas aprendidas en los diferentes sistemas que las afectaron, desde el macro hasta el microsistema, los cuales se perciben cargados de violencia y exclusión. El estudio se fundamentó en la teoría ecológica de Bronfenbrenner, teniendo una visión sistémica del problema y se analizó desde autores como Martín-Baró, Foucault y Wernicke, entre otros. Luego de reconocer las características sociodemográficas y las relaciones interpersonales, se estableció la correlación entre ser víctima de violencia y el moldeamiento de las características psicológicas que se observan en las mujeres transmutándose de víctimas a victimarias en perjuicio de sus hijos, reproduciéndose la violencia en una espiral que es vista como natural en distintos entornos sociales. Se encontró una diferencia entre la mujer del ámbito urbano y la desplazada proveniente del ámbito rural, en cuanto al uso de los servicios que proveen las instituciones y la relación con las demás personas, siendo estas últimas más desconfiadas y prevenidas.

This article seeks to problematize current views on women who are victims of violence, poverty and exclusion. Mothers learn these behaviors from diverse systems, from the macrosystem to the microsystem, which are perceived to be loaded with violence and exclusion; and they replicate these behaviors on their children. The study was based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, taking a systemic approach to the problem and analyzed from authors such as Colombo, Martin-Baró, Foucault and Wernicke, among others. After recognizing the socio-demographic characteristics and interpersonal relationships, a correlation was established between being a victim of violence and the shaping of psychological characteristics observed in women, who transition from being victims to victimizers, to the detriment of their children. This suggests that violence is perpetuated in a spiral, which it is regarded as natural in different social environments. A difference between women of urban areas and displaced from the rural areas was found in the use of services provided by institutions and the relationship with others, the latter being more suspicious and prevented.

RESUMO

Este artigo retrata a experiência da autora em um atendimento terapêutico uma semana após a tragédia da Boate Kiss, ocorrida em Santa Maria (RS), no ano de 2013. A intervenção psicológica teve como alvo a abordagem EMDR – Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing – o modelo PAI (sistema de informação adaptativo), desenvolvido por Francine Shapiro (2007), psicóloga, terapeuta californiana. O atendimento envolveu uma mãe cujo filho escapou por pouco de estar no local no momento da tragédia. Essa mãe relatou dificuldade em expressar sentimentos, como: alívio pelo filho escapar da tragédia e solidariedade com os familiares das vítimas. Ao invés de expressá-los, essa mãe manifestava tristeza, raiva, revolta e tendência ao isolamento, de maneira intensa e frequente. A duração da sessão foi de 2hs (duas horas). O método EMDR utilizado facilitou o acesso às ações armazenadas de forma disfuncional, visando organizá-las e torná-las funcionais.(AU)

This article reports the experience of the author in a therapeutic treatment one week after the tragedy at Kiss nightclub, which happened in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the year of 2013. The psychological intervention had the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing – EMDR – approach as target, the Adaptive Information Processing – AIP – Model, developed by Francine Shapiro (2007), Californian psychologist and therapist. The treatment involved a mother whose son narrowly escaped being at the nightclub at the moment of the tragedy. This mother reported difficulty in expressing feelings, such as relieve for having her son out of the tragedy and solidarity with the victims’ family. Instead of expressing these feelings, this mother showed sadness, anger, revolt and inclination to isolation in an intense and frequent way. The session lasted for two hours (2h). The EMDR method used made easier the access to the actions stored in a dysfunctional way, with the purpose of organizing them and making them functional.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

El pensamiento sistémico es un método imprescindible para fortalecer el desarrollo de las organizaciones, donde el clima organizacional constituye uno de los elementos a considerar en los procesos organizativos, de gestión, cambio e innovación. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la importancia del enfoque sistémico del clima organizacional en el desarrollo de la salud pública. Se realizó análisis de contenido de la bibliografía revisada sobre el tema, que permitió efectuar juicios de valor sobre la importancia del enfoque sistémico del clima organizacional en el desarrollo de la salud pública desde la ciencia y la tecnología como procesos sociales. Se expone la aplicación del pensamiento sistémico en salud, se muestran los diferentes enfoques y dimensiones utilizados en el estudio del clima organizacional a nivel mundial y de forma particular en salud pública. Se destaca fundamentalmente las investigaciones realizadas por la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública desde la década de los 90 del siglo xx hasta la actualidad y se fundamenta la integración de fac­tores económicos, sociales, culturales y políticos teniendo en cuenta el enfoque multidisciplinario e interdisciplinario de la salud pública. Los estudios de clima organizacional con enfoque sistémico constituyen una importante herramienta diagnóstica; a lo largo de la historia se han aplicado diferentes enfoques y dimensiones representativas de la organización, que en salud pública aportan información valiosa para su desarrollo(AU)

