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This article discusses Earth's Rights as an environmental justice mechanism of reparation, protection, and justice for indigenous communities, environmental defenders, and other populations in Latin America. We argue that Earth's rights encompass and include the right to health and can be integrated into international human rights frameworks to protect all forms of life, responding to colonial legacies of discrimination and violence. We respond to the scarcity of literature discussing Earth's rights in relation to situations where human rights and Earth's rights are violated. We ground our argument in the theoretical conceptualization of Latin American proposals of Earth's rights and its potential for actionable policy approaches that include human health as inevitably interconnected to our planet's well-being. We address the environmental injustices that affect the right to health and argue that an Earth's rights framework can support reparations for historically marginalized communities.

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Twenty years ago, the British Journal of Psychiatry published an editorial regarding racism and psychiatry. Three decades ago, the journal published a lecture by Professor Michael Sheperd about Kraepelin's contributions to racist degeneration theories. A century ago, Albert Einstein visited the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, where he was hosted by Juliano Moreira [1872-1933], one of the most distinguished Brazilian scientists of that time. The only son of a former enslaved woman, he is regarded as one of the founding fathers of scientific psychiatry in Brazil. Moreira may have been a case of 'exceptional racism', the strategy of praising outstanding people from oppressed groups as a way of denying or covering up processes of structural racism.

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In December 2020, Argentina approved a new abortion law following decades of feminist and social advocacy. This paper presents qualitative findings from interviews and focus group discussions with people in local communities focusing on how individuals of reproductive age access and communicate sexual and reproductive health information, particularly regarding abortion. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants working in the field of SRHR and four focus group discussions took place with cisgender women and girls, transmasculine people and non-binary people of reproductive age. We found that information exchange and communication about sexual and reproductive health issues, particularly abortion, took place mainly through informal social networks engaging with activists and feminist grass-root organisations. These informal social networks were built on trust as a collective affect that enabled open communication about abortion. Information sharing through word of mouth, in person and via digital means using different social media platforms, is an important means of information sharing and communication in Argentina. Monitoring the implementation of abortion policies in this country should include investigating the impact of people accessing abortion through informal social networks in terms of abortion pathways and intersections with the formal health system.

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A hanseníase é uma das enfermidades mais antigas que se tem notícia, com registros que remontam a antiguidade. Ao longo dos tempos, as pessoas com a doença foram despojadas de seus direitos humanos por meio de políticas de isolamento, exclusão e até de cunho eugênico, apartando seus filhos do convívio com pais e mães portadores. O desafio, na atualidade, é a promoção, pelas Nações que viveram a moléstia em sua história, de políticas voltadas a prevenir abusos e afronta aos direitos humanos e reparar, inclusive com indenizações, os males sofridos no apartheid histórico.

Leprosy is one of the oldest known illnesses, with records dating back to antiquity. Over time, people with the disease have been stripped of their human rights through policies of isolation, exclusion and even eugenic policies, separating their children from their mothers and fathers who are carriers. The challenge today is the promotion, by Nations that have experienced the disease in their history, of promoting policies aimed at preventing abuses and affronts to human rights and repairing, including with compensation, the evils suffered during historical apartheid.

La lepra es una de las enfermedades más antiguas conocidas, con registros que se remontan a la antigüedad. Con el tiempo, las personas con la enfermedad han sido despojadas de sus derechos humanos mediante políticas de aislamiento, exclusión e incluso políticas eugenésicas, separando a sus hijos de sus madres y padres portadores. El desafío hoy es la promoción, por parte de las Naciones que han experimentado la enfermedad en su historia, de promover políticas destinadas a prevenir abusos y afrentas a los derechos humanos y reparar, incluso mediante compensaciones, los males sufridos durante el apartheid histórico.

