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This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of SARS-Cov-2 and mRNA vaccines on male reproduction. We conducted a comprehensive search using terms such as "COVID-19," "vaccine," and "sperm parameters" on various electronic databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), BVS (LILACS and others), Embase (Elsevier), and Cochrane Library. We included observational studies, including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. Of the 2054 records initially identified, we carefully examined 47 full-text articles and excluded 26 articles for specific reasons, ultimately including 21 studies for our analysis. Among these, 16 studies focused on assessing seminal parameters in patients with COVID-19, while five studies investigated the effects of COVID vaccines on seminal parameters. A meta-analysis of seminal parameters in men before and after the COVID-19 pandemic revealed significant differences in seminal concentration, progressive motility, total motility, and normal morphology. These findings indicate a positive impact of the analyzed parameters before the onset of COVID-19. However, the quality of the evidence was considered low. In contrast, a meta-analysis of five studies evaluating seminal parameters before and after the SARS-Cov-2 vaccine did not show any significant differences in total motility. This analysis, involving 256 men from four studies, provided low-quality evidence, suggesting that mRNA vaccines do not affect male reproduction. Overall, our findings suggest that seminal parameters exhibit considerable variability depending on specific outcomes and the study design. However, based on available evidence, it appears that mRNA vaccines do not have detrimental effects on male reproductive function.

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OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the expression of Kiss1 gene on the testis and the blood of Wistar rats, following the administration of methanolic extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa (MEHS). METHODS: Fifteen (15) rats with an average weight of 204g were randomly divided into three (3) groups (A-C). Group A was given no treatment and served as the normal control group. Groups B and C were orally administered 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of MEHS, respectively. The extract was administered once a day for 21 days. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the relative testicular weight in group B and C compared to the control group (p=0.035). There was no significant difference in the sperm parameters, reproductive hormones, and antioxidant levels in all the treatment groups when compared to the control group (p>0.05). There is a significantly lower expression intensity of the Kiss1 gene in the blood in groups B (p=0.000) and C (p=0.017), compared to the control group. There is no difference in the relative intensity of Kiss1 gene expression in the testis of all the experimental groups (p=0.173). CONCLUSIONS: MEHS caused no histopathological changes on the testis at both doses. MEHS shows the potential of downregulating the expression of the Kiss1 gene in the blood. However, this effect lacks a regulatory mechanism on the reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, testicular morphology, and antioxidative levels.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular levels of apoptosis induction in three groups of male partners of infertile couples, one featuring subjects with normal sperm parameters and unexplained male infertility (UMI), one including men with abnormal sperm parameters, and one with fertile men as controls. METHODS: Twenty-five infertile men with abnormal sperm parameters and 25 men with UMI and normal sperm parameters were recruited as experimental group I and experimental group II; 25 fertile men were included as controls. The mRNA levels of Fas, Fas ligand, Caspase 8, Bax, and Bcl2 were measured in the three groups. The cellular rates of early and late apoptosis were assessed using annexin V and propidium iodide staining. RESULTS: The expression of Bax, Bcl2, and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio in experimental group I was significantly higher than that in experimental group II and controls. However, the Bax/Bcl2 ratio was less than 1 among all groups. No significant difference was found among study groups regarding the gene expression of Fas, Fas ligand, and Caspase 8. No significant difference was seen in early apoptotic rates of sperm among study groups. The highest number of necrotic sperm cells was detected in experimental group I. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed that the external pathways of apoptosis were not activated in the absence of external stimuli of sperm apoptosis in ejaculated sperm. Regardless of fertility status, apoptosis gene induction in the internal pathway was associated with abnormalities in sperm motility and/or morphology in men with abnormal parameters.

