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In Brazil, ethnic-racial inequalities exist in all fields, obstructing access to goods, services, and opportunities, including healthcare services. However, there are no apparent studies that assess, at a national level, ethnic-racial disparities in poisoning cases, emphasizing skin color as a determining factor. The study aimed to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity and general poisoning cases, by medications, pesticides, and drug of abuse in Brazilian states. Poisoning cases data were extracted for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. Notification data for general poisoning cases and toxic agents were collected: medications, pesticides, and drugs of abuse. Data were categorized between whites and non-whites (blacks, browns, and indigenous) and without information on skin color/ethnicity. Rates of poisonings amongst ethnic-racial groups and cases of not declared skin color as well as relative risk (RR) of poisoning among non-whites were calculated. All states in the North, Northeast (states with the worst Human Development Index), Midwest, and 2 states in the Southeast exhibited higher rates of poisoning cases per 100,000 inhabitants among non-whites. The RR values for nonwhite individuals were higher in the North and Northeast regions for all types of poisonings. The type of poisoning cases that presented the highest RR for non-whites over the 3 years was drugs of abuse (2-2.44), when compared to other types of poisonings from pesticides (2-2.33) and medications (1.5-1.91). The spatial distribution of poisoning cases rates and RR of nonwhite population support public policies to reduce socioeconomic and environmental inequalities.

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OBJECTIVES: This manuscript aims to understand the association between self-rated health and ethnic-racial characteristics (i.e., skin color, self-ascription, and Indigenous language) in the context of the Mexican population. DESIGN: Logistic regression analyses, using the 2019 PRODER (N = 7187)-a representative survey at the national level. We centered the analysis on two measures of skin color: the interviewer assessment of color skin (that has been used in previous studies), and the ITA scale, a measure constructed from optical digital colorimeter readings (a novel method in ethnoraciality studies in Mexico, included in the PRODER survey). RESULTS: In comparison to the interviewer's assessment of skin color, the ITA score shows a significant association with self-rated health, even in the presence of individual conditions, sociodemographic traits, and life-course events. In contrast, ethnic-racial self-ascriptions and speaking of an Indigenous language do not show any statistical associations. CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous research, our results suggest a positive association between skin color and self-rated health, when the former is assessed with the colorimeter readings; it means that those with lighter color skin are more prone to report a better health perception. It has methodological implications in the way skin color is observed.

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Breast cancer is the second most common cancer type and the first in mortality among Brazilian women. Mammograms are one of the main early diagnosis strategies. National breast cancer screening coverage is still low. Brazil's low screening coverage is due to high mammography access inequality. Skin color defines healthcare access differences. Our article explores the natural event of the COVID-19 pandemic to analyze differences in screening rates between two racial groups of women through the application of the differences in differences (DiD) estimator. The results indicate that BBI women (Black, Brown, and Indigenous Brazilian) have lower screening rates than WY women (White and Yellow) and that the pandemic reduced the difference between these two groups due to the lower number of mammograms performed by WY women. It is believed that the information channel can explain much of this result. The BA population, wealthier and more educated, may have had additional information about COVID-19 and its consequences, as well as an increased likelihood of working remotely and practicing social distance. Structural racism causes many social indicators to be correlated with inequality of access to mammography and negatively impacts health conditions for BBI women. Public policies are necessary for equal access to breast cancer screening for the most vulnerable women.

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In this paper, we investigate whether skin color is a source of inequality in women's health by exploring the longitudinal framework of the PCSVDFMulher survey in Northeast Brazil. Specifically, we measure the skin color gradient in women's general and mental health, as well as in showing health risk behavior. We find that darker-skinned women show poorer mental health outcomes and a higher likelihood of drinking and smoking more frequently than their lighter-skinned counterparts. The skin color gradient is persistent and systematic, even when modeling different sources of unobserved heterogeneity and accounting for the existing socioeconomic inequalities and racial identity. We also find that racial identity is an important source of heterogeneous responses of women's health to skin tone.

