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Pomegranate waste poses an environmental challenge in Arequipa. Simultaneously, interest in sustainable materials like natural rubber latex (NRL) is growing, with Peruvian communities offering a promising source. This study explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using pomegranate peel extract and their incorporation into NRL nanofibers for enhanced functionalities. An eco-friendly process utilized silver nitrate and pomegranate peel extract as a reducing and capping agent to synthesize AgNPs. The resulting AgNPs and NRL/AgNPs nanofibers were characterized using imaging and spectroscopic techniques such as UV-vis, TGA, FTIR, XRD, Raman, SEM, and DLS. Green-synthesized AgNPs were spherical and crystalline, with an average diameter of 59 nm. They showed activity against K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. cereus, and S. aureus (IC50: 51.32, 4.87, 27.72, and 69.72 µg/mL, respectively). NRL and NRL/AgNPs nanofibers (300-373 nm diameter) were successfully fabricated. The composite nanofibers exhibited antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. This study presents a sustainable approach by utilizing pomegranate waste for AgNP synthesis and NRL sourced from Peruvian communities. Integrating AgNPs into NRL nanofibers produced composites with antimicrobial properties. This work has potential applications in smart textiles, biomedical textiles, and filtration materials where sustainability and antimicrobial functionality are crucial.
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Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) has shown to be a promising biomaterial for use as a drug delivery system to release various bioactive compounds. It is cost-effective, easy to handle, biocompatible, and exhibits pro-angiogenic and pro-healing properties for both soft and hard tissues. NRL releases compounds following burst and sustained release kinetics, exhibiting first-order release kinetics. Moreover, its pore density can be adjusted for tailored kinetics profiles. In addition, biotechnological applications of NRL in amblyopia, smart mattresses, and neovaginoplasty have demonstrated success. This comprehensive review explores NRL's diverse applications in biotechnology and biomedicine, addressing challenges in translating research into clinical practice. Organized into eight sections, the review emphasizes NRL's potential in wound healing, drug delivery, and metallic nanoparticle synthesis. It also addresses the challenges in enhancing NRL's physical properties and discusses its interactions with the human immune system. Furthermore, examines NRL's potential in creating wearable medical devices and biosensors for neurological disorders. To fully explore NRL's potential in addressing important medical conditions, we emphasize throughout this review the importance of interdisciplinary research and collaboration. In conclusion, this review advances our understanding of NRL's role in biomedical and biotechnological applications, offering insights into its diverse applications and promising opportunities for future development.
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Materiais Biocompatíveis , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Látex , Medicina Regenerativa , Borracha , Humanos , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Látex/química , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Borracha/química , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Chronic wounds pose significant health concerns. Current treatment options include natural compounds like natural rubber latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis. NRL, particularly the F1 protein fraction, has demonstrated bioactivity, biocompatibility, and angiogenic effects. So far, there is no study comparing F1 protein with total NRL serum, and the necessity of downstream processing remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the angiogenic potential of F1 protein compared to total NRL serum and the need for downstream processing. For that, ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose), antioxidant activity, physicochemical characterization, cell culture in McCoy fibroblasts, and wound healing in Balb-C mice were performed. Also, the evaluation of histology and collagen content and the levels of inflammatory mediators were quantified. McCoy fibroblast cell assay showed that F1 protein (0.01 %) and total NRL serum (0.01 %) significantly increased cell proliferation by 47.1 ± 11.3 % and 25.5 ± 2.5 %, respectively. However, the AA of F1 protein (78.9 ± 0.8 %) did not show a significant difference compared to NRL serum (77.0 ± 1.1 %). F1 protein and NRL serum were more effective in wound management in rodents. Histopathological analysis confirmed accelerated healing and advanced tissue repair. Similarly, the F1 protein (0.01 %) increased collagen, showing that this fraction can stimulate the synthesis of collagen by fibroblastic cells. Regarding cytokines production (IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ), F1 protein and NRL serum did not exert an impact on the synthesis of these cytokines. Furthermore, we did not observe statistically significant changes in dosages of enzymes (MPO and EPO) among the groups. Nevertheless, Nitric Oxide dosage was reduced drastically when the F1 protein (0.01 %) protein was applied topically. These findings contribute to the understanding of F1 protein and NRL serum properties and provide insights into cost-effectiveness and practical applications in medicine and biotechnology. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the economic feasibility of downstream processing for NRL-based herbal medicine derived from Hevea brasiliensis.