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Forced displacement results in social inequalities negatively affecting the well-being of displaced women. Addressing the economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions of their vulnerability is crucial. This article examines the perspectives of 59 displaced women in informal settlements in northern Colombia on violations of their rights. Interpretative phenomenological analysis reveals economic hurdles, such as limited access to decent work and workplace discrimination. Social barriers, like stigmatization and discrimination, impede integration and access to essential services. Despite challenges, increasing awareness and implementing inclusive policies can enhance the living conditions of displaced women.

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Introducción: En el Perú las mujeres en los establecimientos penitenciarios carecen de acceso a la salud ante la falta de políticas públicas que conduce a una brecha de desigualdad en dicho acceso. La investigación tiene por objetivo diagnosticar la situación del acceso a los servicios de la salud en los establecimientos penitenciarios de mujeres del Perú durante el año 2021. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con datos de los 13 establecimientos, que constituyen la totalidad de los establecimientos penitenciarios de mujeres en el Perú. Resultados: Los resultados señalan que las atenciones en salud se concentraron en la región penitenciaria de Lima, se encontró que las regiones que no presentaban profesionales de la salud permanentes carecían de atención adecuada. Discusión: el Estado peruano no ha cumplido con su rol como garante en relación con el derecho fundamental al acceso a los servicios de salud por parte de las entidades penitenciarias en beneficio de todas las mujeres internas que integran los Establecimientos Penitenciarios de Mujeres en el Perú. Se recomienda, bajo los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, es más que urgente definir nuevas directrices de acceso a la salud femenina, coadyuvando a que el personal de salud desempeñe un enfoque preventivo, con la capacidad de integrar la buena cultura de la institución penitenciaria.

Introduction: In Peru, women in prisons lack access to health due to the lack of public policies that lead to an inequality gap in said access. The objective of the research is to diagnose the situation of access to health services in women's penitentiary establishments in Peru during the year 2021. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out with data from the 13 establishments, which constitute all of the women's penitentiary establishments in Peru. The results indicate that health care was concentrated in the prison region of Lima; it was found that regions that did not have permanent health professionals lacked adequate care. Results: Therefore, the importance of placing permanent health professionals in penitentiary centers is accentuated to guarantee care for women. Discussion: The peruvian state has not fulfilled its role as guarantor in relation to the fundamental right of access to health services by penitentiary entities for the benefit of all female inmates who make up the Women's Penitentiary Establishments in Peru. It is recommended, under the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, that it is more than urgent to define new guidelines for access to women's health, helping health personnel to carry out a preventive approach, with the ability to integrate the good culture of the penitentiary institution.

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Costa Rica prohibits abortion except under narrow circumstances to save the pregnant person's life. The country boasts historically strong support for social policy and human rights, while also presenting a complex and restrictive abortion access landscape. From September 2021 to March 2022, we conducted 23 interviews with obstetrician-gynecologist (OB/GYN) physicians, OB/GYN medical residents, and policy stakeholders to explore the socio-ecological influences on abortion access in Costa Rica. We sampled clinicians and policy stakeholders from the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas listserv through snowball sampling and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews in Spanish. We identified limited access to comprehensive sexual health education, lack of support from interpersonal networks, inadequate provider knowledge and training, financial and migratory status, and both provider and community stigma as substantial barriers to abortion access. This study addresses a gap in published research around the social determinants of abortion in Costa Rica and sheds light on the attitudes and opinions of the medical and policy stakeholder communities about abortion access. The results highlight the need for expanded access to comprehensive sexual health education, abortion-related training for healthcare providers, and increased programming efforts, such as funding, outreach, and implementation, to ensure comprehensive reproductive health services are available and accessible, especially for vulnerable populations in Costa Rica.