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OBJECTIVE: Morphine is one of the major psychoactive chemicals in opium that can increase the production of free radicals and thus can negatively affect spermatogenesis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of morphine consumption on sperm parameters, DNA integrity and apoptosis in men taking morphine. METHODS: In this case-control study, 30 man abusing morphine (cases) and 30 healthy men (controls) were compared in sperm parameters (count, motility and morphology) and sperm chromatin quality, with Aniline Blue (AB), Toluidine blue (TB) and Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) stains. The participants were matched for age, weight, amount and duration of cigarette smoking. RESULTS: In men with morphine dependency, sperm progressive and total motility (p=0.038 and p=0.000, respectively) showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Concerning morphine abuse, although morphine can decrease the sperm chromatin condensation and increases the rate of sperm apoptosis, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results morphine dependence can reduce male fertility by affecting sperm parameters.

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OBJECTIVE: Reproductive toxicity has been greatly linked with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) use. This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract (MOE) on HAART-induced testicular toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. METHODS: Twenty adult male Wistar rats (150-200 g) were assigned into four groups (n=5). Group A received distilled water; Group B received (orally) 200 mg/kg BW HAART only; Group C received (orally) 200 mg/kg BW HAART and 100 mg/kg BW MOE (low dose group) and Group D received (orally) 200 mg/kg BW HAART and 300 mg/kg BW MOE. At the end of the 28-day experiment, body and testicular weights were measured; serum and testis obtained were subjected to hormone profiling, biochemical and histological studies. RESULTS: HAART caused a significant decrease in body and testicular weight, testicular distortion and spermatogenic cell disorganization, altered semen quality and function, hormonal profiles, and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GSH) were significantly decreased with the concurrent increase in MDA level. However, treatment with MOE improved sperm parameters, testis morphology, antioxidants markers, and hormones assessments. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure to HAART produced marked testicular toxicity, ameliorated using Moringa oleifera leaf extract, thereby preserving testicular physiological function and morphology.

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Cyclophosphamide (CP)-which is used to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer-is related to gonadotoxicity attributed to oxidative stress. As phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are strong antioxidants that are unexplored as protective agents against male gonadotoxicity, our work aimed to investigate the effects of PBP crude extract on testicular damage and sperm parameter alterations caused by CP in mice. Three doses of PBP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were tested in the experimental groups (n = 8 per group), administered concomitantly with 100 mg/kg CP. After 42 days receiving PBP daily and CP weekly, body and relative testicular weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular lipoperoxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity levels, and testicular histology and sperm parameter alterations were assessed. The results showed that PBP crude extract at 200 mg/kg prevented testosterone serum reduction, body weight loss, lipoperoxidation and enzyme activity increments, and sperm parameter alterations and partially ameliorated relative testicular weight reductions and histological damage in CP-treated mice. In conclusion, we showed that PBP crude extract (200 mg/kg) mitigated oxidative damage in the testes and ameliorated alterations in sperm parameters in mice treated with CP (100 mg/kg); therefore, PBP extract could be considered as a potential protective agent against CP toxicity.

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The effects of dipyrone and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on male fertility are still not fully understood, mainly considering the epididymis as a putative target for their anti-fertility effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dipyrone and ASA on the contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters in rats. Firstly, we checked the in vitro effects of dipyrone and ASA (10-1000 µM) on the contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct by pharmacological experiments. We also evaluated the effects of in vivo treatment with dipyrone and ASA 100 mg/kg (p.o.) for 15 days on epididymal duct contractions, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters. In vitro dipyrone or ASA decreased the epididymal duct contractions induced by phenylephrine or carbachol. We observed that in vivo treatment with both drugs decreased the daily sperm production, serum testosterone levels and sperm count through epididymis without altering the epididymal duct contractions and sperm transit time through epididymis. In conclusion, in vitro dipyrone and ASA were able to diminish the contractions of epididymal duct, whilst in vivo administration decreased the sperm count throughout epididymis as a consequence of a low sperm production caused by reduced testosterone levels.

