RESUMO
Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (PPV2 to PPV8) have been discovered in the last two decades. The last one reported was PPV8 in China in 2022, which was proposed to be a member of the genus Protoparvovirus. Here, we report the first detection of PPV8 outside China - in two provinces from Colombia. Six out of 146 (4.1%) pigs showing porcine respiratory disease (PRD) tested positive for PPV8. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of two Colombian PPV8 isolates (GenBank database accession numbers PP335559 and PP335560) showed them to be members of the genus Protoparvovirus. Furthermore, PPV8 was detected in coinfections with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which are associated with PRD.
Assuntos
Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Suíno , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Coinfecção/virologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Parvovirus Suíno/isolamento & purificação , Parvovirus Suíno/classificação , Filogenia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/virologia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/genética , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/classificação , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Parvoviruses are responsible for multiple diseases, and there is a critical need for effective antiviral therapies. Specific antiviral treatments for parvovirus infections are currently lacking, and the available options are mostly supportive and symptomatic. In recent years, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of parvovirus replication and identifying potential targets for antiviral interventions. This review highlights the structure, pathogenesis, and treatment options for major viruses of the subfamily Parvovirinae, such as parvovirus B19 (B19V), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) and also describes different approaches in the development of antiviral alternatives against parvovirus, including drug repurposing, serendipity, and computational tools (molecular docking and artificial intelligence) in drug discovery. These advances greatly increase the likelihood of discoveries that will lead to potent antiviral strategies against different parvovirus infections.
Assuntos
Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirinae , Parvovirus B19 Humano , Parvovirus , Animais , Suínos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Inteligência Artificial , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Infecções por Parvoviridae/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Since 2001, strains of porcine parvovirus (PPV), designated 27a-like strains, were observed in Europe, suggesting a predominance of these viruses over older strains. The reasons for the obvious evolutionary advantage are unknown. Here, a series of mutants containing amino acid replacements found in the predominant field strains were generated in a PPV-NADL2 background, and their impact on replication efficiency and antibody binding activity was determined. Some amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains significantly increased viral fitness and decreased neutralization activity of serum samples raised against commercial vaccines and old virus strains (e.g., NADL2). These mutant viruses and a monoclonal antibody raised against a classical PPV strain defined a 27a-specific neutralizing epitope around amino acid 228 of the capsid protein VP2. Based on the analysis of the mutant viruses, it is hypothesized that the predominant factor for the global spread of the PPV-27a strain substitutions is an increased viral fitness of the 27a-like viruses, possibly supported by partial immune selection. This is reminiscent to the evolution of canine parvovirus and worldwide replacement of the original virus by the so-called new antigenic types. IMPORTANCE Porcine parvovirus is one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in swine. Recently, despite the continuous use of vaccines, "new" strains emerged, leading to the hypothesis that the emergence of new amino acid substitutions could be a viral adaptation to the immune response against the commercial vaccines. Our results indicate the amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains can modify viral fitness and antigenicity. However, an absolute immune escape was not evident.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Parvovirus Suíno/fisiologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Epitopos/genética , Epitopos/imunologia , Modelos Moleculares , Testes de Neutralização , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Parvovirus Suíno/imunologia , Suínos , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection is one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in pigs impacting the piggery industry globally with huge economic losses. A cost-effective, simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive method is critical for monitoring PPV infection on pig farms. The main aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid visual detection of porcine parvovirus (PPV) in pigs. A set of six LAMP primers including two outer primers, two inner primers, and two loop primers were designed utilizing the conserved region of capsid protein VP2 gene sequences of PPV and was applied for detection of PPV from