RESUMO
In this study we evaluated the effects of the prepartum anionic diet on the electrolyte balance and calcemia of high producing dairy cows in the first days of lactation, and investigated the impact on the frequency of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH). Sixty healthy Holstein cows, producing 30 kg of milk/day, handled in intensive system (compost barn), were distributed in groups (n=15) according to lactation order: first, second, third, and fourth to sixth. In the last three weeks before calving they received a diet with negative DCAD (-6mEq/100g DM) and high chloride content. After calving, they received a diet with positive DCAD (18mEq/100g DM). Urine pH was measured before calving. Serum Na+, Cl-, K+, and total Ca concentrations, and the strong ion difference (SID3) were determined in samples taken soon after calving (0h), 24, 48, 72 and 96h after. The frequencies of SCH were determined considering the critical value of 2.125mmol/L (8.5mg/dL). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and chi-square test were used for comparisons. The cows eliminated acidic urine before calving. Na+, K+, Cl-, and SID3 values did not differ between groups. Na+ and K+ did not vary between days; Cl- was elevated at calving and decreased until 72h; and SID3 was reduced at calving and increased up to 48h. The Ca levels were reduced until 24h and increased up to 72h. Cows of third and fourth to sixth lactations presented lower values up to 24h. SCH was observed in almost half of the cows (43.3% to 55%) until 48h. The maintenance of hypocalcemia for three or more consecutive days occurred in 53.3% of third and fourth to sixth lactations cows. Ingestion of a high chloride prepartum anionic diet led to hyperchloremic acidosis and this imbalance was reversed on the second postpartum day. The induced effects on electrolyte and acid-base balances were not able to prevent the occurrence of SCH in the first days of lactation.(AU)
Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar os efeitos que a dieta aniônica pré-parto provoca sobre o equilíbrio eletrolítico e sobre a calcemia de vacas leiteiras de alta produção nos primeiros dias de lactação, e verificar o impacto sobre a frequência da hipocalcemia subclínica (HSC). Sessenta fêmeas hígidas HPB, com produção de 30 kg de leite/dia, manejadas em sistema intensivo (compost barn), foram distribuídas por grupos (n=15) de acordo com a ordem de lactação: primeira, segunda, terceira e quarta a sexta. Nas três semanas pré-parto receberam dieta com DCAD negativa (-6mEq/100g MS) e teor de cloreto elevado. Após o parto receberam dieta com DCAD positiva (18mEq/100g MS). O pH da urina foi mensurado antes do parto. As concentrações séricas de Na+, Cl-, K+ e Ca total e a diferença de íons fortes (SID3) foram determinadas em amostras colhidas ao parto (0h), 24, 48, 72 e 96h após. As frequências de HSC foram determinadas considerando-se o valor crítico de 2,125mmol/L (8,5mg/dL). ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste de qui-quadrado foram empregados para as comparações. As vacas eliminavam urina ácida antes do parto. Os valores de Na+, K+, Cl- e SID3 não diferiram entre os grupos. Na+ e K+ não variaram entre os dias; Cl- era elevado ao parto e diminuiu até 72h; e SID3 era reduzida ao parto e aumentou até 48h. A calcemia era reduzida até 24h e se elevou até 72h. Vacas de terceira e de quarta a sexta lactações apresentaram valores mais baixos até 24h. A HSC foi observada em quase metade das vacas (43,3% a 55%) até 48h. A manutenção de hipocalcemia por três ou mais dias seguidos ocorreu em 53,3% das vacas de terceira e de quarta a sexta lactações. A ingestão de dieta aniônica pré-parto com alto teor de cloreto provocou acidose hiperclorêmica e este desequilíbrio se reverteu no segundo dia pós-parto. Os efeitos induzidos sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base não foram capazes de prevenir a ocorrência de HSC nos primeiros dias da lactação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Bovinos , Acidose/induzido quimicamente , Dieta/veterinária , Hipocalcemia/prevenção & controle , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico , Cloreto de AmônioRESUMO
