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The complement system, a vital component of innate immunity, consists of various proteins and pathways crucial for the recognition and elimination of pathogens. In addition, it plays a major role in the initiation of adaptive response through the opsonization of antigens, contributing to B-cell activation and memory maintenance. Deficiencies in complement proteins, particularly C3, can lead to severe and recurrent infections as well as immune complex disorders. Here, we present a case report of two siblings with total C3 deficiency resulting from compound heterozygous mutations in C3 (NM_000064.4): c.305dup; [p.Asn103GlnfsTer66] and c.1269 + 5G>T, previously unreported in C3-related diseases. Both, the index case and her sister, presented a history of recurrent infections since early childhood and one of them developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Immunological evaluation revealed absent plasma C3 levels, decreased memory B cells, hypogammaglobulinemia, and impaired response to polysaccharide antigens. The siblings showed partial responses to antimicrobial prophylaxis and vaccination, requiring intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy, resulting in clinical improvement. Genetic analysis identified additional risk polymorphisms associated with atypical HUS. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive genetic and immunological evaluations in complement deficiencies, along with the potential role of immunoglobulin replacement therapy in managing associated antibody defects.

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OBJECTIVE: Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) exhibit a higher susceptibility to infections, suggesting potential immunological alterations within this population. Consequently, this study aims to assess the immune response profile in children with DS to identify potential immune dysfunctions associated with recurrent infections. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis involving 49 DS patients, examining various epidemiological, clinical, cytogenetic, and laboratory variables. The study's sample comprised patients aged 2-20 years, with a predominance of males. These patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of recurrent infections, as indicated by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation alert signs. RESULTS: Immunoglobulin (Ig) A, G, and M levels were deemed normal, although individuals with DS experiencing recurrent infections exhibited significantly lower IgA levels. Additionally, CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocyte counts were found to be within normal ranges, with no significant differences between the two groups. While overall data indicated normal seroconversion levels of pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies, a notable impairment in seroconversion was observed among DS patients with recurrent infections compared to those without such infections. CONCLUSION: The deficiency of anti-polysaccharide antibodies in individuals with DS may constitute an important immunological comorbidity. Therefore, it warrants further investigation, particularly among individuals with recurrent infections.

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El síndrome de Down, o trisomía 21, tiene una mortalidad mayor que la población general, debido principalmente a infecciones respiratorias. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el compromiso inmunológico en una serie de casos de pacientes con síndrome de Down derivados a Inmunología por infecciones recurrentes o por hallazgo patológico de laboratorio, entre el 1 de junio de 2016 y el 31 de mayo de 2022. Se describe el compromiso de la inmunidad en 24 pacientes. Doce pacientes presentaron falla de respuesta a polisacáridos y recibieron quimioprofilaxis antibiótica y/o gammaglobulina sustitutiva. En 3 pacientes, se observó agammaglobulinemia con linfocitos B presentes y se indicó gammaglobulina sustitutiva. En 9 pacientes, se observó linfopenia T y en 1 paciente, compromiso inmune combinado.

Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, has a higher mortality than the general population, mainly due to respiratory tract infections. The objective of this study was to describe immune compromise in a series of cases of patients with Down syndrome referred to the Pediatric Immunology Section due to recurrent infections or pathological laboratory findings between 6/1/2016 and 5/31/2022. Here we describe immune compromise in 24 patients. Twelve patients failed to develop a polysaccharide response and received antibiotic chemoprophylaxis, or gamma globulin replacement therapy. Three patientsdeveloped agammaglobulinemia with presence of B cells and gamma globulin replacement therapy was indicated. Nine patients had T-cell lymphopenia and 1 patient, combined immune compromise.

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Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, has a higher mortality than the general population, mainly due to respiratory tract infections. The objective of this study was to describe immune compromise in a series of cases of patients with Down syndrome referred to the Pediatric Immunology Section due to recurrent infections or pathological laboratory findings between 6/1/2016 and 5/31/2022. Here we describe immune compromise in 24 patients. Twelve patients failed to develop a polysaccharide response and received antibiotic chemoprophylaxis, or gamma globulin replacement therapy. Three patients developed agammaglobulinemia with presence of B cells and gamma globulin replacement therapy was indicated. Nine patients had T-cell lymphopenia and 1 patient, combined immune compromise.