porcine samples. Time and temperature conditions for amplification of PPV genes were optimized to be 30 min at 63 °C. The developed assay was ten-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR with analytical sensitivity of 20 pg and 200 pg, respectively. This is the first report of detection of PPV by LAMP assay from India. The assay did not cross-react with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), or classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The LAMP assay was assembled into a LAMP assay kit of 20 reactions and was validated in different laboratories in India. The newly developed LAMP assay was proved to be a specific, sensitive, rapid, and simple method for visual detection of PPV which does not require even costly equipments for performing the test. It complements and extends previous methods for PPV detection and provides an alternative approach for detection of PPV.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Suíno , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnósticoRESUMO
Neste estudo, 308 amostras de fetos mumificados foram testadas para parvovírus suíno (PPV), circovírus suíno tipos 2 e 3 (PCV2 e PCV3) e leptospiras patogênicas. A idade gestacional no momento da perda gestacional e a frequência da mumificação fetal de acordo com a ordem de parto também foram investigadas. As amostras foram coletadas em granjas comerciais de criação de suínos da região sul do Brasil que apresentassem taxas de mumificação fetal igual ou maiores a 2,5%. Fragmentos de pulmão, rim, fígado e coração de fetos suínos mumificados foram coletados para análise molecular. Resultados da PCR foram classificados de acordo com a região de origem das amostras, tendo Santa Catarina, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul contabilizado 87 (28,25%), 89 (28,90%) e 132 (42,86%) do total de amostras de fetos suínos mumificados, respectivamente. Coinfecções foram observadas na maioria dos casos e PCV3 foi o agente mais prevalente detectado, encontrado em 298 amostras (96,75%). A maioria das perdas gestacionais foi observada entre 50 e 70 dias de gestação (168; 54,5%) e a mumificação fetal não foi associada à ordem de parto das matrizes. Os achados sugerem que as altas taxas de fetos suínos mumificados na região Sul do Brasil podem ser explicadas pela infecção com esses agentes virais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gravidez , Suínos , Infecções por Circoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Morte Fetal/etiologia , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Circoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Parvovirus Suíno/isolamento & purificação , Coinfecção/veterinária , Leptospira/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and protoparvovirus 1 (PPV) were detected as single infection (6/131) and (11/131) respectively, or co-infection (6/131) in fetuses and stillborn piglets from normal deliveries in a farm without reproductive problems. Twenty in twenty-three positive samples were over 70 days of gestation, which is when the fetus becomes immunocompetent, and the presence of a NADL-2 PPV strain suggests fetal immune system impairment. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained showed that 8/9 sequences are related to cluster 13 and the remaining is grouped into cluster 11 sequences. An increase in variability in ORF2 sequences in Argentina was observed. It is not clear whether the detection of fetuses positive to PPV and PCV2 is of epidemiological importance in a subclinically affected farm. However, the results of this study showed that currently used vaccines and vaccine protocols do not fully protect against PPV or PCV2 fetus infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Circovirus/isolamento & purificação , Parvovirus Suíno/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Suínos/fisiopatologia , Animais , Infecções por Circoviridae/fisiopatologia , SuínosRESUMO
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of many pathogens responsible for reproductive failure in pregnant sows. Several studies have reported the appearance of new PPV strains that differ from previous isolates both genetically and antigenically. Thus, the protective effects of commercially inactivated vaccines could not be complete. In South America, the information about PPV is limited. Thus, the aim of the present study was to detect and characterize the PPV strains present in 131 mummies or stillbirths from normal deliveries in sows from a commercial swine farm of Argentina that uses the commercial vaccine. PCR results showed that 17/131 were positive to PPV. Ten of these viruses were isolated and sequenced. All viruses were related to the PPV1 sequence (NADL-2), maintaining the amino acid differences in positions 436 (S-P) and 565 (R-K). This study is the first to report the isolation of PPV in Argentina and the results suggest that PPV can cross the placenta even in vaccinated sows, thus affecting some of the fetuses and being able to cause fetal death in sows without reproductive failure. The results also suggest that vaccination only reduces clinical signs and reproductive disorders and may thus not be a perfect tool to manage PPV infection. This study provides information that needs to be studied in depth to improve strategies to prevent and control PPV infection in swine farms.