In this study we evaluated the effects of the prepartum anionic diet on the electrolyte balance and calcemia of high producing dairy cows in the first days of lactation, and investigated the impact on the frequency of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH). Sixty healthy Holstein cows, producing 30 kg of milk/day, handled in intensive system (compost barn), were distributed in groups (n=15) according to lactation order: first, second, third, and fourth to sixth. In the last three weeks before calving they received a diet with negative DCAD (-6mEq/100g DM) and high chloride content. After calving, they received a diet with positive DCAD (18mEq/100g DM). Urine pH was measured before calving. Serum Na+, Cl-, K+, and total Ca concentrations, and the strong ion difference (SID3) were determined in samples taken soon after calving (0h), 24, 48, 72 and 96h after. The frequencies of SCH were determined considering the critical value of 2.125mmol/L (8.5mg/dL). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and chi-square test were used for comparisons. The cows eliminated acidic urine before calving. Na+, K+, Cl-, and SID3 values did not differ between groups. Na+ and K+ did not vary between days; Cl- was elevated at calving and decreased until 72h; and SID3 was reduced at calving and increased up to 48h. The Ca levels were reduced until 24h and increased up to 72h. Cows of third and fourth to sixth lactations presented lower values up to 24h. SCH was observed in almost half of the cows (43.3% to 55%) until 48h. The maintenance of hypocalcemia for three or more consecutive days occurred in 53.3% of third and fourth to sixth lactations cows. Ingestion of a high chloride prepartum anionic diet led to hyperchloremic acidosis and this imbalance was reversed on the second postpartum day. The induced effects on electrolyte and acid-base balances were not able to prevent the occurrence of SCH in the first days of lactation.(AU)
Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar os efeitos que a dieta aniônica pré-parto provoca sobre o equilíbrio eletrolítico e sobre a calcemia de vacas leiteiras de alta produção nos primeiros dias de lactação, e verificar o impacto sobre a frequência da hipocalcemia subclínica (HSC). Sessenta fêmeas hígidas HPB, com produção de 30 kg de leite/dia, manejadas em sistema intensivo (compost barn), foram distribuídas por grupos (n=15) de acordo com a ordem de lactação: primeira, segunda, terceira e quarta a sexta. Nas três semanas pré-parto receberam dieta com DCAD negativa (-6mEq/100g MS) e teor de cloreto elevado. Após o parto receberam dieta com DCAD positiva (18mEq/100g MS). O pH da urina foi mensurado antes do parto. As concentrações séricas de Na+, Cl-, K+ e Ca total e a diferença de íons fortes (SID3) foram determinadas em amostras colhidas ao parto (0h), 24, 48, 72 e 96h após. As frequências de HSC foram determinadas considerando-se o valor crítico de 2,125mmol/L (8,5mg/dL). ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste de qui-quadrado foram empregados para as comparações. As vacas eliminavam urina ácida antes do parto. Os valores de Na+, K+, Cl- e SID3 não diferiram entre os grupos. Na+ e K+ não variaram entre os dias; Cl- era elevado ao parto e diminuiu até 72h; e SID3 era reduzida ao parto e aumentou até 48h. A calcemia era reduzida até 24h e se elevou até 72h. Vacas de terceira e de quarta a sexta lactações apresentaram valores mais baixos até 24h. A HSC foi observada em quase metade das vacas (43,3% a 55%) até 48h. A manutenção de hipocalcemia por três ou mais dias seguidos ocorreu em 53,3% das vacas de terceira e de quarta a sexta lactações. A ingestão de dieta aniônica pré-parto com alto teor de cloreto provocou acidose hiperclorêmica e este desequilíbrio se reverteu no segundo dia pós-parto. Os efeitos induzidos sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base não foram capazes de prevenir a ocorrência de HSC nos primeiros dias da lactação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Bovinos , Acidose/induzido quimicamente , Dieta/veterinária , Hipocalcemia/prevenção & controle , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico , Cloreto de AmônioRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Serum electrolyte derangements are common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis hospitalized for hepatic encephalopathy. There are limited data describing the association between electrolyte levels and outcomes in hepatic encephalopathy. We assessed the association between initial serum electrolyte values and outcomes in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 385 consecutive patients hospitalized with encephalopathy were included in the study. Baseline electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium and phosphorus) were measured at the time of admission and assessed for association with outcomes, which included survival, admission to the intensive care unit, requirement for mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay. P-values ≤ 0.0083 were considered significant after adjustment for multiple testing. RESULTS: In unadjusted analysis, significant associations were identified regarding both bicarbonate and phosphorus (admission to intensive care unit), and calcium (mechanical ventilation); however these findings weakened and no longer approached statistical significance when adjusting for confounding variables. No other significant associations between serum electrolyte measurements and outcomes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in patients hospitalized with encephalopathy, serum electrolyte measurements are not strong predictors of patient outcome.