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This pilot cross-sectional study was designed to determine the profile of obstetric violence in Ecuador in recent years. An online survey was conducted between March 2022 and April 2022, including women over 18 years who granted their informed consent to participate (n = 1598). We used non-probabilistic sampling to obtain our sample. Fisher's exact test was performed to assess the association between violence and type of birth, healthcare facility, and education level. Out of the women who participated in the study, 89.2% (n = 1426) identified themselves as Mestiza. Additionally, 88.3% (n = 1411) had completed university-level education. The majority of the participants, specifically 63.6% (n = 1017), received their care in public institutions, and 98.2% (n = 1569) reported structural negligence, while 74.5% (n = 1190) reported violation of their right to information. The entire sample affirmed to have experienced violation of the right of presence. This report shows that obstetric violence is present in Ecuador in different ways and that women experience negligence and violation of their right to receive ethical healthcare during childbirth.

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BACKGROUND: We describe clients in Mexico City's public abortion programme, Interrupción Legal de Embarazo (ILE), during the COVID-19 pandemic and test whether the pandemic exacerbated inequities in access. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of all abortions in the ILE programme from 1 January 2019 to 30 June 2022. We compared patients from within and outside the Mexico City Metropolitan area (ZMVM) by pandemic stage (pre-, acute-, mid- and late-COVID periods) and assessed changes in client characteristics (adolescent age, education, weeks' gestation) by place of residence (ZMVM vs outside the ZMVM) using linear probability models clustered on state. RESULTS: We included 45 031 abortions. The proportion of abortions to women who travelled from outside the ZMVM decreased from 6.5% pre-COVID to 4.4%-4.8% in in the acute, mid- and late-COVID periods. The adjusted probability of being an adolescent who travelled from outside the ZMVM dropped between pre-COVID (14.4%, 95% CI 12.7% to 16.1%) and mid-COVID (9.3%, 95% CI 7.9% to 10.7%). The proportion of abortions to women with a high school education stayed fairly flat among those travelling, while it rose among those residing in the ZMVM. The adjusted probability of presenting at 11 gestational weeks or greater was higher among women residing in the ZMVM in the pre-pandemic period; this flipped during all pandemic stages, with a higher probability of presenting at 11 weeks or greater among those who travelled from outside the ZMVM. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing disparities in who can access ILE services. To reduce inequities in access to essential health services, public sector abortion services should be made available in all Mexican states.

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Medicines are special goods that cover the health needs of the population. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has changed its research and development strategy, shifting its focus from the exploration of medicines for chronic diseases affecting a large part of the population to the search for drugs for rare diseases that affect a small number of people.This lack of a mass consumer base is reflected in a selective offer of a few very high-cost products aimed at certain diseases, which hinders both patient access and financial coverage.This article reviews the issue of high-cost medicines, including its cultural, legal, political, economic, and health aspects. It emphasizes the differences between various medicines in terms of their efficacy in changing the natural course of diseases, their market price, the consequences of their cost for healthcare funders, and the cost-opportunity ratio of having to pay for them at the expense of other essential resources.Finally, the article reflects on the legitimate rights of each individual to claim access to high-cost medicines when they are considered essential to recover a person's health, and on how guaranteeing such coverage can affect the collective rights of the population. Concrete examples that illustrate this situation are provided.

Medicamentos são bens especiais que atendem às necessidades de saúde da população. Nas últimas décadas, a indústria farmacêutica mudou sua estratégia de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, deixando de explorar medicamentos para doenças crônicas que afetam grande parte da população e passando a buscar medicamentos para poucas pessoas com doenças raras.Esse número limitado de consumidores se reflete em uma oferta seletiva de poucos produtos de preço elevado para determinadas doenças, dificultando o acesso dos pacientes e a obtenção de cobertura dos agentes financiadores da saúde.Neste artigo, analisa-se a questão dos medicamentos de alto custo e incorpora-se ao debate o contexto sanitário, cultural, jurídico, político e econômico. São enfatizados os seguintes aspectos: diferenças entre os diferentes medicamentos em termos da eficácia em mudar o curso natural das doenças para as quais são indicados; determinação do preço pelo qual esses medicamentos são vendidos no mercado; consequências desse preço para os agentes financiadores da saúde; e a relação custo-oportunidade de ter de pagar por esses medicamentos em detrimento de outros recursos considerados essenciais.Por fim, reflete-se sobre os direitos legítimos de cada indivíduo de reivindicar acesso a medicamentos de alto custo, por considerá-los essenciais para recuperar a própria saúde, e como a garantia dessa cobertura pode afetar os direitos coletivos da população; também são fornecidos exemplos concretos que ilustram essa situação.