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Hevea , Borracha , Animais , Camundongos , Látex , Hevea/química , Cicatrização , Colágeno , CitocinasRESUMO
The past decades have witnessed tremendous progress in biomaterials in terms of functionalities and applications. To realize various functions such as tissue engineering, tissue repair, and controlled release of therapeutics, a biocompatible and biologically active material is often needed. However, it is a difficult task to find either synthetic or natural materials suitable for in vivo applications. Nature has provided us with the natural rubber latex from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, a natural polymer that is biocompatible and has been proved as inducing tissue repair by enhancing the vasculogenesis process, guiding and recruiting cells responsible for osteogenesis, and acting as a solid matrix for controlled drug release. It would be extremely useful if medical devices can be fabricated with materials that have these biological properties. Recently, various types of natural rubber latex-based biomedical devices have been developed to enhance tissue repair by taking advantage of its biological properties. Most of them were used to enhance tissue repair in chronic wounds and critical bone defects. Others were used to design drug release systems to locally release therapeutics in a sustained and controlled manner. Here, we summarize recent progress made in these areas. Specifically, we compare various applications and their performance metrics. We also discuss critical problems with the use of natural rubber latex in biomedical applications and highlight future opportunities for biomedical devices produced either with pre-treated natural rubber latex or with proteins purified from the natural rubber latex.
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Hevea , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Hevea/metabolismo , Látex , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas , BorrachaRESUMO
The incorporation of drugs and bioactive compounds in the natural rubber latex (NRL) matrix has been an alternative for the development of transdermal release membranes. Ibuprofen (IBF) is known to be used to treat inflammatory diseases, but when administered orally, high concentrations can cause some adverse problems. In this work, the incorporation of IBF in the NRL membranes was evaluated by physical-chemical, in vitro permeation, hemocompatibility and molecular modeling assays. In addition, the in vitro release profile of IBF in acid and basic media was analyzed during 96 h. The IBF-NRL membrane exhibited the absence of intermolecular bonding that could hinder drug release and presented compatible mechanical properties for applications as a cutaneous adhesive (0.58 and 1.12 MPa to Young's modulus and rupture tension, respectively). The IBF-NRL system did not present a significant hemolysis degree (1.67%) within 24 h. The release test indicated that in the first hours of the study, 48.5% IBF was released at basic pH and 22.5% at acidic pH, which is characteristic of a burst effect. Then, a stable release profile was observed until the end of the assay, with total IBF release of 60% in alkaline medium and 50% in acidic medium. The drug permeation results indicated that the IBF-NRL membranes can be used for the local skin treatment with permeation of 3.11% of IBF. Dynamic Molecular simulations indicated a pronounced electric dipole in the ionized form of IBF, which suggests a more effective interaction with water, explaining the efficient drug release in alkaline solutions. In general, the results demonstrate that the IBF-NRL membrane has great potential for a new adhesive that can be used for the treatment of inflammatory processes and injuries.
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Ibuprofeno , Borracha , Liberação Controlada de FármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Calcium ions usually act as a second messenger in the signal transmission process and a major element required by plants. In Hevea, calcium ion could alleviate the negative effects of long-term ethylene application to a certain extent. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS: Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to determine the pattern of protein changes in latex after treatments with calcium and/or ethylene. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of some proteins and genes. STRING software was used to determine the protein-protein interaction network of the identified proteins. RESULTS: Comparative proteomics identified 145 differentially expressed proteins, which represented 103 unique proteins. The abundance change patterns of some proteins involved in signal transduction, rubber particle aggregation, and natural rubber biosynthesis were altered upon calcium stimulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 29 proteins showed that gene expression did not always maintain the same trend as protein expression. The increased enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase suggested that calcium can enhance the antistress ability of plants by increasing the activity of their antioxidant enzyme systems. CONCLUSION: These results supplement the rubber latex proteome, and provide evidence for investigating the molecular mechanisms by which calcium alleviates the negative effects of ethylene stimulation.
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Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a natural polymer which has arisen large interest in the biomedical field, mostly, due to its ability to facilitate angiogenesis and therefore, tissue repair. Moxifloxacin (MXF) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic orally administrated. Considering the biological properties of the NRL and its ability to deliver a wide range of compounds, the present study aimed to develop a novel device for infected chronic wound treatment. MXF-loaded NRL was obtained by a casting method. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of MXF in NRL did not promote any molecular interaction, preserving the integrity of the compounds. The mechanical properties of the biomaterial did not show any significant change, indicating enough elasticity for dermal application. The microbiological assays confirmed the ability of the polymer to deliver the drug without influencing its pharmacological properties. Moreover, it has expressed activity against major bacterial strains presented in wound infections. Finally, the biomaterial shown biocompatibility from the in vitro study. Thus, the present work has shown that MXF-loaded NRL membrane is a promising biomaterial to infected wound treatment.