RESUMO
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a DNA virus that causes reproductive failure in gilts and sows, resulting in embryonic and fetal losses worldwide. Epitope mapping of PPV is important for developing new vaccines. In this study, we used spot synthesis analysis for epitope mapping of the capsid proteins of PPV (NADL-2 strain) and correlated the findings with predictive data from immunoinformatics. The virus was exposed to three conditions prior to inoculation in pigs: native (untreated), high hydrostatic pressure (350 MPa for 1 h) at room temperature and high hydrostatic pressure (350 MPa for 1 h) at - 18 °C, and was compared with a commercial vaccine produced using inactivated PPV. The screening of serum samples detected 44 positive spots corresponding to 20 antigenic sites. Each type of inoculated antigen elicited a distinct epitope set. In silico prediction located linear and discontinuous epitopes in B cells that coincided with several epitopes detected in spot synthesis of sera from pigs that received different preparations of inoculum. The conditions tested elicited antibodies against the VP1/VP2 antigen that differed in relation to the response time and the profile of structurally available regions that were recognized.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Parvovirus Suíno/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos Virais/química , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Epitopos/química , Masculino , Testes de Neutralização , Peptídeos/genética , Peptídeos/imunologia , SuínosRESUMO
The prevention of Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (UPV1) infection and consequently the reproductive losses is based on vaccination of all pigs intended for breeding. As maternally derived antibodies (MDA) can interfere with the development of immunity following vaccination, it is important to know the duration of anti-UPV1 MDA to determine the optimal age for the best vaccination efficacy. To elucidate the association between dam and piglet antibody levels against UPV1 and to estimate the decrease rate of MDA, sera and colostrum of 127 gilts (before the first vaccination against UPV1; 15 days after the second vaccine dose; at farrowing; and during the second pregnancy) and sera of 276 piglets (prior to initial colostrum intake; at 7, 21, 57, 87, and 128 days-old) were tested by ELISA. Most gilts (85.8%) had anti-UPV1 antibodies before vaccination and after vaccination all were positive. At 7 days old, the majority of the piglets had anti-UPV1 antibodies, but around 57 days old, only 35.3% were positive and at 87 days old, all were negative. The estimated average half-life of MDA was 29.8 (28.8-30.9) days. A strong correlation was determined between piglet serum at 7 days old with gilt serum at farrowing time (r = 0.77, n = 248, P < 0.001) and with piglet serum at 7 days old with colostrum (r = 0.73, n = 248, P < 0.001). The MDA decreased earlier and the antibody half-life was a little longer than previously reported. Based on these findings, UPV1 vaccination can be performed earlier than usual.
Assuntos
Imunidade Materno-Adquirida , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Parvovirinae/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Colostro/imunologia , Feminino , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (SwIV), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). Blood samples (309) were randomly collected from pigs at farms throughout T&T. Serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to the aforementioned viruses using commercial ELISA kits, and the circulating strains of SwIV were identified by the hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). Antibodies against SwIV were detected in 114 out of the 309 samples (37%). Out of a total of 26 farms, 14 tested positive for SwIV antibodies. HI testing revealed high titers against the A/sw/Minnesota/593/99 H3N2 strain and the pH1N1 2009 pandemic strain. Antibodies against PPV were detected in 87 out of the 309 samples (28%), with 11 out of 26 farms testing positive for PPV antibodies. Antibodies against PCV-2 were detected in 205 out of the 309 samples tested (66%), with 25 out of the 26 farms testing positive for PCV-2 antibodies. No antibodies were detected in any of the tested pigs to PRRSV, TGEV, PRCV, or CSFV.