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The banana cv. Barranquillo (Musa acuminata, AAA, 'Gros Michel') is a highly desired fruit because of its productive potential and organoleptic quality but various aspects of the ripening process are unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of applications of 1-MCP and ethylene on the ripening and degreening process. Two experiments were carried out at room temperature with fruits harvested at commercial maturity. The first four treatments evaluated maturation: control, ethylene, 1-MCP, and 1-MCP + ethylene. In the second experiment, different concentrations of ethylene based on ethephon (0, 100, 500 and 1000 µL L-1) were evaluated. The fruits treated with 1-MCP decreased the ripening process, and 1-MCP was a good alternative for conserving the fruits; the ethylene had opposite results. The color index of the skin, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and maturity ratio had changes associated with the presence of ethylene. In the second experiment, the ethylene applications between 100 and 500 µL L-1 sufficiently stimulated degreening but accelerated the ripening process.

El banano cv. Barranquillo (Musa acuminata, AAA, 'Gros Michel') es un fruto muy apetecido por su potencial productivo y calidad organoléptica, pero se desconocen varios aspectos del proceso de maduración. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de 1-MCP y etileno en la maduración y en el proceso de desverdizado. Se realizaron dos experimentos a temperatura ambiente y con frutos cosechados en madurez comercial; en el primero, se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos, para entender la regulación de la maduración, estos fueron: testigo, etileno, 1-MCP y 1-MCP+etileno. En el segundo experimento, se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de etileno, a base de etefon (0, 100, 500 y 1000 µL L-1). Los frutos tratados con 1- MCP presentaron una disminución en el proceso de maduración, por tanto, el 1-MCP, se convierte en una buena alternativa de conservación, mientras que con etileno, el proceso fue opuesto. Se evidenció que el índice de color de la epidermis, la pérdida de peso, la firmeza, los sólidos solubles totales y la relación de madurez se consideran cambios asociados a la presencia de etileno. En el segundo experimento se encontró que, aplicaciones de etileno entre 100 y 500µL L-1, se consideran suficientes para estimular el desverdizado, pero aceleran el proceso de maduración.

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The study aimed to investigate ethnic/racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in Brazilian federative units and their respective capitals in 2020. Population data and number of COVID-19 deaths were extracted by skin color (white, black, brown and indigenous) from all Brazilian states and their respective capitals. The mortality rate of COVID-19 by ethnicity in Brazilian states was higher between people from brown skin color, followed by indigenous and black. Only in one state, in the Federal District and in the federal capital, age-standardized mortality rates were higher among white's people. There is a high percentage of deaths from COVID-19 higher than expected among non-white individuals, especially in south-central states and capitals of the country. Mortality from COVID-19 affect ethnic-racial groups unevenly in Brazil and the number of excess deaths among non-whites was over 9000. Urgent government measures are needed to reduce the racial disparity in health indicators in Brazil.

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To evaluate the effect of different iron dextran application programs on the performance, fecal score, and skin color of suckling piglets, as well as sow performance, 288 piglets from 24 sows were allocated to four treatments in six replications with 12 piglets per experimental unit, in a block design. The treatments were as follows: T200_000, T200_100, T200_200, and T100_100, whose respective values (in mg) corresponded to the applications of the first dose of iron dextran on the second day of life and of the second dose on the 10th day. Piglets on T200_000 and T200_200 showed the highest feed intake. In the period from 10 to 22 days, piglets receiving T100_100 exhibited the highest fecal score. On the 10th day of age, the lowest lightness (L*) value on the ear was obtained with T200_100, and the highest with T100_100. Treatments T200_000, T200_100, and T200_200 generated the highest red color (a*) intensity on the ear, whereas T100_100 provided the lowest hue and parameter b* values on the leg and snout. On the 22nd day of age, the highest b* and hue values of the ear and snout were found in the group fed T100_100. In conclusion, all evaluated programs were efficient in preventing iron deficiency anemia in newborn piglets. To reduce expenses, we recommend administering a single dose of 200 mg of iron dextran to piglets on the second day of life.(AU)