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Background: The crisis in Venezuela has forced almost eight million people to flee to mainly neighbouring countries, including Brazil. Half of the displaced Venezuelans are women and girls, with adolescent girls facing distinctive challenges to their sexual and reproductive health during displacement and settlement. The aim of this study is to understand the barriers and facilitators for the sexual and reproductive health of adolescent Venezuelan girls residing in Brazil. Methods: The study used qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with 19 Venezuelan migrant adolescent girls conducted in Boa Vista and Manaus. We analysed transcripts using thematic analysis, and mapped findings to a theoretical framework based on the Bronfenbrenner Socio-ecological Model, which we adapted to explore how intersectional vulnerabilities at the individual level interact with contextual factors creating barriers and facilitators for health and rights of migrant adolescent girls. Results: Venezuelan adolescent migrants in Brazil face practical and structural barriers in realising their sexual and reproductive health and rights in four areas: menstruation; family planning, contraception and sexually transmitted infection; prenatal, childbirth and postnatal care; and preventing gender-based violence. The reported barriers were lack of knowledge around sexual and reproductive health rights, exposure to violence and lack of access to age-appropriate healthcare services. Mitigating factors included education (both in the family setting and at school); prevention activities undertaken by health services; care provision from non-governmental organisations and international agencies; and best practices in local health services. Conclusions: Host states must take action to enhance the right to sexual and reproductive health for adolescent migrants to allow them to make autonomous, independent and informed choices. A socioecological perspective on sexual and reproductive health and rights can help formulate intersectional policies that interconnect different levels of adolescent migrants' experience.

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Given the advancement of behavioral research in culture and social behavior, it seems natural for the community of behavior analysts to progress towards increased political engagement and a dedication to social justice. To reach this goal, it is necessary to act inside one's own communities and organizations. The purpose of this article is to report on the efforts of the Brazilian Association for Behavioral Psychology and Medicine (ABPMC) to increase equity and social justice during the 2017-2018 term. First, we present an overview of the ABPMC. Next, we describe the process of identifying, planning, and implementing equity and social justice actions in the association. The problems targeted were the discontinuation of policies from one term to another, elitism and centralization, the lack of topics with social and political relevance in the annual conference's scientific program, and the lack of support for the participation of women (especially mothers) in clinical and academic practice. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40617-020-00510-2.

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Context: French Guiana is a French overseas department where very different linguistic, cultural and societal populations live together in a small area. Health issues and their specific epidemiological profiles call for research projects crossing several cultures. In this context, health mediators have a role to play in research. The aim of this study was to describe the perceptions, attitudes and opinions on research of mediators and researchers collaborating on research projects, and to describe the strengths and difficulties encountered during this cooperation. Methods: The Inter-med project was conducted in French Guiana between February 2022 and April 2023 on the base of semi-directive interviews with mediators, or researchers, all working in health research in the intercultural context of French Guiana. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were described. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out on all the interviews, and word occurrence analysis on certain themes. The information was triangulated with field coordination notebooks from two epidemiological surveys conducted in French Guiana between 2021 and 2022. Results: A total of 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted and 1,328 notebook pages analyzed. Mediation was described as an indispensable interface between the world of research and that of the population targeted by a survey. Mediators have a role to play at different stages of projects, in respect of good clinical practice, ethics and legislation. They act as interfaces between languages, concepts and representations. Their profession remains under-defined and under-dimensioned. The jobs offered are often precarious. Mediation work is emotionally costly, calls on soft skills and requires a combination of rigor and flexibility. All these aspects are implemented in the specific world of research, where there are common concepts and divergent perceptions. Researchers and mediators converge on a common goal: improving health. Conclusion: This study covers several aspects of the development and implementation of research projects. Respect for good clinical practice and people, transparency and data quality are redundant concerns, and this study touches on ethnocentrism, stigmatization and cultural representations. This study points out that the integration and recognition of mediators could be beneficial in research conducted in a cross-cultural context.

