RESUMO
Introduction The optimal time for tracheostomy changes is unknown. Most surgeons opt to wait until five to seven days postoperatively, while more recent studies suggest that changes occurring as early as two to three days postoperatively are also safe. Objective To evaluate the safety of changing the tracheostomy tube later than 14 days postoperatively. Methods The charts of patients who underwent tracheostomy placement and change at a tertiary care center from 2015 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed, and the subjects were divided into 2 cohorts (late and very late), depending on the time of the first tracheostomy change. Results The study included 198 patients, 53 of whom aged between 0 and 18 years, and 145, aged > 18 years. The time until the first tracheostomy change was on average of 131.1 days. The most common indication for tracheostomy tube placement was prolonged intubation. Adverse events were observed in 30.8% of the cases (the most common being the formation of granulation tissue), a rate that does not differ much from the incidence reported in the literature (of 34% to 77%) when tracheostomy tubes are changed as early as 3 to 7 days postoperatively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between patients undergoing late and very late changes ( p = 0.688), or between pediatric and adult subjects ( p = 0.36). There were no significant correlations regarding the time of the first or second change and the incidence of complications (r = -0.014; p = 0.84 for the first change; and r = -0.57; p = 0.64 for the second change). Conclusion The late first tracheostomy tube change was safe and could save resources and decrease the financial burden of frequent changes. It is always crucial to provide adequate information about home tracheostomy care for patients.
RESUMO
La estenosis traqueal es la disminución del calibre de la luz laríngea y traqueal como resultado de la maduración de tejido cicatrizal por lesión isquémica que el balón del tubo endotraqueal produce sobre las mucosas de la pared laringo traqueal cuando es insuflada por encima de la presión capilar (20-30 mm Hg) por un periodo incluso corto. La Asociación Americana de Cuidados Respiratorios recomienda que se utilice intubación para aquellos pacientes que ameriten ventilación mecánica por 7-10 días o menos y traqueostomía para aquellos pacientes que necesitan ventilación por más tiempo. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estenosis traqueal por intubación prolongada. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de estenosis traqueal por intubación mayor de 7 días en el Hospital General San Juan de Dios durante enero 2016 a diciembre 2019. Se evaluaron los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnóstico y terapéuticos en los registros clínicos de los servicios de cirugía torácica, otorrinolaringología y neumología. Resultados: Se evaluaron 52 pacientes adultos con intubación traqueal prolongada que desarrollaron estenosis traqueal. La mayoría son hombres jóvenes con mediana de intubación de dos semanas, la indicación de intubación más frecuente fue por trauma craneoencefálico severo. La forma de diagnóstico más frecuente fue clínico seguido por radiografía y tomografía teniendo en su mayoría estenosis tipo I y II. La mayoría de los pacientes con estenosis traqueal son tratados de manera quirúrgica, comúnmente con traqueostomía, dos semanas después del primer día de intubación. La única variable asociada al tipo de tratamiento fue que se le realizara al paciente una traqueotomía, la cual fue la forma de tratamiento quirúrgico de la mayoría de los pacientes para la corrección de la estrechez traqueal (p=0.01). Conclusiones: el tiempo de intubación endotraqueal es determinante para el desarrollo de la estenosis traqueal. En este estudio se documentaron 52 pacientes que recibieron intubación traqueal prolongada y desarrollaron estenosis traqueal tras una mediana de intubación de dos semanas, lo cual deberá hacernos reflexionar sobre las prácticas y guías para implementar la realización de traqueostomías tempranas en pacientes ventilados después de 7 días (AU)