Assuntos
Orthomyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/virologiaRESUMO
Although PPV has been described as a cellular contaminant, few recent studies about the presence of this virus in cell cultures, serum, and trypsin were found in the literature. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of porcine parvovirus (PPV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cell cultures, serum, and trypsin used in official public laboratories of educational institutes and research centers. We tested samples of cell cultures (88), batches of trypsin (10), and fetal bovine serum (13) from different manufacturers. The PCR for beta-actin and GAPDH was used to evaluate the efficiency of DNA extraction from samples. The PPV DNA was detected in 52 of 88 (59.1%) cell culture samples. One in ten batches of trypsin tested for PPV DNA was positive. In no sample of fetal bovine serum, amplification of PPV DNA was observed. Positive samples were tested and confirmed by another analyst. In addition, all positive samples were sequenced. Our results indicate that regular PCR testing for PPV in cell cultures and their supplies is important.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células , DNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Parvoviridae/genética , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Animais , Bovinos , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnósticoRESUMO
Investigou-se a presença de sequências genômicas do circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) e do parvovírus suíno (PPV) em 147 fetos suínos natimortos e mumificados. Estas amostras, provenientes de 39 granjas localizadas em oito estados brasileiros, foram coletadas entre os anos de 2006 e 2008. Utilizaram-se fragmentos de coração e pulmão para extração do DNA total e posterior amplificação de fragmentos correspondentes aos patógenos virais pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Entre as 147 amostras, 74 (50,3%) foram positivas ao PCV2 enquanto nove amostras (6,2%) apresentaram coinfecção com o PCV2 e o PPV. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva apenas para PPV. Entre as 39 granjas estudadas, 21 (53,8%) apresentaram fetos positivos ao PCV2, sendo detectada coinfecção com o PCV2 e o PPV em três (7,7%). Esses resultados indicam que o PCV2 pode ser um importante agente infeccioso causador de morte embrionária e fetal em suínos no Brasil e deve ser incluído na lista de diagnóstico diferencial.(AU)
This study investigated the presence of genome sequences of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in 147 porcine stillbirths and mummified fetuses. These samples, originated from 39 farms located in eight Brazilian states, were collected between 2006 and 2008. Heart and lung fragments were used for extraction of total DNA and later amplification of correspondent fragments of the virus pathogens through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 147 samples, 74 (50.3%) were positive for PCV2 while nine samples (6.2%) were positive for PCV2 and PPV. None of the samples were positive just for PPV. Out of 39 investigated farms, 21 (53.8%) had fetuses positive for PCV2 while co-infection with PCV2 and PPV was detected in 3 farms (7.7%). These results indicate that PCV2 could be an important infection agent in cases of porcine stillbirths and mummified fetuses in Brazil and must be included at differential diagnostic list.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Virulência , Feto , Suínos/classificação , Circovirus/patogenicidade , /patogenicidade , Natimorto/veterinária , Aborto Animal/mortalidadeRESUMO
Investigou-se a presença de sequências genômicas do circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) e do parvovírus suíno (PPV) em 147 fetos suínos natimortos e mumificados. Estas amostras, provenientes de 39 granjas localizadas em oito estados brasileiros, foram coletadas entre os anos de 2006 e 2008. Utilizaram-se fragmentos de coração e pulmão para extração do DNA total e posterior amplificação de fragmentos correspondentes aos patógenos virais pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Entre as 147 amostras, 74 (50,3%) foram positivas ao PCV2 enquanto nove amostras (6,2%) apresentaram coinfecção com o PCV2 e o PPV. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva apenas para PPV. Entre as 39 granjas estudadas, 21 (53,8%) apresentaram fetos positivos ao PCV2, sendo detectada coinfecção com o PCV2 e o PPV em três (7,7%). Esses resultados indicam que o PCV2 pode ser um importante agente infeccioso causador de morte embrionária e fetal em suínos no Brasil e deve ser incluído na lista de diagnóstico diferencial.