El síndrome de Down, o trisomía 21, tiene una mortalidad mayor que la población general, debido principalmente a infecciones respiratorias. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el compromiso inmunológico en una serie de casos de pacientes con síndrome de Down derivados a Inmunología por infecciones recurrentes o por hallazgo patológico de laboratorio, entre el 1 de junio de 2016 y el 31 de mayo de 2022. Se describe el compromiso de la inmunidad en 24 pacientes. Doce pacientes presentaron falla de respuesta a polisacáridos y recibieron quimioprofilaxis antibiótica y/o gammaglobulina sustitutiva. En 3 pacientes, se observó agammaglobulinemia con linfocitos B presentes y se indicó gammaglobulina sustitutiva. En 9 pacientes, se observó linfopenia T y en 1 paciente, compromiso inmune combinado.

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El Síndrome de Chediak-Higashi (SCH) es una patología de herencia autosómica recesiva debido principalmente a mutaciones del gen regulador del tráfico lisosómico (LYST), causando grados dermatológicamente diferentes de albinismo óculocutáneo, infecciones recurrentes, disfunción fagocítica primaria, en el desarrollo y proliferación de todas las líneas celulares. Se presenta caso de preescolar masculino de 2 años de edad, ingresado por aumento de volumen bilateral en región cervical y fiebre, en malas condiciones generales, con áreas de hiperpigmentación en piel, cabello y cejas de coloración grisácea, adenopatías generalizadas y visceromegalias; leucocitosis con linfocitosis y neutropenia, anemia, trombocitopenia, hipoalbuminemia, hipertrigliceridemia e hiperferritinemia; en vista de la infrecuente coexistencia de dichas características con albinismo óculocutáneo; es evaluado por hematología y dermatología evidenciándose inclusiones citoplasmáticas y melanosomas gigantes, respectivamente, compatibles con SCH, confirmándose diagnóstico. El conocimiento del SCH es importante para la oportuna sospecha clínica-diagnóstica e inicio de protocolos terapéuticos en consenso, que garanticen un manejo eficaz para su sobrevida(AU)