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Infertility is a global health problem affecting 10-15% of couples in reproductive age. Recent studies have provided growing evidence supporting that lifestyle factors can affect male fertility through alterations in endocrine profiles, spermatogenesis and/or sperm function. One of these critical factors could be the change in the food intake behavior in modern societies that produces metabolic alterations. Regarding this, metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence has increased in epidemic in the last 40-50 years. Although MetS is associated with advanced age, changes in lifestyles have accelerated the appearance of symptoms in the reproductive age. We review herein the current understanding of the relationship between MetS and the male reproductive status. For this purpose, in this narrative review a comprehensive literature search was made in both animal models and men, allowing us to evaluate such relationship. This analysis showed a high variability in the reproductive phenotypes observed in patients and mice suffering MetS, including sperm parameters, fertility and offspring health. In view of this, we proposed that the reproductive effects, which are diverse and not robust, observed among MetS-affected males, might depend on additional factors not associated with the metabolic condition and contributed not only by the affected male but also by his partner. With this perspective, this review provides a more accurate insight of this syndrome critical for the identification of specific diagnostic indicators and treatment of MetS-induced fertility disorders.

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BACKGROUND: Venlafaxine (selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) use has increased worldwide. However, the impact of venlafaxine on testes and sperm parameters has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated venlafaxine impact on testicular and sperm parameters and verified whether the changes are reversible. METHODS: Animals from venlafaxine-35 days and venlafaxine-65 days groups received 30 mg/kg of venlafaxine for 35 days. Control-35 days and control-65 days received distilled water. In control-65 days and venlafaxine-65 days, the treatment was interrupted for 30 days. Sperm concentration, morphology, motility, and mitochondrial activity were analyzed. Number of step 19 spermatids (NLS), frequency of tubules with spermiation failure, Sertoli cells number, and TUNEL-positive germ cells were quantified. Testicular aromatase, connexin 43 (Cx43) immunoexpression, Cx43 protein levels, and Cx43 expression were evaluated. Either intratesticular testosterone or estrogen levels were measured. RESULTS: Venlafaxine impaired sperm morphology, reduced sperm concentration, mitochondrial activity, and sperm motility. The frequency of tubules with spermiation failure and NLS increased in parallel to increased Cx43 immunoexpression; mRNA and protein levels; and aromatase, testosterone, and estrogen levels. An increase in germ cell death and decreased Sertoli cells number were observed. In venlafaxine-65 days, except for sperm motility, mitochondrial activity, Sertoli cells number, and germ cell death, all other parameters were partially or totally recovered. CONCLUSION: Venlafaxine increases testosterone aromatization and Cx43. This drug, via high estrogen levels, disturbs Sertoli cells, induces germ cell death, and impairs spermiation and sperm parameters. The restoration of spermiation associated with the decreased Cx43 and hormonal levels in venlafaxine-65 days reinforces that high estrogen levels are related to venlafaxine-induced changes. The presence of damaged Sertoli cells, germ cell death, and low sperm motility in venlafaxine-65 days indicates that interruption of treatment for 30 days was insufficient for testicular recovery and points to a long-term estrogen impact on the seminiferous epithelium.

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BACKGROUND: The growing international movement legislating medical marijuana has brought renewed interest to the role of marijuana smoking on fertility potential. Although studies have identified that sperm quality can be compromised by marijuana use, little focus has been placed specifically on those trying to conceive. In this study, we aimed to clarify the impact of marijuana use in semen quality in men being investigated for assisted reproduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study at a university-based facility in Jamaica. Routine semen analyses were performed on 229 men ages 23-72 years who were new clients. Logistic regression analyses were performed in order to independently predict quantifiable measures of the impact of marijuana use. The main outcome measures were sperm motility, total motile spermatozoa and morphology. RESULTS: Overall, 47% of the participants reported marijuana use with 21% of these men reporting recent use. Regression analyses showed that recent use and users of large quantities of marijuana were 2.6 times (aOR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.0-6.8, p = 0.044) and 4.3 times (aOR = 4.3; 95% CI, 1.1-15.9, p = 0.030) at greater risk of being diagnosed with abnormal motility (asthenozoospermia). Additionally, moderate quantity users were 3.4 times (aOR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.5-7.9, p = 0.004) more likely to be diagnosed with abnormal morphology (teratozoospermia). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Recent use of marijuana as well as moderate to large quantities had an impact on sperm motility and morphology in men being investigated for infertility. We recommend therefore that men undergoing fertility investigations be routinely asked about their recreational use of marijuana and in particular recent and heavy users counselled to stop.