Foram utilizados 288 leitões de 24 matrizes, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições, com 12 leitões por unidade experimental com objetivo de avaliar diferentes programas de aplicação de ferro dextrano sobre desempenho, escore fecal e coloração de pele de leitões em aleitamento, assim como as repercussões sobre o desempenho das matrizes. Os tratamentos consistiram em: T200_000; T200_100; T200_200; e T100_100; nos quais os valores corresponderam, respectivamente (em mg), à aplicação da primeira dose de ferro dextrano no segundo dia de vida e à aplicação da segunda dose no 10º dia. Os leitões que foram submetidos a T200_000 e a T200_200 tiveram maior consumo de ração. No período de 10 a 22 dias, os leitões de T100_100 obtiveram maior escore fecal. Ao 10º dia de idade dos leitões, o menor valor de luminosidade (L*) da orelha foi em T200_100 e o maior valor em T100_100. A maior intensidade da cor vermelha (a*) na orelha foi obtida em T200_000, T200_100 e T200_200. Na tonalidade e no parâmetro b* do pernil e do focinho, T100_100 foi aquele que apresentou menor valor. No 22º dia de idade dos leitões, o maior valor de b* e da tonalidade da orelha e do focinho foi verificado em T100_100. Conclui-se que todos os programas avaliados foram eficientes na prevenção da anemia ferropriva em leitões neonatos. Visando a redução de gastos, recomenda-se a administração de uma única dose de 200 mg de ferro dextrano no segundo dia de vida dos leitões.(AU)

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Resumen En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de las características socioeconómicas y étnico-raciales en México respecto a la probabilidad de mortalidad de un hijo antes de sus cinco años con datos de la encuesta ESRU de Movilidad Social de México de 2017 (del Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias). Se documenta que las mujeres con tono de piel más oscura tienen una probabilidad de perder un hijo antes de que cumpla cinco años de 2,82 (1,39-5,74 IC) veces más alta que las de con de piel más claro. Estos resultados están controlados por diferentes cohortes de nacimiento, características sociodemográficas, territoriales y socioeconómicas. En un escenario contrafactual se estimó que la probabilidad de perder un hijo se explica hasta en un 28,7% por las características étnico-raciales y, por las características socioeconómicas, hasta en un 58,5%. En conclusión, la pérdida de un hijo es un evento demográfico distribuido de manera desigual en la población y está determinado no solo por las características socioeconómicas, sino también por las características étnico-raciales. La idea de mestizaje en México que propone una igualdad étnico-racial en la población demuestra ser errónea y evita salvar vidas.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma análise das características socioeconômicas e étnico-raciais na probabilidade de mortalidade de um filho no México antes dos cinco anos de idade. São utilizados dados da Pesquisa ESRU de Mobilidade Social México 2017 do Centro de Estudos Espinosa Yglesias. Controlando por diferentes coortes de nascimento, características sociodemográficas, territoriais e econômicas, observa-se que mulheres com tom mais escuro de pele são 2,82 (1,39, 5,74) vezes mais propensas a perderem um filho antes do seu quinto aniversário do que aquelas com tom branco de pele. Em um cenário contrafactual, estimou-se que a probabilidade de perder um filho é explicada por características étnico-raciais em até 28,7% e por características socioeconômicas em até 58,5%. A perda de um filho é um evento demográfico desigualmente distribuído na população e está determinado não apenas por características socioeconômicas, mas também por aspectos étnico-raciais. A ideia de miscigenação no México que propõe igualdade étnica-racial na população se mostra equivocada e evita salvar vidas.

Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze the impact of socio-economic and ethnic-racial characteristics in the likelihood of the death of a child before their fifth birthday. Using data from the Survey of Social Mobility in México ESRU-EMOVI 2017 of the Epinosa Yglesis Center for Studies, our results suggest that women with darker skin tone are 2.82 (1.39, 5.74) times more likely to have lost a child before their fifth birthday than women with white skin tone. These are the results after controlling for different birth cohorts, sociodemographic, territorial and socio-economic characteristics. In a counterfactual scenario, the probability of losing a child is explained by ethnic-racial characteristics up to 28.7%, and by socio-economic characteristics up to 58.5%. The loss of a child is a demographic event unequally distributed in the population, and determined not only by socio-economic characteristics, but also by ethnic and racial characteristics. The idea of miscegenation that proposes racial equality in the population in Mexico proves inaccurate and prevents the saving of lives.