Assuntos
Eletrólitos/sangue , Encefalopatia Hepática/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Admissão do Paciente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Encefalopatia Hepática/diagnóstico , Encefalopatia Hepática/etiologia , Encefalopatia Hepática/terapia , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Respiração Artificial , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: Proteins having structural and various regulatory functions are essential components of all unicellular and multicellular organisms. The only source of proteins and their building blocks, amino acids, for human and many animals are the proteins and amino acids in their foods. Although qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition are common problems in animals and men, the impacts of dietary proteins on serum electrolytes are still controversial. Materials, Methods & Results: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 or 7 animals serving as controls, and quantitative or qualitative protein malnutrition groups. Animals were held in metabolic cages individually in a conventional room with 12:12 h day/night cycle, 29C temperature and 50-70% relative humidity. After a 10-day acclimation period controls (n = 7) were given rat chow diet consisting of 24% protein, while other groups received an almost N-free diet (quantitative malnutrition) or a diet containing 20% gelatin as protein source (qualitative malnutrition) for 35 days. Food and tap water were given animals ad libitum during acclimation period and throughout the experiment. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected and Na+ , K+ and Cl- concentrations in serum were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, ANCOVA and Pearsons correlation test. Dietary interventions h
Background: Proteins having structural and various regulatory functions are essential components of all unicellular and multicellular organisms. The only source of proteins and their building blocks, amino acids, for human and many animals are the proteins and amino acids in their foods. Although qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition are common problems in animals and men, the impacts of dietary proteins on serum electrolytes are still controversial. Materials, Methods & Results: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 or 7 animals serving as controls, and quantitative or qualitative protein malnutrition groups. Animals were held in metabolic cages individually in a conventional room with 12:12 h day/night cycle, 29C temperature and 50-70% relative humidity. After a 10-day acclimation period controls (n = 7) were given rat chow diet consisting of 24% protein, while other groups received an almost N-free diet (quantitative malnutrition) or a diet containing 20% gelatin as protein source (qualitative malnutrition) for 35 days. Food and tap water were given animals ad libitum during acclimation period and throughout the experiment. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected and Na+ , K+ and Cl- concentrations in serum were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, ANCOVA and Pearsons correlation test. Dietary interventions h
RESUMO
Background: Proteins having structural and various regulatory functions are essential components of all unicellular and multicellular organisms. The only source of proteins and their building blocks, amino acids, for human and many animals are the proteins and amino acids in their foods. Although qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition are common problems in animals and men, the impacts of dietary proteins on serum electrolytes are still controversial. Materials, Methods & Results: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 or 7 animals serving as controls, and quantitative or qualitative protein malnutrition groups. Animals were held in metabolic cages individually in a conventional room with 12:12 h day/night cycle, 29°C temperature and 50-70% relative humidity. After a 10-day acclimation period controls (n = 7) were given rat chow diet consisting of 24% protein, while other groups received an almost N-free diet (quantitative malnutrition) or a diet containing 20% gelatin as protein source (qualitative malnutrition) for 35 days. Food and tap water were given animals ad libitum during acclimation period and throughout the experiment. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected and Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations in serum were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, ANCOVA and Pearson's correlation test. Dietary interventions had significant effects on mean body weights of animals (P = 0.000), but not on their food consumptions. However, in the last week controls consumed significantly more food than both malnourished groups (P = 0.001). If row data were used for statistical evaluation, it was seen that qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition affected only the serum K+, and Cl- concentrations significantly (P = 0.003, P = 0.000). Controls had higher K+ concentrations than those of gelatin-given group (P = 0.002) and N-free group had higher Cl- concentrations than control and gelatin-given groups (P = 0.001). However, if body-weight corrected electrolyte values were considered, compared to controls a two-fold increase in mean concentrations of all three electrolytes in sera of both malnourished groups were seen (P = 0.000). There were certain negative or positive correlations between different variables interested. Discussion: The findings of this study revealed that, on the