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The Painted Coral Snake Micrurus corallinus is one of the Brazilian species kept in captivity to obtain venom for antivenom production. Difficulties in establishing a sizeable breeding colony make it necessary to find alternatives that increase the reproductive efficiency of captive individuals. Here, we tested a semen collection protocol and characterize the seminal parameters of captive M. corallinus. We collected semen during the mating season of the species (spring-summer) and were successful at every first attempt. Spermatozoa of M. corallinus are elongated and filiform, and the midpiece is the longest part. Sperm motility and progressive motility reached values of 80% and 3.6%, respectively, during the reproductive period of this species. Our results will allow further studies to improve husbandry, reproductive rates, and conservation of captive M. corallinus.

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Background: Studies report that cyclodextrins have the property of carrying cholesterol to the membrane, but in some casescan also remove this cholesterol from the plasma membrane. The mechanism of action of CLC is not well understood,however, it seems to involve sperm protection during the freezing and thawing process. Studies show that its use enhancingincreased osmotic tolerance and reduced premature sperm capacitation reaction. In this sense, studies report that cyclodextrins have the property of carrying cholesterol to the membrane, but in some cases can also remove this cholesterol fromthe plasma membrane. Improvements were reported in the sperm parameters of buffaloes, bulls, stallions and sheep. Ramnaturally present less lipids in their membrane, on average 27%, while bulls have 31%, rabbits 62%, and humans 50%.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC), a commercial diluent, inthe kinetics and viability of frozen and thawed ram spermatozoa.Materials, Methods & Results: Five ejaculates, from five rams of Dorper breed were collected and divided into three groups:control, 1 mg CLC and 2 mg CLC. Semen was diluted in different concentrations of CLC (0, 1, and 2 mg/120×106 spermatozoa), and incubated at room temperature (21°C) for 10 min. Samples were conditioned in 0.5 mL straws and incubatedat 5°C for 4 h, exposed to LN2 vapor for 10 min and storing a cryogenic container. The parameters as spermatic kinetics,plasma membrane, acrosomal membrane (MPAI, %), and intracellular levels of superoxide anion (O2-) were evaluated.Sperm progressive motility (PM), rapid spermatozoa percentage (RAP), linearity (LIN, %), average path velocity (VAP,μm/s) and MPAI (%) were more satisfactory with the use of 1 mg compared to 2 mg (P < 0.05). In addition, 1 mg CLCshowed decreased levels of superoxide anion formation (O2-), a free...(AU)

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The semen cryopreservation processes are associated with state of oxidative stress induced by high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing damage to functional spermatozoa. Whereby, antioxidants have been utilized to scavenge or neutralize the elevated levels of ROS. The aim of at the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding BHT to the freezing extenders on post-thaw characteristics of domestic cat spermatozoa. Semen samples were frozen in Tris-fructose-citric acid-based extender, supplemented with different concentrations of BHT (0.5 mM, 1.0 mM and 2.0 mM) and a control sample without antioxidant. After thawing, sperm samples were assessed for motility by computer-assisted sperm analysis and viability, acrosome integrity, superoxide anion production and membrane lipid peroxidation status by flow cytometry. In the study, the parameters of sperm motility and acrosome integrity were significantly higher in 2.0 mM BHT compared to sperm frozen in the extender with other concentrations and control (P < 0.05), in addition, this concentration reduced significantly the superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation of the sperm. The results demonstrated that the supplementation of BHT to the freezing extender could protect the function and cellular structure of domestic cat sperm from cryoinjuries.