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Abstract Filipinos are said to have high esteem for the lighter skin complexion, and lower esteem for the darker one. By manipulating the skin colors some digitally created photographs of non-existent models, this paper empirically and quantitatively explored this Filipino attitude by surveying 527 respondents from Metro Manila, the metropolitan capital of the Philippines. This research was able to validate the Filipinos' higher esteem for lighter skin complexion in general. However, generational variation was detected in the sense that Generation x respondents have a higher esteem for the lighter skin complexion, while Generation z respondents no longer have. Furthermore, gender variation was also detected in the sense male respondents have a wider divergence on how they highly esteem the lighter skin complexion against the darker one, compared to their female counterparts. This paper is significant in empirically documenting this Filipino esteem for the lighter skin color, as well as in pointing out that such esteem is shaped by generational and gender variations among the respondents.

Resumen Se dice que los filipinos tienen una mayor estima por la tez de piel más clara y una menor estima por la más oscura. Mediante la manipulación del color de la piel de algunas fotografias de modelos inexistentes (creados digitalmente), este artículo exploró empirica y cuantitativamente la actitud filipina hacia el color de piel. A través de una encuesta a 527 personas de Metro Manila, la capital metropolitana de Filipinas. Esta investigación validó en general una mayor estima de los filipinos por la tez de piel más clara en. Sin embargo, se detectó una variación generacional en el sentido de que los encuestados de la Generación x tienen una mayor estima por la tez de piel más clara, mientras que los encuestados de la Generación z ya no la tienen. También se detectó una variación de género en el sentido de que los encuestados masculinos tienen una divergencia más amplia sobre cómo estiman el atractivo de la piel más clara frente a la más oscura, en comparación con sus contrapartes femeninas. Esta investigación documenta empiricamente la supuesta estima filipina por el color de piel más claro, y sena senala como dicha estima está determinada por las variaciones generacionales y de género entre los encuestados.

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We aimed to investigate the relationship between HLA alleles in patients with type 1 diabetes from an admixed population and the reported race/skin color of their relatives. This cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in public clinics in nine Brazilian cities and included 662 patients with type 1 diabetes and their relatives. Demographic data for patients and information on the race/skin color and birthplace of their relatives were obtained. Typing of the HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 genes was performed. Most studied patients reported having a White relative (95.17%), and the most frequently observed allele among them was DRB1*03:01. Increased odds of presenting this allele were found only in those patients who reported having all White relatives. Considering that most of the patients reported having a White relative and that the most frequent observed allele was DRB1*03:01 (probably a European-derived allele), regardless of the race/skin color of their relatives, we conclude that the type 1 diabetes genotype comes probably from European, Caucasian ethnicity. However, future studies with other ancestry markers are needed to fill the knowledge gap regarding the genetic origin of the type 1 diabetes genotype in admixed populations such as the Brazilian.

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Introducción: El tema sobre la salud en la mujer es recurrente en las investigaciones y no siempre entre las variables que influyen en esta situación se incluye el color de la piel, como diferencial relevante. Objetivo: Mostrar evidencias sobre la situación de salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba, en el período 2010-2020. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron 25 publicaciones científicas en las bases de datos Scielo Regional, PubMed, Google Académico y Google. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó artículos originales de autores cubanos a texto completo publicados de enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2020. Se seleccionaron 13 y se eliminaron 12 publicaciones por título o texto no coincidente con el tema o por repeticiones. Desarrollo: Las publicaciones se distribuyeron en dos grupos para su análisis: nueve por coincidir título y texto y cuatro por coincidencia de texto, colocados en tablas, esquema y gráfico. Entre los resultados destacan la diversidad de objetivos y propuestas metodológicas en los textos, aunque en casi todos hubo coincidencia en reconocer la influencia de otros factores más que el color de la piel, en los problemas de salud de las mujeres de razas negra y mestiza. Conclusiones: Las evidencias que se hallaron deben estimular el diseño de investigaciones que amplíen conocimientos sobre los factores determinantes del nivel de salud de las mujeres cubanas no blancas(AU)