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Bandagens , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/instrumentação , Moxifloxacina/farmacologia , Polímeros/química , Infecção dos Ferimentos/terapia , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/microbiologia , Humanos , Queratinócitos/microbiologia , Látex/química , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Borracha/química , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
AIM: This work aimed to produce a membrane based on fluconazole-loaded natural rubber latex (NRL), and study their interaction, drug release and antifungal susceptibility against Candida albicans. MATERIALS & METHODS: Fluconazole-loaded NRL membrane was obtained by casting method. RESULTS: The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed no modifications either in NRL or fluconazole after the incorporation. Mechanical test presented low Young's modulus and high strain, indicating the membranes have sufficient elasticity for biomedical application. The bio-membrane was able to release the drug and inhibit the growth of C. albicans as demonstrated by disk diffusion and macrodilution assays. CONCLUSION: The biomembrane was able to release fluconazole and inhibit the growth of C. albicans, representing a promising biomaterial for skin application.
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Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Fluconazol/química , Látex/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Resistência à TraçãoRESUMO
The biomembrane natural (NRL-Natural Rubber Latex), manipulated from the latex obtained from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, has shown great potential for application in biomedicine and biomaterials. Reflecting the biocompatibility and low bounce rate of this material, NRL has been used as a physical barrier to infectious agents and for the controlled release of drugs and extracts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incorporation and release of peptides using a latex biomembrane carrier. After incorporation, the release of material from the membrane was observed using spectrophotometry. Analyses using HPLC and mass spectroscopy did not confirm the release of the antimicrobial peptide [W6]Hylin a1 after 24 h. In addition, analysis of the release solution showed new compounds, indicating the degradation of the peptide by enzymes contained in the latex. Additionally, the release of a peptide with a shorter sequence (Ac-WAAAA) was evaluated, and degradation was not observed. These results showed that the use of NRL as solid matrices as delivery systems of peptide are sequence dependent and could to be evaluated for each sequence.
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Portadores de Fármacos , Hevea/química , Membranas Artificiais , Peptídeos , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Látex , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacocinética , Peptídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Natural rubber latex biomedical (NRLb) obtained from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis has shown great potential in biomedicine and biomaterial applications. NRLb has been utilized as a physical barrier against infectious agents and in the controlled release of drugs and extracts. In the present work, NRLb was polymerized in a lyophilizer using different volumes of water to control the resultant membrane porosity and characterized regarding the surface morphology, water vapour permeability (WVP), mechanical properties, haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity. The release of bovine serum albumin protein from the latex membranes was evaluated. Drug release rates increased with porosity and membranes were able to control protein release up to 12 h. In addition, WVP increased with the quantity of pores. The cell viability observed for the porous membrane was higher than that noted for conventional membranes. In summary, the porosity control of natural latex membranes can be used to modulate properties and make them suitable for biomedical applications, such as wound dressings, modulated gas-exchange membranes and controlled drug delivery systems.
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Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Hevea/química , Látex/química , Células 3T3 , Animais , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Mecânicos , Camundongos , Permeabilidade , Porosidade , VaporRESUMO
The natural rubber latex extracted from the bark of Hevea brasiliensis plays various important roles in today's modern society. Following ultracentrifugation, the latex can be separated into 3 layers: C-serum, lutoids, and rubber particles. Previous studies have shown that a large number of proteins are present in these 3 layers. However, a complete proteome for this important plant is still unavailable. Protein sequences have been recently translated from the completed draft genome database of H. brasiliensis, leading to the creation of annotated protein databases of the following H. brasiliensis biosynthetic pathways: photosynthesis, latex allergens, rubberwood formation, latex biosynthesis, and disease resistance. This research was conducted to identify the proteins contained within the latex by way of de novo sequencing from mass spectral data obtained from the 3 layers of the latex. Peptides from these proteins were fragmented using collision-induced dissociation, higher-energy collisional dissociation, and electron-transfer dissociation activation methods. A large percentage of proteins from the biosynthetic pathways (63% to 100%) were successfully identified. In addition, a total of 1839 unique proteins were identified from the whole translated draft genome database (AnnHBM).
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Alérgenos/isolamento & purificação , Hevea/química , Látex/química , Proteínas de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Proteoma/isolamento & purificação , Alérgenos/genética , Alérgenos/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Fracionamento Químico , Resistência à Doença/genética , Ontologia Genética , Hevea/genética , Hevea/imunologia , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Fotossíntese/genética , Casca de Planta/química , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Proteômica/métodos , UltracentrifugaçãoRESUMO
Latex in the laticiferous cell network of Hevea brasiliensis tree is composed of cytoplasm that synthesizes natural rubber. Ethylene stimulation of the tree bark enhances latex production partly by prolonging the duration of latex flow during the tapping process. Here, we identified an osmotin-like cDNA sequence (HbOsmotin) from H. brasiliensis that belongs to the pathogenesis-related 5 (PR-5) gene family. The HbOsmotin protein is present in the lutoids of latex in H. brasiliensis, whereas in onion epidermal cells, this protein is predominantly distributed around the cell wall, suggesting that it may be secreted from the cytoplasm. We investigated the effects of exogenous ethylene on HbOsmotin transcription and protein accumulation in rubber latex, and further determined the protein function after osmotic stress in Arabidopsis. In regularly tapped trees, HbOsmotin expression was drastically inhibited in rubber latex after tapping, although the expression was subsequently recovered by ethylene stimulation. However, in virgin plants that had never been tapped, exogenous ethylene application slightly decreased HbOsmotin expression. HbOsmotin overexpression in Arabidopsis showed that HbOsmotin reduced the osmotic stress tolerance of the plant, which likely occurred by raising the water potential. These data indicated that HbOsmotin may contribute to osmotic regulation in laticiferous cells.