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Background: Studies report that cyclodextrins have the property of carrying cholesterol to the membrane, but in some casescan also remove this cholesterol from the plasma membrane. The mechanism of action of CLC is not well understood,however, it seems to involve sperm protection during the freezing and thawing process. Studies show that its use enhancingincreased osmotic tolerance and reduced premature sperm capacitation reaction. In this sense, studies report that cyclodextrins have the property of carrying cholesterol to the membrane, but in some cases can also remove this cholesterol fromthe plasma membrane. Improvements were reported in the sperm parameters of buffaloes, bulls, stallions and sheep. Ramnaturally present less lipids in their membrane, on average 27%, while bulls have 31%, rabbits 62%, and humans 50%.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC), a commercial diluent, inthe kinetics and viability of frozen and thawed ram spermatozoa.Materials, Methods & Results: Five ejaculates, from five rams of Dorper breed were collected and divided into three groups:control, 1 mg CLC and 2 mg CLC. Semen was diluted in different concentrations of CLC (0, 1, and 2 mg/120×106 spermatozoa), and incubated at room temperature (21°C) for 10 min. Samples were conditioned in 0.5 mL straws and incubatedat 5°C for 4 h, exposed to LN2 vapor for 10 min and storing a cryogenic container. The parameters as spermatic kinetics,plasma membrane, acrosomal membrane (MPAI, %), and intracellular levels of superoxide anion (O2-) were evaluated.Sperm progressive motility (PM), rapid spermatozoa percentage (RAP), linearity (LIN, %), average path velocity (VAP,μm/s) and MPAI (%) were more satisfactory with the use of 1 mg compared to 2 mg (P < 0.05). In addition, 1 mg CLCshowed decreased levels of superoxide anion formation (O2-), a free...

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Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent used in a variety of consumer products such as: soaps, deodorant, and toothpaste, among others. Some studies have reported the (anti)androgenic effects of TCS in the male reproductive system, raising concerns about its effects on the reproductive axis. In this study, the (anti)androgenicity of TCS was evaluated in the Hershberger assay in 52-day old male Wistar rats. Additionally, the sexual behavior, sperm motility, sperm viability, and testicular histomorphometry were evaluated in a second protocol to investigate the reproductive effects of TCS in 49-day old male Wistar rats. The dosages were administered based on the acceptable daily intake for TCS, in addition to 3 and 10-fold higher doses. Our results demonstrated that TCS, in the doses administered, did not act as an endocrine disrupter (ED), with no (anti)androgenic effect in the Hershberger assay and without interfering with the parameters evaluated in the reproductive toxicity study.

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Reproductive effects caused by the exposure to environmentally relevant dosages of atrazine on wild animals are poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of three dosages of atrazine on sperm parameters of adult Calomys laucha males. Adult mice were orally exposed to dosages of 0 (water and vehicle control), 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg of animal weight for a 21-day period. Following exposure, analyses were performed to determine sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity and fluidity, mitochondrial functionality, acrosome integrity, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sperm samples. Total and progressive motility were reduced in all dosages in comparison to control groups. Membrane integrity and mitochondrial functionality of sperm were reduced in all dosages, and the sperm membrane fluidity increased in the higher dosages of atrazine (1 and 10 mg/kg), in comparison with the vehicle control. A decrease in the acrosome integrity was noted at 10 mg/kg of atrazine, compared to the control groups. The integrity of DNA, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation of sperm showed no significant differences when compared with the control groups. These results suggest that exposure to low dosages of atrazine can affect sperm parameters of Calomys laucha and therefore reduce the reproductive capacity of wild rodent species.