Introduction: Women's health is a recurrent topic in research in health sciences and the variables that influence this health situation do not always include the variable "skin color" as a relevant differential. Objective: To show evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba during the period 2010-2020. Material and Methods: A total of 25 scientific publications were reviewed in the SciELO Regional, PubMed, Google Scholar and Google databases. The search strategy included full text versions of orifinal articles published by Cuban authors from January 2010 to December 2020. A total of 13 were selected and 12 of them were eliminated because the title or text did not coincide with the topic or because of repetitions. Development: The publications were divided into two groups for their analysis: nine for coincidences between the title and the text, and four for coincidcences in text ; they were displayed in tables and figures. Among the results, the diversity of objectives and methodological proposals in the texts are highlighted although, in almost all cases, there was a coincidence in recognizing other factors that are more influential on the health problems of black and mixed race women than the skin color. Conclusions: The evidence found should encourage the design of research that expands knowledge about the determining factors for the level of health of non-white Cuban women(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: U.S. Latino populations are diverse. Research on racial identity, skin tone, and Latino health is imperative for understanding and combating racism and colorism. We examined differences in memory performance: among non-Latinos and Latinos who identified as Black, other, and White in the United States and then among Puerto Ricans in Boston whose skin tones ranged from dark, medium, light to "white." METHODS: We used 2010 Health and Retirement Study and 2004 Boston Puerto Rican Health Survey data, respectively, to examine racial and color differences in memory performance among 50 and older adults in the United States and Puerto Rican older adults in Boston. We applied ordinary least squares regression to immediate and delayed word recall test scores and adjusted for education, health conditions, and health behaviors. RESULTS: In adjusted models, White non-Latinos had better memory performance than White Latinos. Black Latinos, other Latinos, and Black non-Latinos had lower delayed word recall scores than White Latinos. Black Latinos and Black non-Latinos had similar scores. Intra-Latino racial disparities endured despite the inclusion of education and other covariates. Among Puerto Ricans in Boston, medium-toned individuals had higher scores than "white"-toned individuals. DISCUSSION: Findings support the importance of examining self-identified race and skin tone in Latino aging research. Further investigation is needed to understand the stubborn intra-Latino racial disparities in memory performance and surprising adverse cognitive performance among "white"-toned relative to darker-toned Puerto Ricans in Boston.

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Mexican-origin children from immigrant families are impacted by various systemic oppressions in life. The study seeks to examine how adolescents' developmental outcomes are associated with specific phenotypic, psychological, and social features of skin color, as manifested by skin tone, skin color satisfaction, and foreigner stress. By taking a holistic approach, we examine both positive and negative adjustment outcomes, including delinquency, resilience, and effortful control. Participants were 604 Mexican-origin adolescents aged between 11.08 and 15.29 (Mage = 12.91, SD = 0.92) with at least one immigrant parent. The findings highlight the harm of foreigner stress and the benefit of skin color satisfaction in Mexican-origin adolescents' development of delinquency, resilience, and effortful control, especially for those with a darker skin color.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Excess Mortality by all causes considers deaths directly related to COVID-19 and those attributed to conditions caused by the pandemic. When stratified by social dimensions, such as race/color, it allows for the evaluation of more vulnerable populations. The study estimated the excess mortality by natural causes, separating the white and black populations in 2020. METHODS Public civil registration data on deaths observed in 2020, corrected for under registration, were used. The expected number of deaths was estimated based on the mortality rates observed in 2019, applied to the estimated population in 2020. The difference between the values expected and observed and the proportion of excess was considered the excess mortality. RESULTS: The present study found an excess of 270,321 deaths (22.2% above the expected) in 2020. Every state of Brazil reported deaths above the corresponding expected figure. The excess was higher for men (25.2%) than for women (19.0%). Blacks showed an excess of 27.8%, as compared to whites at 17.6%. In both sexes and all age groups, excess was higher in the black population, especially in the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. São Paulo, the largest in population number, had twice as much excess death in the black population (25.1%) than in the white population (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed racial disparities in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The higher excess found for the black suggests an intrinsic relationship with the socioeconomic situation, further exposing the Brazilian reality, in which social and structural inequality is evident.

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This study reveals the association of skin color with health disparities in Puerto Rico, a US territory that is home to the second largest Latino population in the US. Aware of the inadequacy of standard OMB ethno-racial categories in capturing racial differences among Latinos, we incorporated skin color scales into the Puerto Rico BRFSS. We apply both logistic regressions and propensity score matching techniques. We found that colorism plays a significant role in health outcomes of dark-skinned Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico and that skin color is a better health predictor than the OMB ethno-racial categories. Our results indicate that Puerto Ricans of the lightest skin tone have better general health than Puerto Ricans who self-described as being of the darkest skin tones. Findings underscore the importance of considering how racial discrimination manifested through colorism affects the health of Latino populations in the US and its territories.