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So-called "middle authors," being neither the first, last, nor corresponding author of an academic paper, have made increasing relative contributions to academic scholarship over recent decades. No work has specifically and explicitly addressed the roles, rights, and responsibilities of middle authors, an authorship position which we believe is particularly vulnerable to abuse via growing phenomena such as paper mills. Responsible middle authorship requires transparent declarations of intellectual and other scientific contributions that journals can and should require of co-authors and established guidelines and criteria to achieve this already exist (ICMJE/CRediT). Although publishers, editors, and authors need to collectively uphold a situation of shared responsibility for appropriate co-authorship, current models have failed science since verification of authorship is impossible, except through blind trust in authors' statements. During the retraction of a paper, while the opinion of individual co-authors might be noted in a retraction notice, the retraction itself practically erases the relevance of co-author contributions and position/status (first, leading, senior, last, co-corresponding, etc.). Paper mills may have successfully proliferated because individual authors' roles and responsibilities are not tangibly verifiable and are thus indiscernible. We draw on a historical example of manipulated research to argue that authors and editors should publish publicly available, traceable contributions to the intellectual content of an article-both classical authorship or technical contributions-to maximize both visibility of individual contributions and accountability. To make our article practically more relevant to this journal's readership, we reviewed the top 50 Q1 journals in the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology, as ranked by the SJR, to appreciate which journals adopted the ICMJE or CRediT schools of authorship contribution, finding significant variation in adhesion to ICMJE guidelines nor the CRediT criteria and wording of author guidelines.

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Objetivo: compreender a participação da IA nos diagnósticos da saúde moderna e definir limites para sua aplicação. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca dos estudos se deu nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SCIELO e foram selecionados artigos científicos, sem recorte temporal e de idioma. Resultados: A inteligência artificial impacta a medicina em três níveis: otimiza a interpretação de imagens para os médicos, aprimora o fluxo de trabalho reduzindo potenciais erros para os sistemas de saúde e capacita os pacientes a processarem seus próprios dados para promover a saúde. Contudo, é necessária atenção aos dados gerados, pois podem desencadear erros em cascata e expor informações sensíveis dos usuários do sistema de saúde. Conclusão: Atribuir à IA a responsabilidade de escolhas e funções desempenhadas por humanos é intrinsecamente perigoso, apesar de sua contribuição inegável nos processos diagnósticos. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas robustas para compreender plenamente o impacto dessa nova era tecnológica proporcionada pela IA na área da saúde.

Objective: To understand the role of AI in modern healthcare diagnostics and define boundaries for its application. Methodology:Integrative literature review. Studies were searched in the LILACS, MEDLINE, and SCIELO databases, selecting scientific articles without temporal or language restrictions. Results: Artificial intelligence impacts medicine at three levels: it optimizes image interpretation for physicians, enhances workflow by reducing potential errors for healthcare systems, and empowers patients to process their own data to promote health. However, attention is required regarding the generated data, as it may trigger cascading errors and expose sensitive information of healthcare system users. Conclusion: Assigning AI, the responsibility of choices and functions performed by humans is inherently dangerous, despite its undeniable contribution to diagnostic processes. Robust research is suggested to fully understand the impact of this new technological era provided by AI in healthcare.