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Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Hevea/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Clonagem Molecular , Etilenos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hevea/metabolismo , Microscopia Confocal , Pressão Osmótica , Filogenia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/classificação , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Borracha/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a flexible biomembrane that possesses angiogenic properties and has recently been used for guided bone regeneration, enhancing healing without fibrous tissue, allergies or rejection. Calcium phosphate (Ca/P) ceramics have chemical, biological, and mechanical properties similar to mineral phase of bone, and ability to bond to the host tissue, although it can disperse from where it is applied. Therefore, to create a composite that could enhance the properties of both materials, NRL biomembranes were coated with Ca/P. NRL biomembranes were soaked in 1.5 times concentrated SBF solution for seven days, avoiding the use of high temperatures. SEM showed that Ca/P has been coated in NRL biomembrane, XRD showed low crystallinity and FTIR showed that is the carbonated type B. Furthermore, hemolysis of erythrocytes, quantified spectrophotometrically using materials (Ca/P, NRL, and NRL + Ca/P) showed no hemolytic effects up to 0.125 mg/mL (compounds and mixtures), indicating no detectable disturbance of the red blood cell membranes. The results show that the biomimetic is an appropriate method to coat NRL with Ca/P without using high temperatures, aiming a new biomembrane to improve guided bone regeneration.
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Fosfatos de Cálcio/química , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/química , Látex/química , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
Natural rubber latex biomembranes (NRL), obtained from rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Mull. Arg., have been used as sustained drug release of drugs and plant extracts with medicinal properties. The Stryphnodendron obovatum Bench (Fabaceae), popularly known as "barbatimão" has anti-inflammatory and healing properties already described in literature. Thus, the aim of this work were to study the release behavior of the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of S. obovatum loaded in the NRL by ultravioletvisible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The release followed a biexponential pattern and the mechanism of release was Super Case II (n > 1). FTIR analyses did not show reaction between NRL and extract, only intermolecular interaction. From SEM was possible to observe the extract at the surface, responsible for the initial fast release, which the concentrations at 5.0 mg/mL released 2.4% and at 0.1 mg/mL released 96.8%; both reached the plateau in 7 days.
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Borracha , Stryphnodendron barbatimam , TaninosRESUMO
Situação particular marca as condições da saúde humana e do ambiente no primeiro surto da produção gomífera na Amazônia Ocidental, região do Acre, sendo que a maior parte dele (1870-1903) ocorreu em território ainda pertencente à Bolívia. Com base nesse quadro histórico, o trabalho busca descrever e compreender como fatores e processos exógenos a esses dois campos de análise mediavam os riscos, com origem no ambiente, para o adoecimento e a morte nas populações dos seringais "brasileiros" em território boliviano. Explora-se, assim, a inter-relação entre saúde e ambiente, a partir das configurações historicamente específicas das condições físico-naturais, socioeconômicas, políticas e culturais. O trabalho evidencia que esses fatores e processos extrínsecos às atividades produtivas exerceram não só influência, tanto em seu aspecto organizativo quanto funcional, como determinaram as condições insalubres que se observaram nas regiões produtoras. Aponta, ainda, que a infraestrutura então existente era suficiente para a produção e a reprodução extrativista.
A peculiar situation marks the conditions of human and environmental health in the first major cycle of rubber production in the Acre region of the Western Amazon, whereby the bulk of the boom (1870-1903) occurred in the territory that at that time still belonged to Bolivia. Based on this historical background, this work seeks to describe and comprehend how these factors and processes, which are exogenous to these two fields of analysis mediated the risks that originated in the environment, gave rise to sickness and death in the population of the "Brazilian" rubber-tree plantations established in Bolivian territory. In this manner, the inter-relations between health and environment linked to historically specific configurations of the physical-natural, socioeconomic, political, and cultural conditions, are examined. The work shows that these extrinsic factors and processes to the productive activities exerted an influence not only on its organizational but also functional aspects, while also resulting in the unhealthy conditions observed in the productive regions. It further highlights the fact that the extant infrastructure of the time was sufficient for extractive production and reproduction.