This study investigated the presence of genome sequences of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in 147 porcine stillbirths and mummified fetuses. These samples, originated from 39 farms located in eight Brazilian states, were collected between 2006 and 2008. Heart and lung fragments were used for extraction of total DNA and later amplification of correspondent fragments of the virus pathogens through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 147 samples, 74 (50.3%) were positive for PCV2 while nine samples (6.2%) were positive for PCV2 and PPV. None of the samples were positive just for PPV. Out of 39 investigated farms, 21 (53.8%) had fetuses positive for PCV2 while co-infection with PCV2 and PPV was detected in 3 farms (7.7%). These results indicate that PCV2 could be an important infection agent in cases of porcine stillbirths and mummified fetuses in Brazil and must be included at differential diagnostic list.
Assuntos
Animais , Feto , Suínos/classificação , Virulência , Aborto Animal/mortalidade , Circovirus/patogenicidade , Natimorto/veterináriaRESUMO
Reproductive failures are still common grounds for complaint by commercial swine producers. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is associated with different clinical reproductive signs. The aim of the present study was to investigate PPV fetal infection at swine farms having ongoing reproductive performance problems. The presence of virus in fetal tissues was determined by nested-polymerase chain reaction assay directed to the conserved NS1 gene of PPV in aborted fetuses, mummies and stillborns. Fetuses show a high frequency of PPV infection (96.4%; n = 28). In 60.7% of the fetuses, PPV were detected in all tissue samples (lung, heart, thymus, kidney, and spleen). Viral infection differed among fetal tissues, with a higher frequency in the lung and heart (p < 0.05). Fetuses with up to 99 days of gestational age and from younger sows showed a higher frequency of PPV (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the presence of PPV was detected among the three clinical presentations. The results suggest that PPV remains an important pathogenic agent associated with porcine fetal death.
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico , Parvovirus Suíno/genética , Aborto Animal , DNA Viral/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Feto/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Parvovirus Suíno/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Avaliou-se a patogenicidade do circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) isolado no estado de Santa Catarina mediante coinfecção experimental com parvovírus suíno (PPV). Foram utilizados 24 leitões specific pathogen free (SPF) com cinco dias de idade, distribuídos em quatro grupos (G), alojados em salas independentes e inoculados por via intranasal: G1 - controle (n=4); G2 - inoculados com PCV2 (n=7); G3 - inoculados com PPV (n=6); G4 - inoculados com PCV2 e PPV (n=7). Os animais foram monitorados diariamente para avaliação clínica e necropsiados 48 dias após a infecção. As principais lesões anatomopatológicas observadas nos suínos do G2 e G4 foram: aumento do volume dos linfonodos, depleção linfocitária com redução dos folículos linfóides nos órgãos linfocitários e presença de infiltrado eosinofílico nos linfonodos. A técnica de nested-PCR para PCV2 foi utilizada detectando DNA viral em órgãos de todos os animais do G2 e G4. O PCV2 infectou suínos SPF por via intranasal e foi detectado em outros órgãos, com mais lesões histopatológicas e em maior proporção nos animais coinfectados com PPV (G4), quando comparados aos infectados somente com PCV2 (G2).(AU)
The virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolated in Santa Catarina State by coinfection with porcine parvovirus (PPV) was investigated. Twenty-four, 5-day-old SPF pigs were distributed into four groups, housed in separate rooms and inoculated by intranasal route: G1 - control (n=4); G2 - inoculated with PCV2 (n=7); G3 - inoculated with PPV (n=6); G4 - inoculated with PCV2 and PPV (n=7). The animals were monitored daily for clinical evaluation and were necropsied 48 days after the infection. The pathological lesions seen in G2 and G4 pigs were: enlargement of lymph nodes, mild to moderate lymphoid cell depletion, affecting lymphoid follicles in lymphoid organs and presence of infiltration by eosinophils in lymph nodes. PCV2 DNA was detected by a nested-PCR in all pigs of G2 and G4. These findings confirmed that pigs were successfully infected intranasally with PCV2. The presence of PCV2 DNA in tissue samples and the pathological lesions were more evident in pigs infected with both PCV2 and PPV than in pigs infected with PCV2 alone.(AU)