Chediak-Higashi syndrome (SCH) is an auto somal recessive in herited pathology mainly due to mutations ofthe LYST gene, causing dermatologically different degrees of oculocutaneous albinism, recurrent infections, primary phagocytic dysfunction, in the development and proliferation of all cell lines. We present a case of a 2-year-old male preschool, admitted due to bilateral volume increase in thecervical region and fever, in poor general conditions, with areas of hyperpigmentation in skin, hair and eyebrows of grayish coloration, generalized lymphadenopathy and visceromegaly; leukocytosis with lymphocytosis and neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypertriglyceridemia,and hyperferritinemia; in view of the infrequent coexistence of these characteristics with oculocutaneous albinism; it isevaluated by hematology and dermatology, showing cytoplasmicinclusions and giant melanosomes, respectively, compatiblewith SCH, confirming the diagnosis. Knowledge of SCH is important for timely clinical-diagnostic suspicion and initiation of consensus therapeutic protocols that guarantee effective management for survival(AU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: Las inmunodeficiencias primarias son enfermedades genéticas. Están constituidas por más de 200 enfermedades que tienen en común las infecciones recurrentes. La inmunodeficiencia combinada se caracteriza por episodios de sepsis recurrentes del aparato respiratorio, digestivo y de piel sobre todo por gérmenes oportunistas. El cuadro clínico es muy variable y se conocen múltiples fenotipos clínicos. Objetivo: Evaluar las manifestaciones clínicas e inmunológicas de la inmunodeficiencia primaria combinada no grave a través de un caso. Presentación de caso: Se trata un lactante de 8 meses de edad, masculino, blanco, que presentó múltiples infecciones respiratorias y digestivas, intolerancia a la leche, asociado a sibilancias recurrentes y manifestaciones exantemáticas. Tuvo varios ingresos incluso en terapia intensiva por sepsis grave y cumplió tratamientos con penicilinas, cefalosporinas, sulfas, fosfocina, vancomicina y metronidazol. El estudio inmunológico reveló una marcada disminución de las subpoblaciones linfocitarias y concentraciones disminuidas de la subclase de IgG4. Se estableció el diagnóstico de inmunodeficiencia primaria del tipo combinada no grave. El tratamiento utilizado incluyó gammaglobulina endovenosa y el factor de transferencia. Se confirmó una mejoría clínica evidente. Conclusiones: Las infecciones recurrentes junto con los resultados de los estudios permitieron diagnosticar esta inmunodeficiencia primaria. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno mejoran la calidad de vida del paciente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Primary immunodeficiencies are genetic diseases. They are made up of more than 200 diseases that have recurrent infections in common. Combined immunodeficiency is characterized by recurrent episodes of sepsis of the respiratory, digestive and skin system, especially opportunistic germs. The clinical picture is highly variable and multiple clinical phenotypes are known. Objective: Assess the clinical and immunological manifestations of non-severe combined primary immunodeficiency through a case. Case presentation: 8-month-old male, white infant who presented multiple respiratory and digestive infections, milk intolerance, associated with recurrent wheezing and exanthematic manifestations. He had several hospitalizations even in the intensive care service due to severe sepsis and completed treatments with penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfas, phosphocin, vancomycin and metronidazole. The immunological study revealed a marked decrease in lymphocyte subpopulations and decreased concentrations of the IgG4 subclass. The diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency of the non-severe combined type was established. The treatment used included intravenous gamma globulin and transfer factor. An evident clinical improvement was confirmed. Conclusions: The recurrent infections together with the results of the studies allowed to diagnose this primary immunodeficiency. Early diagnosis and timely treatment improve the patient's quality of life.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate various clinical aspects, specifically regarding immune status, in a large cohort of patients with DiGeorge syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected for 98 patients with DiGeorge syndrome treated at a tertiary medical center. This included general information, laboratory results, and clinical features. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 2.0 years (range, 0.0-36.5 years). The most common symptoms that led to diagnosis were congenital heart defect, speech delay, palate anomalies, and developmental delay. Common clinical features included recurrent infections (76 patients), congenital heart diseases (61 patients), and otorhinolaryngology disorders (61 patients). Twenty patients had anemia; the incidence was relatively high among patients aged 6-59 months. Thrombocytopenia was present in 20 patients. Recurrent chest infections were significantly higher in patients with T cell and T cell subset deficiencies. Decreased T cell receptor excision circles were more common with increasing age (P < .001). Of the 27 patients hospitalized due to infection, pneumonia was a leading cause in 13. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of DiGeorge syndrome's typical and uncommon characteristics is important to improve diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, and follow-up.

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The genus Helicobacter is classified into two main groups according to its habitat: gastric and enterohepatic. Patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) appear to be associated with invasive infection with enterohepatic non-Helicobacter pylori species (NHPH), mainly H. cinaedi and H. bilis. Such infections are difficult to control and have a high potential for recurrence. The spectrum of illnesses caused by these species includes recurrent fever, bacteremia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis, abdominal abscesses, and pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcer. The presence of these Helicobacters is particularly difficult to diagnose and eradicate, as they are very fastidious bacteria and present resistance to several types of antibiotics. We report two clinical cases of XLA patients infected with H. bilis. These infections were chronic in these patients and could not be eradicated in one of them. We also review the cases of enterohepatic non-Helicobacter pylori species (NHPH) in patients with this inborn error of immunity.

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In 2017, the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa (PHS) began its affiliation to the registry of patients with primary immunodeficiency or inborn errors of immunity (IEI) on the platform of the Latin American Society for Immunodeficiencies (LASID). During this period, twelve cases with IEI have been diagnosed and treated at the hospital. The age category at the time of diagnosis varied from two days to sixteen years old, and the range of the onset of the symptoms varied from nineteen days to four years, with a predominance of males (67%). The most frequent IEI was predominantly antibody deficiency (33.3%), followed by defects in the number or function of phagocytes (16.6%), autoinflammatory disorders (16.6%), immunodeficiencies that affect cellular and humoral immunity (16.6%), combined immunodeficiencies associated with syndromic findings (8.3%), and defects in intrinsic and inborn immunity (8.3%). 84% of patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and, in one case of a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, a pathogenic variant in the WAS gene was identified; a patient received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 33.3% of patients died, of which 25% died of sepsis and 8.3% died of massive hemorrhage. The registry of IEI provides information about epidemiological data, incidences, prevalence, diagnoses, and treatments, which will favor the development of new health policies for obtaining resources and tools to improve the care models.

El Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa (HPS) inició el registro de pacientes con inmunodeficiencia primaria o error innato de la inmunidad (EII) en la plataforma de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias (LASID) desde 2017. Durante ese periodo se han diagnosticado y tratado 12 casos en el hospital. El rango de edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de dos días a 16 años y el rango de inicio de los síntomas de 19 días a cuatro años, con predominio del sexo masculino (67 %). El EII más frecuente fue la deficiencia predominantemente de anticuerpos (33.3 %), seguida de defectos en fagocitos en número o función (16.6 %), desórdenes autoinflamatorios (16.6 %), inmunodeficiencias que afectan la inmunidad celular y humoral (16.6 %), inmunodeficiencias combinadas asociadas con los hallazgos sindromáticos (8.3 %) y defectos en la inmunidad intrínseca e innata (8.3 %). El 84 % recibió inmunoglobulina intravenosa; se identificó la variante patogénica en el gen WAS en un caso con síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich; un paciente recibió trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyética; 33.3 % falleció, 25 % por sepsis y 8.3 % por hemorragia masiva. El registro de las EII permite conocer datos epidemiológicos, incidencia, prevalencia, diagnósticos y tratamientos, lo que favorecerá al desarrollo de nuevas políticas sanitarias para la obtención de recursos y herramientas para mejorar los modelos de atención.

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Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency syndrome which is characterized by increased susceptibility to severe fungal and bacterial infections. CGD is the result of the lack of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme in the patient's phagocytes to produce superoxide. It is characterized by recurrent infections with a narrow spectrum of bacteria and fungi, as well as a common set of inflammatory complications, including inflammatory bowel disease. The most frequently found pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, species of Aspergillus, species of Klebsiella, Burkholderia cepacia, Serratia marcescens and species of Salmonella. Long term antibiotic prophylaxis has helped fight infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease, while the steady progress in bone marrow transplants and the possibility of gene therapy are defined as permanent treatment options.

La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica es un síndrome de inmunodeficiencia primaria caracterizado por mayor susceptibilidad para desarrollar infecciones fúngicas y bacterianas graves. La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica es el resultado de una falla de la enzima nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato oxidasa en los fagocitos del paciente para producir superóxido. Se caracteriza por infecciones recurrentes con un espectro estrecho de bacterias y hongos, así como por un conjunto común de complicaciones inflamatorias, entre las que se incluye la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Los patógenos más frecuentemente encontrados son Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Serratia marcescens y Salmonella spp. La profilaxis antibiótica a largo plazo ha ayudado a combatir las infecciones asociadas con la enfermedad granulomatosa crónica, mientras que el progreso constante en el trasplante de médula ósea y la posibilidad de la terapia génica ser perfilan como opciones de tratamiento permanente.

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ResumenSe presenta un caso de inmunodeficiencia común variable en un paciente masculino, joven con larga historia (9 años) de procesos infecciosos gastrointestinales y respiratorios recurrentes; a pesar de los diferentes esquemas terapéuticos, con evidencia diagnóstica de niveles bajos de inmunoglobulinas de las clases IgG, IgM e IgA; se pretende comparar su evolución a partir de su historia clínica y los resultados de sus exámenes complementarios, con la bibliografía revisada. La inmunodeficiencia común variable explica un déficit primario de IgG (al menos 2 desviaciones estándar por debajo de los valores de referencia para su edad), al menos otra de las Ig (IgA o IgM) y una reducción o ausencia de producción de anticuerpos. Esta entidad se considera poco frecuente en términos de incidencia, aunque cursa muchas veces inadvertida por el predominio de sus efectos. Clínicamente, se manifiesta por la presencia de infecciones recurrentes con preponderancia de las respiratorias y gastrointestinales. Desde el punto de vista etiológico, su génesis es controversial, pero se describen niveles bajos de inmunoglobulinas y una reducción o ausencia de producción de anticuerpos.