basis of the row data, the dietary protein inanition increase serum Cl - concentration, while gelatin in the diet decrease the K+ concentration in sera of rats. Because of the body weights of malnourished animals decreased while controls continued to gain weight throughout the experiment, a substantial difference in body weights of malnourished animals and controls occurred. And, because of physiological variables are reflections of body weights, it was necessary to eliminate the possible effects of the body weights of animals. If the effect of the body weights of animals eliminated, a two-fold increase of all three electrolytes studied was seen. It was concluded that dietary proteins exert signifi cant control on the homeokinesis of serum electrolytes. If physiopathological conditions are questioned, standardization for comparison of the results from control and experimental groups in a study as well as from different studies is indispensible
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Deficiência de Proteína/sangue , Deficiência de Proteína/veterinária , Proteostase , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Background: Proteins having structural and various regulatory functions are essential components of all unicellular and multicellular organisms. The only source of proteins and their building blocks, amino acids, for human and many animals are the proteins and amino acids in their foods. Although qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition are common problems in animals and men, the impacts of dietary proteins on serum electrolytes are still controversial. Materials, Methods & Results: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 or 7 animals serving as controls, and quantitative or qualitative protein malnutrition groups. Animals were held in metabolic cages individually in a conventional room with 12:12 h day/night cycle, 29C temperature and 50-70% relative humidity. After a 10-day acclimation period controls (n = 7) were given rat chow diet consisting of 24% protein, while other groups received an almost N-free diet (quantitative malnutrition) or a diet containing 20% gelatin as protein source (qualitative malnutrition) for 35 days. Food and tap water were given animals ad libitum during acclimation period and throughout the experiment. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected and Na+ , K+ and Cl- concentrations in serum were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, ANCOVA and Pearsons correlation test. Dietary interventions h
Background: Proteins having structural and various regulatory functions are essential components of all unicellular and multicellular organisms. The only source of proteins and their building blocks, amino acids, for human and many animals are the proteins and amino acids in their foods. Although qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition are common problems in animals and men, the impacts of dietary proteins on serum electrolytes are still controversial. Materials, Methods & Results: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 or 7 animals serving as controls, and quantitative or qualitative protein malnutrition groups. Animals were held in metabolic cages individually in a conventional room with 12:12 h day/night cycle, 29C temperature and 50-70% relative humidity. After a 10-day acclimation period controls (n = 7) were given rat chow diet consisting of 24% protein, while other groups received an almost N-free diet (quantitative malnutrition) or a diet containing 20% gelatin as protein source (qualitative malnutrition) for 35 days. Food and tap water were given animals ad libitum during acclimation period and throughout the experiment. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected and Na+ , K+ and Cl- concentrations in serum were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, ANCOVA and Pearsons correlation test. Dietary interventions h
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Serum lipid and electrolyte imbalances are common in critically ill patients undergoing radiation therapy. Although multiple disease states and medication may be responsible for the development of these disorders, the aim of this research is to sequentially document the effect of total body radiation on body function utilizing the sequential changes in the serum lipids, electrolytes and protein in rats. METHODS: Serum protein and lipids contents were assessed using kits while electrolytes were assessed with flame photometry in rats exposed to total body irradiations of 1.27 Gy/min in cumulative doses to the fourth irradiation at five-day intervals. RESULTS: Total cholesterol and triacylglycerols serum levels were significantly reduced by irradiation (p < 0.05). No significant differences between experimental and control groups for HDL-C serum levels were detected. Serum electrolyte concentration remained within the normal range after each total body irradiation. Sodium, bicarbonate and chloride were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than control while potassium and creatinine were significantly reduced after the first irradiation only. Sodium/potassium ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated. Serum protein was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated with increasing radiation. CONCLUSION: There are subtle but significant changes in serum lipids, electrolytes and protein after total body irradiation of normal rats. These variations could be due to non-specific stress reactions; as such, they are important markers in radiation induced injury diagnosis.