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Skin color has been indicated as an important factor in determining serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and consequently bone health. However, studies are controversial and scarce for mixed populations. PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION: To analyze the association of 25(OH)D with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD); and to investigate the presence of interaction with skin color in Brazilian adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted with adult individuals (20-59 years) of both genders. Bone health was assessed by dual energy radiological absortometry. Vitamin D status was measured using serum 25(OH)D. Skin color and other variables in the adjusted model were collected using a questionnaire and anthropometric assessment. Associations and interactions were evaluated using linear regression models stratified according to gender. RESULTS: Non-white men with vitamin D deficiency (< 20.0 ng/mL) have less bone mass than those with insufficiency and sufficiency for the femoral neck and hip sites. According to the adjusted regression analysis, the deficient status of 25(OH)D in men was associated with worse bone health for the lumbar spine sites (ß = - 0.1; p = 0.006), femoral neck (ß = - 0.08; p = 0.006), and hip (ß = - 0.08; p = 0.009). No statistically significant associations were observed between 25(OH)D and bone health in women. In addition, no statistical interaction was identified between skin color and vitamin D status in relation to bone health (p > 0.05 for all tests) in either gender and for all bone sites evaluated. CONCLUSION: Deficient vitamin D status is associated with lower bone mass in adults with differences observed according to gender, but not according to skin color.

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Abstract: This study aims to investigate whether the intersectional identities defined by race/skin color and gender are associated with smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol in a representative sample of Brazilian adults. This is a cross-sectional study with 48,234 participants in the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) - 2013. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to estimate the associations of intersectional categories of race/skin color and gender (white woman, brown woman, black woman, white man, brown man, black man) with smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol, based on the combination of weekly "days" and "servings". The prevalence of smoking varied from 10.6% for white women to 23.1% for black men, while the prevalence of elevated consumption of alcohol ranged from 3.3% to 14%, respectively. In comparison to white women, only white, brown, and black men presented greater chances of smoking, reaching the OR of 2.04 (95%CI: 1.66-2.51) in black men. As to excessive consumption of alcohol, all intersectional categories showed greater chances of consumption than white women, with the greatest magnitude in black men (OR = 4.78; 95%CI: 3.66-6.23). These associations maintained statistical significance after adjustments made for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. Results demonstrated differences in smoking habit and excessive consumption of alcohol when the intersectional categories were compared to traditional analyses. These findings reinforce the significance of including intersectionality of race/skin color and gender in epidemiological studies.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo investigar se as interseções de identidades definidas por raça/cor e gênero estão associadas ao tabagismo e ao consumo excessivo de álcool em uma amostra representativa de adultos brasileiros. Este foi um estudo transversal com 48.234 participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. Foram usadas odds ratio (OR) brutas e ajustadas com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) para estimar as associações entre interseções de categorias de raça/cor e gênero (mulher branca, mulher parda, mulher preta, homem branco, homem pardo, homem preto) com tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool, derivados da combinação de "dias" e "doses" semanais. A prevalência de tabagismo variou de 10,6% em mulheres brancas a 23,1% em homens pretos, enquanto a prevalência de consumo elevado de álcool variou de 3,3% a 14%, respectivamente. Em comparação com mulheres brancas, apenas homens brancos, pardos e pretos apresentaram risco maior de tabagismo, chegando a um OR de 2,04 (IC95%: 1,66-2,51) em homens pretos. Quanto ao consumo excessivo de álcool, todas as categorias mostraram maior risco de consumo em comparação com as mulheres brancas, com a maior magnitude em homens pretos (OR = 4,78; IC95%: 3,66-6,23). As associações mantiveram a significância estatística depois de ajustar para fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde. Os resultados revelam diferenças no hábito de fumar e no consumo excessivo de álcool quando as categorias de interseções foram comparadas a análises tradicionais. Os achados reforçam a importância da inclusão de raça/cor e gênero em estudos epidemiológicos.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar si las identidades interseccionales, definidas por raza/color de piel y género, están asociadas con el consumo de tabaco y excesivo consumo de alcohol en una muestra representativa de adultos brasileños. Se trata de un estudio trasversal con 48.234 participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña (PNS) - 2013. Las odds ratio (OR) crudas y ajustadas y los respectivos intervalos de 95% confianza (IC95%) fueron usados para estimar las asociaciones de categorías interseccionales de raza/color de piel y género (mujer blanca, mujer mestiza, mujer negra, hombre blanco, hombre mestizo, hombre negro) con el consumo de tabaco y el excesivo consumo de alcohol, derivado de la combinación semanal de "días" y "cantidades consumidas". La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco varió de 10.6% en mujeres blancas al 23,1% en hombres negros, mientras que la prevalencia de consumo elevado de alcohol fue de un 3,3% al 14%, respectivamente. En comparación con las mujeres blancas, solo blancos, mestizos, y hombres negros presentaron oportunidades mayores de fumar, alcanzando la OR de 2,04 (95%CI: 1,66-2,51) en hombres negros. Así como que, para el excesivo consumo de alcohol, todas las categorías interseccionales mostraron oportunidades mayores de consumo que las mujeres blancas, con una magnitud más grande en hombres negros (OR = 4,78; 95%CI: 3,66-6,23). Estas asociaciones mantuvieron significancia estadística, tras los ajustes realizados para características sociodemográficas, comportamentales, y características de salud. Los resultados demostraron que el hábito de fumar y el excesivo consumo de alcohol mostraron diferencias cuando se compararon las categorías interseccionales con los análisis tradicionales. Estos resultados refuerzan la importancia de incluir la interseccionalidad de raza/color de piel y género en estudios epidemiológicos.