AbstractWe present a variable common immunodeficiency case in a young male patient with a long history (9 years) of recurrent gastrointestinal and respiratory infectious processes, despite the different therapeutic schemes, with diagnostic evidence of low levels of IgG, IgM And IgA; aiming to make a comparison of its evolution in function of its clinical history and the results of its complementary examinations, with the bibliography reviewed. Variablecommon immunodeficiency explains a primary IgG deficit (at least 2 standard deviations below the reference values for his age) and at least one other Ig (IgA or IgM) and a reduction or absence of antibody production. This entity is considered infrequent in terms of incidence, although it is often inadvertent due to the predominance of its effects. Clinically it is manifested by the presence of recurrent infections with preponderance of the respiratory and gastrointestinal. From an aetiological point of view, its genesis is controversial, but low levels of immunoglobulins and a reduction or absence of antibody production are all described.

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Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders, the etiology are the defects in the development or function of the immune system. The principal PID manifestations are the infections in early age, malignancy and diseases of immune dysregulation as autoimmunity and allergy. PIDs are genetics disorders and most of them are inherited as autosomal recessive, also this group of diseases is more prevalent in males and in childhood. The antibody immunodeficiency is the PID more common in adults. The more frequent disorders are the infections in the respiratory tract, abscesses, candidiasis, diarrhea, BCGosis etc. Initial approach included a complete blood count and quantification of immunoglobulins. The delay in diagnosis could be explained due to a perception that the recurrent infections are normal process or think that they are exclusively of childhood. The early diagnosis of PID by primary care physicians is important to opportune treatment and better prognosis.

Las inmunodeficiencias primarias son un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos hereditarios ocasionados por defectos del desarrollo o función del sistema inmunológico, la mayoría se manifiestan a edad temprana por infecciones, datos de malignidad o por disregulación en la respuesta inmune, ya sea autoinflamación, autoinmunidad o alergia. Debido a que las inmunodeficiencias primarias son trastornos genéticos, la mayoría se heredan de forma autosómica recesiva. Las inmunodeficiencias primarias son más prevalentes en el sexo masculino y en edad pediátrica; las inmunodeficiencias de anticuerpos son las inmunodeficiencias primarias con más prevalente de la edad adulta. Dentro de las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes están la infección de vías respiratorias seguida de infecciones de la piel, abscesos, candidiasis, diarrea, BCGosis, etc. El abordaje inicial debe contar con una biometría hemática completa y cuantificación de inmunoglobulinas. El retraso del diagnóstico se debe principalmente a que las infecciones recurrentes pueden ser aceptadas como variaciones de la normalidad o a una percepción errónea de que su presentación es exclusiva de la infancia. El reconocimiento temprano por cualquier médico de primer contacto es importante para el tratamiento oportuno y el mejor prónostico.

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INTRODUCTION: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare form of primary immunodeficiency disease, characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, and it is caused by a deficit in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex (NADPH), resulting in the inability to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy microorganisms. The diagnosis is based on clinical characteristics and analysis of phagocytes, and later confirmed by molecular studies. Its management should consider antimicrobial prophylaxis, a search for infections and aggressive management of these. OBJECTIVE: To describe three cases of CGD emphasizing their forms of presentation and to conduct a review of the condition. CASE REPORTS: Three case reports, two of them first cousins, are presented. Molecular diagnosis was reached in one of the cases. Recurrent infections, abscesses, adenitis, granulomas and complications are identified to facilitate the suspected diagnosis of CGD, bearing in mind the importance of early diagnosis and genetic counseling. CONCLUSIONS: EGC is a rare congenital primary immunodeficiency disorder, mostly with X-linked inheritance, autosomal recessive form, and a specific presentation form. Its diagnosis should be timely to avoid complications. Prophylaxis and aggressive treatment of infections should be performed, as well as genetic counseling.

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Introducción: La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica (EGC) es una forma infrecuente de inmunodeficiencia primaria que se caracteriza por una sensibilidad anormal a infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas, debida a un déficit en el complejo nicotinamida adenina dinucleótida fosfato oxidasa (NADPH) en los fagocitos. Objetivo: Describir tres casos de EGC con énfasis en su forma de presentación y realizar una revisión del tema. Casos Clínicos: Se presentan tres casos clínicos, dos de ellos con relación de parentesco (primos en primer grado). Se llegó a diagnóstico molecular en uno de los casos. Se destacan las manifestaciones clínicas: infecciones recurrentes, abscesos, adenitis y granulomas, y complicaciones, con la finalidad de facilitar la sospecha diagnóstica de EGC, debido a la importancia del diagnóstico temprano y el consejo genético. Conclusiones: La EGC es un trastorno inmunológico primario congénito infrecuente, con herencia ligada a X en su mayoría, pero también con formas autosómicas recesivas, con una forma de presentación característica y cuyo diagnóstico debe ser oportuno para evitar complicaciones, realizar profilaxis y tratamiento agresivo de las infecciones y consejo genético.