The systemic thinking is an indispensable method that strengthens the development of organizations where the organizational climate is one of the elements to be considered in the organizational, managerial, change and innovation processes. The objective of this paper was to assess the importance of the systemic process of the organizational climate in the development of the public health. Content analysis of the reviewed literature on the topic was made, which allowed reaching valuable criteria on the importance of the systemic approach to the organizational climate in the development of the public health, taking science and technology as social processes. The application of the systemic thinking in health, the various approaches and dimensions used in the study of the organizational climate worldwide and particularly in the field of public health care were presented. Likewise, the article underlined the research studies by the National School of Public Health since the 90's up to the present time and substantiated the integration of economic, social, cultural and political factors according to the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach of the public health. The organizational climate studies using the systemic approach are an important diagnostic tool. Throughout the history, a number of representative approaches and dimensions of organization have been applied, which have provided valuable information for the development of the public health(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

With the aim to contribute to the comprehension of men's violent behavior towards their female partners this qualitative research - intervention with twelve heterosexual couples identify the needs, expectations and dreams of men and their relationship with the emergence and maintenance of verbal and physical masculine maltreatment. The needs, expectations and dreams of these men can be grouped in three types: the first one includes emotional and relational aspects; the second one includes aspects of the traditional patriarchal culture and the third group shows men's desires for egalitarian relationships. This investigation found that not only men's desire to dominate, control and have power contribute to men's violent acts but also their lack of affection and emotional attachment to others.

A fin de contribuir a la comprensión de la violencia de los hombres hacia sus parejas se identificaron necesidades, expectativas y sueños de los hombres con respecto a su relación de pareja y su conexión con la aparición y mantenimiento del maltrato psicológico y físico, a través de una investigación-intervención cualitativa realizada con doce parejas heterosexuales. Las necesidades, expectativas y sueños se ubican en tres grupos: el primero incluye aspectos emocionales y relacionales; el segundo tradiciones culturales patriarcales y el tercero muestra la búsqueda de los hombres de unas relaciones más igualitarias. Se encontró que no solo el deseo de dominación, poder y control sino también la insatisfacción sostenida en el tiempo respecto a la vinculación y el afecto, contribuyen a la violencia de los hombres.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El pensamiento sistémico es un método imprescindible para fortalecer el desarrollo de las organizaciones, donde el clima organizacional constituye uno de los elementos a considerar en los procesos organizativos, de gestión, cambio e innovación. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la importancia del enfoque sistémico del clima organizacional en el desarrollo de la salud pública. Se realizó análisis de contenido de la bibliografía revisada sobre el tema, que permitió efectuar juicios de valor sobre la importancia del enfoque sistémico del clima organizacional en el desarrollo de la salud pública desde la ciencia y la tecnología como procesos sociales. Se expone la aplicación del pensamiento sistémico en salud, se muestran los diferentes enfoques y dimensiones utilizados en el estudio del clima organizacional a nivel mundial y de forma particular en salud pública. Se destaca fundamentalmente las investigaciones realizadas por la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública desde la década de los 90 del siglo xx hasta la actualidad y se fundamenta la integración de fac­tores económicos, sociales, culturales y políticos teniendo en cuenta el enfoque multidisciplinario e interdisciplinario de la salud pública. Los estudios de clima organizacional con enfoque sistémico constituyen una importante herramienta diagnóstica; a lo largo de la historia se han aplicado diferentes enfoques y dimensiones representativas de la organización, que en salud pública aportan información valiosa para su desarrollo(AU)

The systemic thinking is an indispensable method that strengthens the development of organizations where the organizational climate is one of the elements to be considered in the organizational, managerial, change and innovation processes. The objective of this paper was to assess the importance of the systemic process of the organizational climate in the development of the public health. Content analysis of the reviewed literature on the topic was made, which allowed reaching valuable criteria on the importance of the systemic approach to the organizational climate in the development of the public health, taking science and technology as social processes. The application of the systemic thinking in health, the various approaches and dimensions used in the study of the organizational climate worldwide and particularly in the field of public health care were presented. Likewise, the article underlined the research studies by the National School of Public Health since the 90's up to the present time and substantiated the integration of economic, social, cultural and political factors according to the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach of the public health. The organizational climate studies using the systemic approach are an important diagnostic tool. Throughout the history, a number of representative approaches and dimensions of organization have been applied, which have provided valuable information for the development of the public health(AU)

Assuntos