Objetivo: Comprender la participación de la IA en los diagnósticos de la salud moderna y definir límites para su aplicación. Metodología:Revisión integrativa de la literatura. Los estudios se buscaron en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y SCIELO, seleccionando artículos científicos sin restricciones temporales ni lingüísticas. Resultados: La inteligencia artificial impacta la medicina en tres niveles: optimiza la interpretación de imágenes para los médicos, mejora el flujo de trabajo al reducir errores potenciales para los sistemas de salud y capacita a los pacientes para procesar sus propios datos y promover la salud. Sin embargo, se requiere atención respecto a los datos generados, ya que pueden desencadenar errores en cascada y exponer información sensible de los usuarios del sistema de salud. Conclusión: Asignar a la IA la responsabilidad de decisiones y funciones realizadas por humanos es intrínsecamente peligroso, apesar de su contribución innegable a los procesos de diagnóstico. Se sugiere realizar investigaciones sólidas para comprender completamente el impacto de esta nueva era tecnológica proporcionada por la IA en la salud.

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Objetivos: analisar se a Recomendação Geral n.º24, sobre saúde da mulher, amplia ou constrói interpretações para os Estados Partes da Convenção para a Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica para coletar dados e revisar criticamente documentos internacionais e literatura especializada. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da revisão crítico-narrativa. Resultados: a Convenção abrange direitos da mulher, incluindo saúde, e o Comitê da Convenção sobre a eliminação de todas as formas de discriminação contra as mulheres emite recomendações gerais para orientar sua implementação pelos Estados Partes. A Recomendação Geraln.º24 amplia as recomendações originais, abordando questões como saúde sexual, violência de gênero e participação na tomada de decisões. Conclusões: a interpretação política da Convenção, conforme preconizado por Kelsen, permite observar as necessidades e o contexto político dos Estados-parte. A Recomendação Geraln.º24 amplia as recomendações, refletindo a necessidade de adaptação das políticas públicas às mudanças globais e às necessidades das mulheres.

Objectives: This study examines whether General Recommendation (GR) No. 24, on women's health, broadens or constructs interpretations for the State parties of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Methodology: A documentary and bibliographical research was conducted to collect data and critically review international documents and specialized literature. The results were analyzed through critical-narrative review. Results: The Convention covers women's rights, including health, and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women issues general recommendations to guide its implementation by State parties. GR No. 24 expands the original recommendations, addressing issues such as sexual health, gender-based violence, and participation in decision-making. Conclusions: The political interpretation of the Convention, as advocated by Kelsen, enables the observation of the needs and political context of the State parties. GR No. 24 expands the recommendations, reflecting the need to adapt public policies to global changes and women's needs.

Objetivos: Este estudio analiza si la Recomendación General (RG) n. 24, sobre la salud de la mujer, amplía o construye interpretaciones para los Estados Partes de la Convención para la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación documental y bibliográfica para recopilar datos y revisar críticamente documentos internacionales y literatura especializada. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la revisión crítico-narrativa. Resultados: La Convención abarca los derechos de las mujeres, incluida la salud, y el Comité de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer emite recomendaciones generales para guiar su implementación por parte de los Estados-partes. La RG n. 24 amplía las recomendaciones originales, abordando cuestiones como la salud sexual, la violencia de género y la participación en la toma de decisiones. Conclusiones: La interpretación política de la Convención, como preconiza Kelsen, permite la observación de las necesidades y el contexto político de los Estados Partes. La RG n. 24 amplía las recomendaciones, reflejando la necesidad de adaptar las políticas públicas a los cambios globales y a las necesidades de las mujeres.