Introduction: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare form of primary immunodeficiency disease, characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, and it is caused by a deficit in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex (NADPH), resulting in the inability to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy micro-organisms. The diagnosis is based on clinical characteristics and analysis of phagocytes, and later confirmed by molecular studies. Its management should consider antimicrobial prophylaxis, a search for infections and aggressive management of these. Objective: To describe three cases of CGD emphasizing their forms of presentation and to conduct a review of the condition. Case reports: Three case reports, two of them first cousins, are presented. Molecular diagnosis was reached in one of the cases. Recurrent infections, abscesses, adenitis, granulomas and complications are identified to facilitate the suspected diagnosis of CGD, bearing in mind the importance of early diagnosis and genetic counseling. Conclusions: EGC is a rare congenital primary immunodeficiency disorder, mostly with X-linked inheritance, autosomal recessive form, and a specific presentation form. Its diagnosis should be timely to avoid complications. Prophylaxis and aggressive treatment of infections should be performed, as well as genetic counseling.

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La agammaglobulinemia ligada al X (ALX) o de Bruton es una inmunodeficiencia primaria que generalmente se manifiesta en los primeros meses de la vida, cuando disminuyen las concentraciones séricas de las inmunoglobulinas maternas. Se caracteriza por infecciones recurrentes y ausencia total o niveles muy bajos de inmunoglobulinas. Se reporta el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad con historia de procesos infecciosos severos recurrentes de comienzo a los 18 meses de nacido: shigellosis, infecciones respiratorias bacterianas, bronconeumonías, conjuntivitis, sinusitis, meningoencefalitis en tres ocasiones (dos de etiología viral y una de etiología bacteriana), otitis media supurativa crónica, giardiasis de evolución tórpida y lesiones sépticas en piel por pseudomona aeruginosa y estafilococo dorado. Durante el curso de los procesos infecciosos se diagnosticó una enfermedad autoinmune (psoriasis). El estudio inmunológico realizado mostró niveles extremadamente reducidos de las inmunoglobulinas séricas: IgG 0,00 mg/L (370 - 1 400 mg/L); IgA 0,08 g/L (50 - 230 mg/L); e IgM 0,07 g/L (30 - 170 mg/L), así como células B CD19+ en sangre periférica casi ausentes, con un valor de 0,12 por ciento (VN: 21 - 44 por ciento ). Se estableció el diagnóstico de agammaglobulinemia ligada al X o de Bruton. El paciente recibió tratamiento con inmunoglobulina humana por vía endovenosa con mejoría clínica evidente...

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) or Bruton disease is a primary immunodeficiency, which typically appears in the first months of life, when serum concentrations of maternal immunoglobulins decrease. It is characterized by recurrent infections and total absence or very low levels immunoglobulin. We report a 5-year-old boy with a history of recurrent severe infectious processes beginning at 18 months of age: shigellosis, bacterial respiratory infections, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, meningoencephalitis three times (two of viral etiology and one of bacterial etiology), chronic suppurative otitis media, giardiasis with torpid evolution and septic skin lesions caused by Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. During the course of infectious processes an autoimmune disease (psoriasis) was diagnosed. Immunological study showed extremely low levels of serum immunoglobulins: IgG 0.00 mg / L (370 - 1 400 mg / L), IgA 0.08 g / L (50 - 230 mg / L), and IgM 0, 07 g / L (30 - 170 mg / L) and CD19 + B cells in peripheral blood almost absent, with a value of 0.12 percent (VN: 21 - 44 percent). Diagnosis of X-linked agammaglobulinemia or Bruton disease was established. The patient was treated with intravenous human immunoglobulin with obvious clinical improvement...