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BACKGROUND: The present study evaluates the effects of energy drinks on the reproductive and biochemical parameters of adult male rats. METHODS: A total of 40 male rats (Wistar) were exposed to an energy drink mixed with the drinking water for a period of 120 days. The animals were divided into four groups and exposed to increasing therapeutic doses (DT) of an energy drink, based on allometric extrapolation, resulting in values (mL/day) per animal of 250 g: DT1 2.36 mL, DT3 7.47 mL, and DT6 14.16 mL. The control group (CTRL) consumed water only. During the treatment, the rats were assessed for signs of toxicity. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed and their organs were weighed. Sperm parameters (motility, concentration, and morphology) were evaluated. The biochemical markers alanine eamino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, creatine phosphokinase, and creatine kinase MB fraction were measured, in addition to total cholesterol and testosterone. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in the concentration of sperm in the treated groups (DT18.5 ± 0.7; DT3 7.2 ± 0.9; DT6 8.4 ± 0.9) compared to the control group (12.3 ± 1.2). No difference was observed with respect to relative weights of the animals'organs, water consumption, signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, biochemical markers, and sperm motility and morphology. CONCLUSION: The long-term consumption of energy drinks interferes negatively with sperm concentration, without affecting sperm motility and morphology or altering the hepatic, cardiac, or renal functions

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different periods of abstinence on conventional semen parameters as well as functional parameters in human semen, including mitochondrial function, chromatin packing and sperm DNA fragmentation. METHODS: We recruited a cohort of 2,458 men undergoing infertility investigation. Semen analyses were performed according to WHO guidelines/morphology-motile sperm organelle morphology examination/MSOME. For DNA integrity analysis, the percentages of DNA fragmentation (TUNEL), abnormal chromatin packaging/underprotamination (chromomycin A3/CMA3), abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP/MitoTracker Green), and apoptosis (annexin-V) were recorded. Associations between the sexual abstinence period and sperm parameters were assessed using Spearman correlation. For group comparisons, the subjects were categorized according to the sexual abstinence period (SAP) into three groups: SAP <2 days, SAP 2-5 days, and SAP >5 days. RESULTS: The duration of abstinence had a statistically significant positive influence on sperm concentration and volume, the number of leukocytes and a statistically significant negative influence on sperm motility and vitality. The percentages of DNA fragmentation and MMP (mitochondrial damage) worsened with the increased duration of abstinence. The percentage of sperm protamination was statistically significantly increased with abstinence. CONCLUSION: Increase in the sexual abstinence period influences sperm quality. This study reinforces the importance of the duration of ejaculatory abstinence on semen parameter variation. It highlights the deleterious effect of increased abstinence on DNA damage, which is most likely associated with ROS (mitochondrial damage/number of leukocytes). The increase in chromatin packaging can represent a protective feature for DNA.

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This work aimed to evaluate the quantitative parameters of fresh and thawed sperm of Canindé goats in theState of Piauí. Ten sperm samples were collected, using artificial vagina, from four goats at reproductive age. Eachejaculate was evaluated for volume, sperm concentration, mass motility, total and progressive motility, percentage ofmotile spermatozoa and vigor, for further dilution in ACP-101. Then, the sperm was filled in 0.25 mL straws,cryopreserved using the TK3000 machine and stored in nitrogen cylinders at -196 °C, for further analysis at SCA. Thesperm parameters were submitted to the T test for comparison between the fresh and thawed groups. The values forfresh sperm relative to total and progressive motility, vigor and sperm viability were higher (P < 0.05) whencompared to thawed, although both fresh and thawed sperm of these animals could be used in programs of artificial insemination (IA).(AU)

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This work aimed to evaluate the quantitative parameters of fresh and thawed sperm of Canindé goats in theState of Piauí. Ten sperm samples were collected, using artificial vagina, from four goats at reproductive age. Eachejaculate was evaluated for volume, sperm concentration, mass motility, total and progressive motility, percentage ofmotile spermatozoa and vigor, for further dilution in ACP-101. Then, the sperm was filled in 0.25 mL straws,cryopreserved using the TK3000 machine and stored in nitrogen cylinders at -196 °C, for further analysis at SCA. Thesperm parameters were submitted to the T test for comparison between the fresh and thawed groups. The values forfresh sperm relative to total and progressive motility, vigor and sperm viability were higher (P < 0.05) whencompared to thawed, although both fresh and thawed sperm of these animals could be used in programs of artificial insemination (IA).

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