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Objetivo: analisar o impacto da ausência de legislação federal e normativas na mitigação da violência obstétrica no Brasil, por meio de uma análise crítica, com ênfase na regulação legal. Metodologia: inicialmente, realizou-se uma revisão narrativa de abordagem qualiquantitativa e exploratória-descritiva nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e da Scientific Electronic Library Online, no período entre 2018 e 2023. Os artigos foram selecionados utilizando descritores do Medical Subject Headings, como "obstetric violence" e "violence against women", combinados através do operador booleano "AND". Posteriormente, foi conduzida uma pesquisa documental buscando consultar a legislação estadual vigente no Brasil e identificar possíveis lacunas. Resultados: Identificou-se uma lacuna considerável em relação à violência obstétrica e à conscientização limitada sobre os direitos à autonomia das mulheres, que são preocupações evidentes. Em relação às legislações estaduais analisadas, 14 fazem menção à "violência obstétrica" e 8 abordam a "humanização do parto". Dessas, 19 têm caráter informativo, 28 são preventivas e 2 são punitivas. Considerações Finais: A ausência de consenso na definição da violência obstétrica e a escassa capacitação dos profissionais de saúde resultam em práticas obsoletas. A elevada taxa de cesarianas desnecessárias e a carência de estudos sobre mulheres quilombolas e indígenas são preocupantes. No âmbito jurídico, a falta de compreensão por parte dos magistrados e a fragmentação das legislações estaduais representam desafios significativos. Torna-se crucial adotar uma abordagem multidisciplinar e políticas públicas claras para prevenir essa violência e assegurar uma assistência ao parto segura e centrada nas necessidades das mulheres.

Objective: To analyze the impact of the absence of federal legislation and regulations on the mitigation of obstetric violence in Brazil through a critical analysis, with emphasis on legal regulation. Methodology: Initially, a narrative review with a qualiquantitative and exploratory-descriptive approach was conducted on the databases of the Virtual Health Library and the Scientific Electronic Library Online, between 2018 and 2023. Articles were selected using Medical Subject Headings descriptors such as "obstetric violence" and "violence against women", combined with the boolean operator "AND". Subsequently, a documentary search was conducted to consult the current state legislation in Brazil and identify possible gaps. Results: A considerable gap was identified regarding obstetric violence and limited awareness of women's autonomy rights, which are evident concerns. Regarding the analyzed state laws, 14 mention "obstetric violence" and 8 address "humanization of childbirth". Of these, 19 are informative, 28 are preventive, and 2 are punitive. Final Considerations: The lack of consensus in defining obstetric violence and the scarce training of healthcare professionals result in obsolete practices. The high rate of unnecessary cesarean sections and the lack of studies on quilombola and indigenous women are concerning. In the legal sphere, the lack of understanding by judges and the fragmentation of state legislation represent significant challenges. It is crucial to adopt a multidisciplinary approach and clear public policies to prevent this violence and ensure safe and woman-centered childbirth care.

Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la ausencia de legislación federal y normativas en la mitigación de la violencia obstétrica en Brasil mediante un análisis crítico, con énfasis en la regulación legal. Metodología: Inicialmente, se realizó una revisión narrativa con enfoque cualicuantitativo y exploratorio-descriptivo en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y la Scientific Electronic Library Online, entre 2018 y 2023. Se seleccionaron artículos utilizando descriptores del Medical Subject Headings como "obstetric violence" y "violence against women", combinados con el operador booleano "AND". Posteriormente, se realizó una búsqueda documental para consultar la legislación estatal vigente en Brasil e identificar posibles lagunas. Resultados: Se identificó una brecha considerable en relación con la violencia obstétrica y la conciencia limitada de los derechos de autonomía de las mujeres, que son preocupaciones evidentes. En cuanto a las leyes estatales analizadas, 14 mencionan "violencia obstétrica" y 8 abordan la "humanización del parto". De estas, 19 son informativas, 28 son preventivas y 2 son punitivas. Consideraciones Finales: La falta de consenso en la definición de la violencia obstétrica y la escasa formación de los profesionales de la salud resultan en prácticas obsoletas. La alta tasa de cesáreas innecesarias y la falta de estudios sobre mujeres quilombolas e indígenas son preocupantes. En el ámbito legal, la falta de comprensión por parte de los jueces y la fragmentación de la legislación estatal representan desafíos significativos. Es crucial adoptar un enfoque multidisciplinario y políticas públicas claras para prevenir esta violencia y garantizar una atención al parto segura y centrada en las necesidades de las mujeres.