Tracheal stenosis is the decrease in the caliber of the laryngeal and tracheal lumen as a result of the maturation of scar tissue due to ischemic injury that the balloon of the endotracheal tube produces on the mucosa of the laryngo-tracheal wall when it is insufflated above capillary pressure (20-30 mm Hg) for an even short period. The American Association for Respiratory Care recommends that intubation be used for those patients who require mechanical ventilation for 7-10 days or less and tracheostomy for those patients who require ventilation for longer. Objective: To characterize tracheal stenosis due to prolonged intubation. Methodology: A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out that included adult patients with a diagnosis of tracheal stenosis due to intubation greater than 7 days at the San Juan de Dios General Hospital from january 2016 to december 2019. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data were evaluated in the clinical records of the thoracic surgery, otorhinolaryngology and pulmonology services. Results: 52 adult patients with prolonged tracheal intubation who developed tracheal stenosis were evaluated. Most are young men with a median intubation of two weeks, the most frequent indication for intubation was for severe head trauma. The most frequent form of diagnosis was clinical followed by radiography and tomography, mostly type I and II stenosis. Most patients with tracheal stenosis are treated surgically, commonly with a tracheostomy, two weeks after the first day of intubation. The only variable associated with the type of treatment was that the patient underwent a tracheostomy, which was the form of surgical treatment for most patients to correct the tracheal narrowing (p = 0.01). Conclusions: endotracheal intubation time is decisive for the development of tracheal stenosis. In this study, 52 patients who received prolonged tracheal intubation and developed tracheal stenosis after a median intubation of two weeks were documented, which should make us reflect on the practices and guidelines for implementing early tracheostomies in patients ventilated after 7 days
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estenose Traqueal/classificação , Estenose Traqueal/epidemiologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Traqueostomia/métodos , Cianose/etiologia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicaçõesRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar a faixa etária, indicações e complicações de traqueostomia realizada em crianças até 12 anos de idade. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de 26 crianças submetidas à traqueostomia no período de novembro de 1999 a julho de 2003, em hospital geral terciário. Resultados: Aidade média das crianças foi de 32 meses; 17 (65,4%) eram menores de 1 ano. O procedimento foi eletivo em 20 (76,9%) e de emergência 6 (22,1%). As principais indicações foram ventilação mecânica prolongada em 13 (50%), estenose subglótica em 5 (19,3%) e malformações congênitas em 4 (15,4%). As complicações foram tecido de granulação no traqueostoma em 7 (26,9%), hemorragia em 3 (11,5%), obstrução da cânula em 3 (11,5%), enfisema subcutâneo em 2 (7,7%), pneumotórax em 2 (7,7%), decanulaçao acidental em 2 (7,7%), estenose laríngea em 1 (3,8%) e infecção da ferida operatória em 1 (3,8%). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as complicações observadas nos procedimentos eletivos e de urgência. Treze pacientes morreram por complicações não relacionadas à traqueostomia; onze (42,2%) permaneceram com traqueostomia, e 2 (7,7%) foram decanulados. Conclusões: Nos últimos anos ocorreram mudanças nas indicações e faixa etária das crianças submetidas à traqueostomia: ela é mais comumente realizada em crianças menores de um ano, e mais freqüentemente devido à intubação prolongada. A traqueostomia é um procedimento seguro quando é realizada por cirurgião treinado com a técnica cirúrgica e com cuidados pós-operatórios de hospital terciário de referência (AU)
Objective: To determine age of surgery, indications and complications of tracheostomy in children until 12 years old. Method: Retrospective review of 26 children submitted to tracheostomy from November 1999 to July 2003 at a tertiary general hospital. Results: The mean age was 32 months; 17 (65.4%) were under 1 year old. In 20 (76.9%) the procedure was elective, whereas in 6 (22.1%) it was performed as emergency. The main indications of tracheostomy were prolonged mechanical ventilation in 13 patients (50%), subglottic stenosis in 5 (19.3%) and congenital malformations in 4 (15.4%). The most common complications were granulation at the site of the stoma in 7 (26.9%), bleeding in 3 (11.5%) , blockage of the cannula in 3 (11.5%), subcutaneous emphysema in 2 (7.7%) , pneumothorax in 2 (7.7%), accidental decannulation in 2 (7.7%), larynx stenosis in 1 (3.8%), surgical wound infection in 1 (3.8%). Regarding complications , it was not observed any significant difference between elective and emergency procedures. Thirteen patients (50%) died due to complications not related to the tracheostomy; eleven (42.2%) kept the tracheostomy, and 2 (7.7%) were decannulated. Conclusions: In the last few years there were changes in pediatric tracheostomy. It is being indicated more often in children under one year old, and more recently due to prolonged intubation. Tracheostomy is a safe procedure when performed by trained surgeon with appropriate technique and postoperative care at tertiary hospital (AU)