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We carried out an exhaustive review regarding human skin color variation and how much it may be related to vitamin D metabolism and other photosensitive molecules. We discuss evolutionary contexts that modulate this variability and hypotheses postulated to explain them; for example, a small amount of melanin in the skin facilitates vitamin D production, making it advantageous to have fair skin in an environment with little radiation incidence. In contrast, more melanin protects folate from degradation in an environment with a high incidence of radiation. Some Native American populations have a skin color at odds with what would be expected for the amount of radiation in the environment in which they live, a finding challenging the so-called "vitamin D-folate hypothesis." Since food is also a source of vitamin D, dietary habits should also be considered. Here we argue that a gene network approach provides tools to explain this phenomenon since it indicates potential alleles co-evolving in a compensatory way. We identified alleles of the vitamin D metabolism and pigmentation pathways segregated together, but in different proportions, in agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers. Finally, we highlight how an evolutionary approach can be useful to understand current topics of medical interest.

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Esta comunicación breve pretende aportar argumentos acerca de la importancia de considerar al color de la piel y al género como categorías que se intersecan en los análisis sobre determinación social en la salud. Para ello se ofrecen ejemplos de resultados investigativos previos, que ilustran el panorama contemporáneo en la Cuba de hoy. A la vez se problematiza sobre el pensamiento hegemónico en salud y se pondera aquel que caracteriza a la medicina social, con el fin de ubicar el enfoque socio-antropológico que reclaman estos temas(AU)

This brief communication is aimed at providing supporting ideas about the importance of considering skin color and gender as categories that are relevant for the analysis of social determinants of health. In view of that, we offer examples of previous research outcomes that show the contemporary situation in Cuba. At the same time, we approached the problem of hegemonic thinking in health, focusing on thinking as an aspect inherent in social medical care, in order to highlight the socio-anthropologic approach required for treating these topics(AU)

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The relationship between skin color and skin cancer is well established: the less melanin in one's skin the greater the risk for developing skin cancer. This review is in two parts. First, we summarize the current understanding of the cutaneous pigmentary system and trace melanin from its synthesis in the pigment cell melanosomes through its transfer to keratinocytes. We also present new methods for reducing melanin content in hyper-pigmented areas of skin such as solar lentigenes, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Second, we present evidence that at least one mechanism for the development of metastatic melanoma and other solid tumors is fusion and hybridization of leucocytes such as macrophages with primary tumor cells. In this scenario, hybrid cells express both the chemotactic motility of the leucocyte and the de-regulated cell division of the tumor cell, causing the cells to migrate a deadly journey to lymph nodes, distant organs, and tissues.

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