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Abordam-se aspectos da decisão da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, no caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru, publicada em março de 2024, afirmando a justiciabilidade do direito ao meio ambiente como um direito difuso e reconhecendo a responsabilidade internacional do Peru (Estado parte) pela omissão em relação às medidas de prevenção e na prestação de informações à população exposta. Trata-se de precedente de relevância emitido pela Corte Internacional para a defesa do meio ambiente e dos direitos humanos, abrindo alvissareiras possibilidades de um novo e efetivo espaço para a afirmação de princípios caros ao Direito Sanitário e a preservação da vida.

Aspects of the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are discussed, in the case of Residents of La Oroya against Peru, affirming the justiciability of the right to the environment as a diffuse right and recognizing the international responsibility of Peru (State party) for omission in relation to prevention measures and the provision of information to the exposed population.This is a highly relevant precedent for the defense of the environment and human rights, opening up promising possibilities for a new and effective space for the affirmation of principles dear to Health Law and the preservation of life.

Se discuten aspectos de la decisión de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en el caso de Residentes de La Oroya contra Perú, afirmando la justiciabilidad del derecho al medio ambiente como un derecho difuso y reconociendo la responsabilidad internacional del Perú (Estado parte) por omisión en relación con las medidas de prevención y suministro de información a la población expuesta. Se trata de un precedente de gran relevancia para la defensa del medio ambiente y de los derechos humanos, abriendo posibilidades prometedoras para un nuevo y eficaz espacio de afirmación de principios queridos por el Derecho de la Salud y la preservación de la vida.

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RESUMO

Este texto plantea la importancia de confeccionar protocolos de diagnóstico humanizado que permitan a los profesionales de la salud brindar información sobre patologías y/o discapacidades de manera clara y veraz, humana y delicadamente, facilitando su recepción por parte del paciente y su familia. El diagnóstico humanizado no forma parte únicamente de un protocolo de "urbanidad" en el vínculo médico ­ paciente: es parte integrante y relevante del procedimiento o tratamiento. Este abordaje exige una mirada interdisciplinar. En esta temática hay elementos que se vinculan a lo médico ­ científico; lo jurídico ­ legislativo ­ jurisprudencial y lo político.

Ao longo deste texto, discute-se a importância da elaboração de protocolos diagnósticos humanizados que permitam aos profissionais de saúde fornecerem informações sobre patologias e/ou incapacidades de forma clara e verdadeira, ao mesmo tempo em que humanizada e delicada, facilitando seu acolhimento pelo paciente e sua família. O diagnóstico humanizado não é apenas parte de um protocolo de "civilidade" na relação médico-paciente, mas parte integrante e relevante do procedimento para realizar o tratamento de uma doença ou deficiência. Essa abordagem requer uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Nessa disciplina há elementos que se vinculam ao médico-científico; as esferas jurídica, legislativa e política.

Throughout this text, the importance of creating humanized diagnostic protocols is discussed. These should allow healthcare professionals to provide clear and truthful information about pathologies and/or disabilities in a humane and delicate manner, facilitating their understanding by the patient and their family. Humanized diagnosis is not just part of a "politeness" protocol in the doctor-patient relationship, but an integral and relevant part of the procedure for treating a disease or disability. This approach requires an interdisciplinary perspective, as there are elements that are linked to the strictly medical-scientific, legal-legislative-jurisprudential, and political aspects of this topic.

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RESUMO

Few studies have examined victim participation in parole processes, particularly in countries that have specific procedures for hearing victims' statements in post-conviction proceedings. This study, through in-depth interviews, explores the experiences of seven indirect victims of child sexual homicide, identifying their needs and expectations in a justice system lacking formal mechanisms for their involvement. Results emphasize the necessity for official information for families and the consequent frustration from the absence of formal participation. Parole application becomes a new challenge to the ongoing grieving process, leading to distress responses that may require specialized care. Recommendations about formal mechanisms for victim notification, participation and support during the parole process are noted to acknowledge their experience and emotional impact.

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