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La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica (EGC) es una inmunodeficiencia primaria de la fagocitosis. Se presenta un paciente de 13 años de edad que a partir el mes de nacido presentó infecciones recurrentes: diarreas, neumonías, tuberculosis pulmonar, gingivo-estomatitis, celulitis, adenitis, abscesos cutáneos y hepáticos recidivantes. Al examen físico presentó una disminución severa del peso y la talla para la edad, palidez cutáneo-mucosa, periodontitis crónica, hiperlaxitud, aumento del hemiabdomen derecho y adenopatías generalizadas. Los estudios inmunológicos mostraron concentraciones normales de las inmunoglobulinas (Ig) séricas IgM: 0,98 g/L (0,69 - 2,69 g/L), IgA: 2,76 g/L (1,58 - 3,94 g/L) e IgE: 11,70 UI/ml (hasta 50 UI/mL), respectivamente, y ligeramente aumentadas de IgG: 17,2 g/L (7,81 - 15,30 g/L), C3 y C4 normales: 1,28 g/L (0,9 - 1,7 g/L) y 0,30 g/L (0,2 - 0,4 g/L), respectivamente. Las subpoblaciones linfocitarias T CD3, CD4 y CD8 positivas estuvieron normales: 62 por ciento (52 - 78 por ciento), 45 por ciento (25 - 48 por ciento) y 15 por ciento (9 - 35 por ciento), y los linfocitos B CD19 positivos estuvieron normales: 24 por ciento (8 - 24 por ciento). El índice opsonofagocítico mostró valores normales en los tiempos 15 y 60 min: 35 por ciento (22,99 - 53,95 por ciento) y 12,50 por ciento (6,63 - 28,4 3 por ciento). La prueba de reducción de nitroazul de tetrazolium espontánea y con agente inductor (Cándida albicans) fue negativa. Se concluyó como una EGC ligada al cromosoma X. El tratamiento incluyó el drenaje de los abscesos hepáticos recidivantes, uso de antimicrobianos y antimicóticos potentes e interferón gamma, con lo que disminuyó la frecuencia e intensidad de las infecciones. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces de la EGC disminuyen la morbilidad y mortalidad de estos enfermos...

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency with a defect of the phagocytosis process. A 13 year-old adolescent with recurrent life-threatening episodes since one month of birth is presented. The main clinical manifestations included diarrhea, stomatitis, cellulitis, lymphadenitis, pneumonia, granuloma formation, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary and hepatic abscesses. Physical examination showed poor growth, hepatomegaly, adenopathies, hyperextension of extremities and chronic gingivitis. Immunological studies showed normal concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig): IgM: 0,98 g/L (0,69 - 2,69 g/L), IgA: 2,76 g/L (1,58 - 3,94 g/L) and IgE: 11,70 UI/mL ( < 50 UI/ml), C3 and C4 (1,28 g/L (0,9 - 1,7 g/L) and 0,30 g/L (0,2 - 0,4 g/L), respectively, and hypergammaglobulinemia of 17,2 g/L (7,81 - 15,30 g/L). Lymphocytes count T CD3, CD4 and CD8 positive were normal: 62 percent (52 - 78 percent), 45 percent (25 - 48 percent) y 15 percent (9 - 35 percent) and B lymphocytes count was also normal: 24 percent (8 - 24 percent). Opsonophagocytic index was normal at time 15 and 60 minutes: 35 percent (22,99 - 53,95 percent) and 12,50 percent (6,63 - 28,43 percent), respectively. Diagnosis was confirmed with negative nitroblue tetrazolium test . Treatment with antibiotics, fungistats, as well as gamma interferon contributed to a favorable response, presenting a lower amount of infectious episodes as well as a recovery of weight and height. Early diagnosis and treatment of CGD has improved prognosis and reduced patients´ morbidity and mortality...