OBJETIVO: Los desequilibrios de lÃpido y electrolito plasmáticos son comunes en los pacientes crÃticos sometidos a terapia radioactiva. Aunque los múltiples estados de la enfermedad y la medicación pueden ser responsables del surgimiento de estos trastornos, el objetivo de esta investigación es documentar de manera secuencial el efecto de la radiación corporal total sobre la función corporal, utilizando los cambios secuenciales en los lÃpidos, electrolitos y proteÃnas plasmáticos en las ratas. MÃTODOS: Los contenidos de lÃpidos y proteÃnas plasmáticos fueron evaluados utilizando kits, en tanto que los electrolitos fueron evaluados mediante fotometrÃa de llama en ratas expuestas a irradiaciones corporales totales de rayos X de 1.27 Gy/min, en dosis cumulativas hasta la cuarta irradiación en intervalos de cinco dÃas. RESULTADOS: El colesterol total y los niveles plasmáticos de triacilgliceroles fueron reducidos significativamente por la irradiación (p < 0.05). No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre; os grupos experimentales y de control en relación con los niveles plasmáticos de colesterol HDL. La concen-tración de electrolito plasmático se mantuvo dentro de los lÃmites normales luego de cada irradiación corporal total de rayos X. La relación sodio/potasio fue significativamente elevada (p < 0.05). La proteÃna plasmática se elevaba significativamente (p < 0.05) al aumentar la radiación. CONCLUSIÃN: Tras la irradiación corporal total de las ratas normales, seproducen cambios sutiles pero significativos en los lÃpidos, electrolitos y proteÃnas del plasma. Estas variaciones podrÃan ser debidas a reacciones de estrés no especÃficas, y como tal, son marcadores importantes en el diagnóstico de las lesiones inducidas por la radiación.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Eletrólitos/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Irradiação Corporal Total , Proteínas Sanguíneas/efeitos da radiação , Eletrólitos/efeitos da radiação , Lipídeos/efeitos da radiação , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Scorpion sting is a health problem in some places of Mexico. The clinical manifestations of scorpion envenomation are variable and include metabolic alterations. Hyperkalemia is the most frequently reported metabolic alteration. We conducted a prospective, observational, descriptive and transversal study in an emergency room at Hospital del Niño Morelense, Mexico. Eighty-two patients were included and classified as mild (17%) moderate (33%) and severe (46%). The mean serum level of sodium was 146.4meq/l, standard deviation (SD) 5.58; potassium 3.86meq/l, SD 0.53, and calcium 9.55mg/dl, SD 0.76. We found 30.4% hypernatremia, 12% hypokalemia, 10.9% abdominal distension, and 14.6% visual alterations.
RESUMO
Scorpion sting is a health problem in some places of Mexico. The clinical manifestations of scorpion envenomation are variable and include metabolic alterations. Hyperkalemia is the most frequently reported metabolic alteration. We conducted a prospective, observational, descriptive and transversal study in an emergency room at Hospital del Niño Morelense, Mexico. Eighty-two patients were included and classified as mild (17 percent) moderate (33 percent) and severe (46 percent). The mean serum level of sodium was 146.4meq/l, standard deviation (SD) 5.58; potassium 3.86meq/l, SD 0.53, and calcium 9.55mg/dl, SD 0.76. We found 30.4 percent hypernatremia, 12 percent hypokalemia, 10.9 percent abdominal distension, and 14.6 percent visual alterations.