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Las infecciones a repetición en niños, se deben generalmente a trastornos en la inmunidad humoral. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los niveles séricos de inmunoglobulinas en niños con infecciones a repetición. Se incluyeron 17 niños (6 mujeres y 11 varones), con una edad promedio de 5 años (0 a 14 años), en el periodo comprendido de marzo de 2006 a julio de 2007. Previo consentimiento de los padres, se recolectaron los datos en una ficha y se tomaron las muestras de sangre. La determinación del nivel de inmunoglobulina se realizó por los métodos de Inmunodifusión radial y quimioluminiscencia. Las neumonías fueron las infecciones referidas más frecuentes. Se encontraron niveles de IgA < 5 mg/dl en 2 pacientes (12 %); IgG < 400 mg/dl en 2 pacientes (12 %); IgM > 250 mg/dl en 11 pacientes (64,7 %) y niveles de IgE > 91 mg/dl en 13 pacientes (77 %). En esta serie de 17 pacientes con infecciones a repetición se ha encontrado dos pacientes (12%), con diagnóstico de Inmunodeficiencia primaria con déficit de IgG. La evaluación del estado inmunológico de los pacientes con infecciones a repetición es de gran importancia, porque contribuye al diagnóstico precoz que mejora el pronóstico y previene de posibles complicaciones a los pacientes.

Recurrent infections in children are usually due to humoral immunity disorders. Our objective was to determine serum immunoglobulin levels in children with recurrent infections. We included 17 children (six females and 11 males) with an average age of 5 years (0-14 years) during the period of March 2006 to July 2007. After parental consent, we recorded their data on a chart and took blood samples. Determination of immunoglobulin levels was done by radial immunodiffusion and chemiluminescence. Pneumonia was the most frequently reported type of infection. IgA levels found were <5 mg/dl in 2 patients (12%); IgG <400 mg/dl in 2 patients (12%); IgM >250 mg/dl in 11 patients (64.7%), and IgE levels >91 mg/dl in 13 patients (77%).In this series of 17 patients with recurrent infections we found two patients (12%) diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency involving IgG deficiency. Immunological assessment of patients with recurrent infections is of great importance because it helps reach early diagnosis that improves prognosis and helps avoids complications for patients.

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OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão atualizada sobre infecções de repetição em crianças, abordando importantes aspectos para o pediatra relacionados a infecções em crianças saudáveis e em crianças com imunodeficiências primárias. FONTES DE DADOS: Artigos relacionados ao tema foram coletados dos bancos de dados Medline e Lilacs no período entre 1980 e 2008, tendo sido selecionados artigos de meta-análise, revisão e estudos clínicos realizados em seres humanos, cuja metodologia e discussão estavam bem estruturadas. Também foram incluídos livros-texto nacionais e internacionais pertinentes ao tema. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Infecções de repetição são frequentes na clínica pediátrica. Aproximadamente 50 por cento dessas crianças são saudáveis e 10 por cento podem ser imunodeficientes. A criança saudável apresenta crescimento e desenvolvimento normais e se encontra bem entre os episódios infecciosos. As infecções, na maioria das vezes, não têm curso prolongado ou complicado e ocorrem devido ao aumento da exposição a agentes infecciosos do meio ambiente nos primeiros anos de vida. As imunodeficiências primárias geralmente se manifestam como infecções de repetição por microorganismos específicos ou por germes de baixa virulência. Na maioria das vezes, os quadros infecciosos apresentam evolução prolongada, resposta inadequada à antibioticoterapia e elevados riscos de complicações. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico precoce das imunodeficiências primárias é essencial para que medidas terapêuticas sejam rapidamente instituídas, reduzindo os riscos de ocorrência de óbito e complicações.

OBJECTIVE: To present an up-to-date review about recurrent infections in children, addressing important aspects for pediatricians related to infections in healthy children and in children with primary immunodeficiencies. DATA SOURCE: Articles related to the subject were collected from Medline and Lilacs databases between 1980 and 2008, selecting articles of meta-analysis, review and clinical trials in humans, with well-structured methodology and discussion. National and international textbooks relevant to the subject were also included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Recurrent infections are frequent in pediatric clinics. Approximately 50 percent of these children are healthy and 10 percent may be immunodeficient. The healthy child presents normal growth and development and is well between infections. Most times, infections do not have prolonged or complicated evolution, and they occur due to exposure to infectious agents from the environment during the first years of life. Primary immunodeficiencies usually manifest as recurrent infections by specific microorganisms or by low virulence germs. Most of the times, these infections are prolonged, they present inadequate response to antibiotics and a high risk of complications. CONCLUSIONS: An early diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies is essential so that therapeutic measures may be taken quickly, reducing risks of death and complications.

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